Multiferroic properties of stretchable BiFeO3 nano-composite film

J. S. Hwang, J. Y. Cho, S. Y. Park, Y. J. Yoo, P. S. Yoo, B. W. Lee, and Y. P. Lee

Citation: Applied Physics Letters 106, 062902 (2015); doi: 10.1063/1.4907220
View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4907220
View Table of Contents: http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/apl/106/6?ver=pdfcov
Published by the AIP Publishing
Articles you may be interested in
Enhanced ferroelectric and ferromagnetic properties in lead-free multilayer composite films based on ferroelectric
(Bi0.5Na0.5)0.945Ba0.055TiO3 and multiferroic BiFeO3
J. Appl. Phys. 117, 064105 (2015); 10.1063/1.4908069
Optimization of excess Bi doping to enhance ferroic orders of spin casted BiFeO3 thin film
J. Appl. Phys. 115, 234105 (2014); 10.1063/1.4884680
BiFeO3/poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposite films: A study on magnetic and dielectric properties
Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 042902 (2014); 10.1063/1.4863228
Magnetic properties of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles distributed in a multiferroic BiFeO3 matrix
J. Appl. Phys. 111, 124101 (2012); 10.1063/1.4729831
Highly flexible poly (vinyldine fluoride)/bismuth iron oxide multiferroic polymer nanocomposites
AIP Conf. Proc. 1447, 1309 (2012); 10.1063/1.4710494

This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitation.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to IP:
140.114.108.65 On: Sun, 05 Apr 2015 15:01:10

APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 106, 062902 (2015)

Multiferroic properties of stretchable BiFeO3 nano-composite film

J. S. Hwang,1 J. Y. Cho,2 S. Y. Park,2 Y. J. Yoo,1 P. S. Yoo,3 B. W. Lee,3 and Y. P. Lee1,a)
1

Department of Physics, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea

Nano-Bio Convergence Research Center, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology,
Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, South Korea
3
Department of Electronic Physics, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin 449-791, South Korea
2

(Received 9 December 2014; accepted 15 January 2015; published online 10 February 2015)
We present a simple drop-casting method for preparing multiferroic nano-composite film where
BiFeO3 (BFO) nanoparticles (NPs) were evenly dispersed into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer.
BFO NPs used in this work were synthesized by the conventional sol-gel method, having diameter
of tens of nm and being in good crystallinity. The BFO NPs were loaded into a highly insulating
PVA polymer solution as filler. The multiferroic properties of the film reveal ferromagnetic ordering due to the uncompensated spiral ordering and saturated ferroelectric curves due to the cut-off
of current leakage. Moreover, the prepared films show high flexibility and their multiferroicities
are preserved well even in a high curved condition, reflecting the possibility for fabricating wearaC 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.
ble devices based on multiferroic materials. V
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4907220]
Magnetoelectric multiferroics is well-known to have ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity simultaneously.1,2 Because
the magnetic and the electric properties could be controlled by
electric and magnetic fields, respectively, it could be applicable potentially to magnetic memory device and spintronics.35
Over the past decade, various ternary oxides such as BaTi2O4,
YMnO3, BiMnO3, LuFe2O4, and BiFeO3 (BFO) have been
mentioned as candidates:611 YMnO3 being antiferromagnetic
[Neel temperature (TN) 70130 K] and ferroelectric [Curie
temperature (Tc) 570990 K], and BiMnO3 having ferromagnetic (TN  100 K) and ferroelectric (Tc  450 K) characteristics. Among these candidates, BFO attracts the most attention
as a multiferroic material because it has simultaneously
ferroelectric and antiferromagnetic properties even at room
temperature. It exhibits rhombohedrally distorted perovskite
, a b c 89.4 ) corresponding to R3c,
(a b c 5.63 A
and its antiferromagnetism (G-type) and ferroelectricity occur
at TN 643 K and TC 1103 K, respectively.12,13 Particularly,
it should be noted that BFO has a weak magnetism due to
canted spin ordering.14 Additionally, BFO film is found to
show a high remnant polarization (90 lC/cm2) and 1.0
Bohr magneton per unit cell, which are much greater than
those of the bulk. As a result, BFO is emerged as a leading
candidate multiferroic.15
However, BFO still has crucial problems for the applications. One of them is a high leakage current due to high volatile
Bi ions, which plays an important role in lowing the remnant
polarization.1619 Another is that BFO has weak magnetization.
Although the magnetic moments of Fe are in ferromagnetic
ordering in the [111] plane, there is the canted antiferromagnetic ordering between the neighboring plane. This results in
the cancelation of the net magnetic moment in bulk.20 In order
to address these issues, early studies have reported that, by
replacing atoms at A and B sites in perovskite structure, the
magnetic and electric properties could be tuned. Substitution of
Bi by rare-earth atom such as Dy and Ho at A sites makes it
a)

Email: yplee@hanyang.ac.kr. Fax: 82-2-2281-5573

0003-6951/2015/106(6)/062902/5/$30.00

possible to reduce the leakage current owing to suppression of

the volatility of Bi ions.21,22 Similarly, ferromagnetic phase
transition was reportedly realized by replacing Fe atom with
other ferromagnetic transition metal.2325 This substitution
method definitely has a theoretical limit for the coexistence of
ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity. This is due to the fact that
d-orbitals of the ions at B site should be occupied with an odd
number for ferromagnetic ordering while the vacancy for
ferroelectric ordering. In other words, the theoretical limit is
that the characteristics of d-orbitals for multiferroic phase are
contradictory to each other. Therefore, a new approach for the
coexistence is needed. Recently, it has been reported that antiferromagnetic ordering could be transformed into a ferromagnetic one by reducing the particle size to a nano-scale,
subsequently by improving the magnetic properties.2628
In this study, we report the dielectric and the magnetic
properties improved in flexible BFO film. BFO nanoparticles
(NPs) were prepared by the sol-gel method and mixed with
polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution as binder and/or matrix of
BFO NPs, because it has a strong thermal resistance, a good
processability, and a high elasticity.29,30 The BFO NP solution was made into a nano-composite film using drop-casting
method. The BFO/PVA nano-composite turned out to greatly
improve the dielectric properties and the magnetic properties, compared with the bulk. Moreover, it was found that it
retains multiferroic properties well even in a highly curved
condition. Thus, this result shows the possibility of flexible
multiferroic device for the application to electric devices.
BFO NPs were prepared by the sol-gel method. High-purity
bismuth nitrate [Bi(NO3)35H2O], iron nitrate [Fe(NO3)39H2O]
powders, nitric acid, citric acid, and PVA were used as starting
materials. Bi(NO3)35H2O and Fe(NO3)39H2O were dissolved
into 2-methoxyethanol (C3H8O2) at a ratio of 1/1. To control the
reaction rate depending on pH concentration, the precursor solution was prepared at 1/1 molar ratio of citric acid to nitric acid
and metal nitrate. The precursor solution was stirred by magnetic
bar on a hot plate, and dried at 50  C for 20 min to obtain the sol.
The temperature was maintained at 80  C until the dried gel

106, 062902-1

C 2015 AIP Publishing LLC

V

This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitation.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to IP:
140.114.108.65 On: Sun, 05 Apr 2015 15:01:10

062902-2

Hwang et al.

FIG. 1. (a) XRD patterns of BFO powders, BFO NPs, PVA film, and BFO/
PVA nano-composite film. (b) Tensile strength and strain of PVA film and
BFO/PVA nano-composite films at room temperature.

Appl. Phys. Lett. 106, 062902 (2015)

powders were fabricated. Finally, it was calcined under

atmospheric condition at 300  C for 30 min. To fabricate
BFO/PVA nano-composite film, as a filler, BFO nanoparticle
was added into insulating PVA polymer within weight percent ranged from 0.04 to 0.5. To prepare the PVA solution,
PVA powders were placed into a hot-water bath at 90  C for
1 h. BFO NPs were mixed with the PVA solution and ultrasonicated to disperse the NPs. 1 ml of nano-composite solution was dropped onto a glass slide and dried at 70  C for 9 h
and at atmospheric condition. Consequently, the final sample
was obtained by detaching the BFO nano-composite film
from the glass slide. The crystallinity and the morphology of
samples were analyzed by x-ray diffraction (XRD) (Rigaku
Miniflex-1) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The
magnetic and the dielectric properties were characterized with
vibrating sample magnetometer [VSM: Lakeshore, VSM7404] and standard ferroelectric tester (Radiant-RT66B),
respectively.
The crystallinity of BFO bulk powders, BFO NPs, PVA
film, and BFO/PVA nano-composite film was investigated by
XRD, as in Fig. 1(a). It is clearly seen that the prepared BFO
bulk powders and BFO NPs are in a high-quality perovskite
rhombohedral phase, since the peak position and the relative
intensity of resultant diffraction peaks are in accordance with
the diffraction pattern of BiFeO3 in JCPDS. Unidentified
small peaks at 2h 27.91 and 32.10 (marked by asterisk)
are also observed, which might stem from Bi24Fe2O39. Many
previous studies showed that the secondary phase like nonmagnetic Bi24Fe2O39 coexists in BFO nano-powders prepared
by the sol-gel method because low calcining temperature of
300  C makes it possible to crystallize not only perovskite
phase but also various impurity phases such as Bi36Fe2O57,
Bi2Fe4O9, Bi25FeO40, and Bi12(Bi0.5Fe0.5)O19.5.3134 The
XRD patterns of all the BFO/PVA nano-composite films turn

FIG. 2. FESEM images of BFO NPs

and BFO/PVA nano-composite film. (a)
BFO NPs, (b) BFO/PVA 1/1, (c) BFO/
PVA 1/8, and (d) BFO/PVA 1/16.

This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitation.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to IP:
140.114.108.65 On: Sun, 05 Apr 2015 15:01:10

062902-3

Hwang et al.

out to be the same as that of BFO NPs and do not vary as a

function of weight ratio of BFO to PVA, reflecting that the
addition of PVA does not affect the crystal structure of BFO.
Unlike BFO NPs, a single sharp peak at 2h 29.58 is seen,
whose intensity increases linearly with the amount of PVA in
the film. This indicates that the peak is mainly due to the crystallization of PVA. On the other hand, the average particle
size (D) of BFO NPs is calculated by the Debye-Scherrer
equation. The resultant particle size in all the samples turns
out to be as small as 23.5 6 1.6 nm. Figure 1(b) includes the
measured tensile strength and strain of PVA film and BFO/
PVA nano-composite film at room temperature. The tensile
strength turns out to be 43, 40, 27, and 21 MPa for PVA film,
BFO/PVA ratio of 1/16, 1/8, and 1/1, respectively. Our film
has large strain (6.6%, 6.5%, 5.6%, 6.7% for PVA film, BFO/
PVA ratio of 1/16, 1/8, and 1/1, respectively) before failure, in
agreement with the large tensile ductility. Though the tensile
strength was decreased, the strain was preserved according to
the BFO content. These results indicate that all the nanocomposite films are highly flexible and have stretchable
properties.
Figure 2 shows field-emission SEM (FESEM) images of
BFO/PVA film. BFO clusters with diameter of a few lm are
evenly dispersed in PVA. The average size of BFO cluster is
found to be approximately 3.8 lm, indicating that a single
cluster is made of about 106 of irregularly shaped BFO NPs,
regardless of the concentration of BFO NPs. This is not only
because surfactant molecule is not used for mono-dispersion
of the NPs, but also because the use of PVA with relatively
hydrolyzed degree of 87% results in further aggregation of
BFO NPs.
To investigate the magnetic properties of BFO/PVA
nano-composite samples, we performed the magnetic- field
vs. magnetization (M-H) hysteresis at room temperature
measurements using a VSM equipped with a 12 kOe electromagnet. The M-H loops were taken in a field sweep from
10 kOe to 10 kOe at a rate of 25 Oe/s. In Fig. 3(a), it is
clearly observed that BFO bulk powders exhibit nearly linear
M-H loop with small values of the remnant magnetization
and the coercive field, suggesting antiferromagnetic behavior
with weak ferromagnetic. On the other hand, the magnetic
hysteresis loop for PVA film shows linear curve corresponding to paramagnetic ordering. As shown in Fig. 3(b), the
M-H loops of all nano-composite samples exhibit non-linear
curve corresponding to ferromagnetic ordering. In contrast to
the BFO bulk powders, which exhibited linear M-H loop
with absence of remnant magnetization, our results for all
nano-composite samples indicate a clear nano-size effect on
the magnetic phase transition. As we mention earlier that the
average size of our BFO NPs was much smaller than the
minimum size for the spiral magnetic ordering, which results
in breaking of the spiral ordering to induce a small ferromagnetism in the antiferromagnetic lattice. It should be noted
that saturated magnetization is linearly increased as a function of the concentration of BFO NPs in the film, which
means that the surrounding PVA do not affect the magnetic
properties of BFO NPs [see Fig. 3(c)]. It is also found that
the magnetic coercive field goes up slightly as the concentration of BFO NPs decreases. This implies that there are

Appl. Phys. Lett. 106, 062902 (2015)

FIG. 3. (a) Magnetization versus magnetic field for BFO powders and PVA
film at room temperature. (b) Magnetization versus magnetic field for BFO
NPs and BFO/PVA composite film at room temperature. (c) Saturation magnetization and coercive field versus BFO wt. %.

remote magnetic interactions among BFO clusters, which act

as an obstacle against the flip of magnetic moments.35
Figure 4 presents the ferroelectric properties of BFO
bulk powders, BFO NPs, PVA film, and BFO/PVA nanocomposites. The ferroelectric hysteresis loops (P-E loops)
were measured in electric field sweep from 0.8 to 0.8 kV/
cm at 100 Hz. BFO bulk powders and BFO NPs show unsaturated lossy loops, indicating a relatively high conductivity
due to the space charge defects.36 In the case of BFO NPs,
NPs have smaller particle size compared with the bulk powder sample, the grain boundary is larger, the leakage current
is increased, and the dielectric property is degraded. In our
experiment, however, these disadvantages are overcome
using polymer composite. The PVA film reveals nearly saturated loop with small double remnant polarization (2Pr) of
0.5  102 nC/cm2. Unlike BFO powders, BFO NPs, and
PVA film, all the BFO/PVA nano-composites commonly
show that the polarization is saturated at 0.8 kV/cm, as

This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitation.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to IP:
140.114.108.65 On: Sun, 05 Apr 2015 15:01:10

062902-4

Hwang et al.

Appl. Phys. Lett. 106, 062902 (2015)

FIG. 4. P-E loops of curved BFO/PVA

nano-composite film. (a) BFO powders, (b) BFO NPs, (c) PVA film, (d)
BFO/PVA 1/1, (e) BFO/PVA 1/8, and
(f) BFO/PVA 1/16. Insets in (c)(f)
show the P-E loops with (red) and
without (blue) magnetic field.

shown in Figs. 4(d)4(f). The double remnant polarization

turns to be 2.84  102, 2.46  102, and 3.28  102 nC/cm2
for the BFO/PVA ratio of 1/1, 1/8, and 1/16, respectively.
The electric resistivity at applied electric field of 0.8 kV/cm
is estimated to be 1.7  1013, 6.13  1012, and 7.76  1012,
and 1.16  1013 X cm for the PVA film and ratio of 1/1, 1/8,
and 1/16, respectively, which is much greater than that of
BFO NP pellet (2.56  109 X cm). As a result, the increase in
resistivity is attributed to the enhancement of ferroelectric
properties, since the existence of PVA cuts off current filament and restrains spread of the current leakage throughout
the sample. Our results is quite similar to previous studies on
ferroelectric nano-composite material.37,38 Furthermore, the
dielectric permittivity of PVA film and BFO NPs are nearly
4 and 100 at room temperature and 100 Hz, which were also
reported.39,40 While BFO NPs has large leakage current,
above-mentioned, the PVA film has good electric resistivity.
Thus, the ferroelectric property of the BFO/PVA nanocomposites is improved due to the fact that the leakage current of the BFO/PVA nano-composites is reduced by the
dielectric property of the PVA film. The dielectric permittivity of BFO/PVA 1/16 sample was estimated by us to be
nearly 9, which is in good agreement with the composition
ratio.41 The permittivity of composite film is increased
because of the effect of high permittivity of filler (BFO
NPs), compared with the polymer matrix. Even though we
reduce the leakage current, it still remains. That is why the
electron tunneling phenomenon works in external field.42 In
order to investigate the possibility of the flexible multiferroic
device, we measured the P-E loop for the BFO/PVA nanocomposite at a highly curved condition [shown in Figs.
4(d)4(f)]. Importantly, the P-E loops are found not to be
significantly changed by cylindrical bending strain (Pr and
Ps alter by only less than 20%). These results are different
from early study in which the cylindrical bending strain
induced energy dissipation increased, and contributed to

increase in the electric coercive field.43 Our results suggest

that the PVA plays an important role in relaxation of the
strain because it is highly deformable and flexible. The insets
of Figs. 4(c)4(f) show the P-E loops for PVA film and
BFO/PVA composite films by applying a magnetic field of
140 Gauss. From the P-E results, both Ps and Pr in magnetic
field are found to be greater than those in absence of magnetic field at room temperature, implying that there is the
magneto-electric effect in BFO-PVA composite.44
To investigate the phase transition versus temperature of
BFO and BFO NPs, the TGA pattern for BFO bulk powders
and BFO NPs was measured in a temperature range of
4001270 K by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), as in
Fig. 5. The weight was fluctuated by temperature, especially,
near magnetic TN and electric Tc points, the weight was
decreased sharply. This indicates that the weight, the magnetic
permeability, and the dielectric permittivity are closely related,
from which we obtain that the Tc point of BFO powders is
1239 K and that of the BFO NPs is 863 K. BFO NPs turn out
to have lower TN and Tc, compared with the BFO powders.26

FIG. 5. TGA patterns of BFO powders and BFO NPs.

This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitation.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to IP:
140.114.108.65 On: Sun, 05 Apr 2015 15:01:10

062902-5

Hwang et al.

We report the simple method to fabricated BFO/PVA

nano-composite film. The film exhibits the improved multiferroic properties: (i) ferromagnetic hysteresis loop due to
the uncompensated spiral ordering and (ii) saturated ferroelectric curves due to the cut-off of current leakage. We also
emphasize that the prepared films have highly flexibility and
their multiferroicity is preserved well even at a highly curved
condition, reflecting the possibility for fabricating wearable
devices based on multiferroic materials.
This research was supported by the ICT R&D program
of the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (MSIP)/
IITP, Korea [KCA-2013-005-038-001], and by Basic
Science Research Program through the National Research
Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education,
Korea (2013R1A1A2011917).
1

M. Fiebig, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 38, R123 (2005).

W. Eerenstein, N. D. Mathur, and J. F. Scott, Nature 442, 759765 (2006).
3
N. A. Hill, J. Phys. Chem. B 104, 6694 (2000).
4
M. Fiebig, T. Lottermoser, D. Fr
ohlich, A. V. Golsev, and R. V. Pisarev,
Nature 419, 818820 (2002).
5
Y. H. Lin, Q. Jiang, Y. Wang, C. W. Nan, L. Chen, and J. Yu, Appl. Phys.
Lett. 90, 172507 (2007).
6
R. V. K. Mangalam, M. Chakrabrati, D. Sanyal, A. Chakrabati, and A.
Sundaresan, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 21, 445902 (2009).
7
B. V. Aken, T. M. Palstra, A. Filippetti, and N. A. Spaldin, Nature Mater.
3, 164170 (2004).
8
T. Kimura, S. Kawamoto, I. Yamada, M. Azuma, M. Takano, and Y.
Tokura, Phys. Rev. B 67, 180401 (2003).
9
N. Ikeda, H. Ohsumi, K. Ohwada, K. Ishii, T. Inami, K. Kakurai, Y.
Murakami, K. Yoshii, S. Mori, Y. Horibe, and H. Kit^
o, Nature 436,
11361138 (2005).
10
P. Babkevich, A. Poole, R. D. Johnson, B. Roessli, D. Prabhakaran, and A.
T. Boothroyd, Phys. Rev. B 85, 134428 (2012).
11
J. B. Neaton, C. Ederer, U. V. Waghmare, N. A. Spaldin, and K. M. Rabe,
Phys. Rev. B 71, 014113 (2005).
12
G. A. Smolenskii and I. E. Chupis, Sov. Phys. Usp. 25, 475493 (1982).
13
Y. E. Roginskaya, Y. Y. Tomashpolskii, Y. N. Venevtsev, V. M. Petrov,
and G. S. Zhdanov, Sov. Phys. JETP 23, 47 (1966).
14
Z. Cheng and X. Wang, Phys. Rev. B 75, 172406 (2007).
15
J. Wang, J. B. Neaton, H. Zheng, V. Nagarajan, S. B. Ogale, B. Liu, D.
Viehland, V. Vaithyanathan, D. G. Schlom, U. V. Waghmare, N. A.
Spaldin, K. M. Rabe, M. Wuttig, and R. Ramesh, Science 299, 1719 (2003).
16
M. D. Casper, M. D. Losego, and J. P. Maria, J. Mater. Sci. 48, 15781584
(2012).
17
G. S. Lotey and N. K. Verma, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 24,
37233729 (2013).
2

Appl. Phys. Lett. 106, 062902 (2015)

18

Q. Jiang, J. Ma, Y.-H. Lin, C.-W. Nan, Z. Shi, and Z. J. Shen, Appl. Phys.
Lett. 91, 022914 (2007).
M. Bibes and A. Barthelemy, Nature Mater. 7, 425 (2008).
20
N. Zhang, L. Wang, Y. Chen, D. Wang, Y. Yao, and Y. Ma, J. Appl. Phys.
111, 074105 (2012).
21
S. K. Pradhan, J. Das, P. P. Rout, V. R. Mohanta, S. K. Das, S. Samantray,
D. R. Sahu, J. L. Huang, S. Verma, and B. K. Roul, J. Phys. Chem. Solids
71, 15571564 (2010).
22
Q. Xu, H. Zai, D. Wu, T. Qiu, and M. X. Xu, Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 112510
(2009).
23
Y. J. Yoo, J. S. Hwang, Y. P. Lee, J. S. Park, J.-H. Kang, J. Kim, W. Lee,
and M. S. Seo, J. Appl. Phys. 114, 163902 (2013).
24
P. Priyadharsinia, A. Pradeepb, B. Sathyamoorthya, and G.
Chandrasekarana, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 75, 797802 (2014).
25
N. Dabra, J. S. Hundal, K. C. Sekhar, A. Nautiyal, and R. Nath, IEEE
Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelect. Freq. Contr. 56, 16271633 (2009).
26
S. M. Selbach, T. Tybell, M. A. Einarsrud, and T. Grande, Chem. Mater.
19, 6478 (2007).
27
A. Jaiswal, R. Das, K. Vivekanand, P. M. Abraham, S. Adyanthaya, and P.
Poddar, J. Phys. Chem. C 114, 21082115 (2010).
28
A. S. Lim, Z. R. Melrose, E. T. Thostenson, and T.-W. Chou, Compos.
Sci. Technol. 71, 11831189 (2011).
29
O. G. Abdullah, S. A. Hussen, and A. Alani, Asian Trans. Sci. Technol. 1,
ATST-40106045 (2011), available at http://www.asian-transactions.org/
Journals/Vol01Issue04/ATST/ATST-40106045.pdf.
30
S. I. Song and B. C. Kim, Polymer 45, 23812386 (2004).
31
G. Biasotto, A. Z. Sim~
oes, C. R. Foschini, S. G. Ant^
onio, M. A. Zaghete,
and J. A. Varela, Process. Appl. Ceram. 5, 171179 (2011).
32
X. Zheng, Q. Xu, Z. Wen, X. Lang, D. Wu, T. Qiu, and M. X. Xu,
J. Alloys Compd. 499, 108112 (2010).
33
Y. P. Wang, L. Zhou, M. F. Zhang, X. Y. Chen, J.-M. Liu, and Z. G. Liu,
Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 1731 (2004).
34
M. M. Kumar, V. R. Palkar, K. Srinivas, and S. V. Suryanarayana, Appl.
Phys. Lett. 76, 2764 (2000).
35
I. M. Obaidat, B. Issa, and Y. Haik, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 11,
38823888 (2011).
36
V. R. Palkar, J. John, and R. Pinto, Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 1628 (2002).
37
S. K. Pradhan and B. K. Roul, Phys. B 407, 25272532 (2012).
38
K.-Y. Yun, D. Ricinschi, M. Noda, and M. Okuyama, J. Korean Phys. Soc.
46, 281284 (2005), available at http://www.kps.or.kr/jkps/downloadPdf.
asp?articleuid=%7B021C97F1-872F-43D0-99B3-2204FD8CEA60%7D.
39
O. G. Abdullah and B. K. Aziz, Asian Trans. Sci. Technol. 1, ATST90111040 (2011), available at http://asian-transactions.org/Journals/
Vol01Issue04/ATST/ATST-90111040.pdf.
40
S. Layek and H. C. Verma, Adv. Mater. Lett. 3, 533 (2012).
41
O. G. Udalov, N. M. Chtchelkatchev, A. Glatz, and I. S. Beloborodov,
Phys. Rev. B 89, 054203 (2014).
42
T. B. Tran, I. S. Beloborodov, J. S. Hu, X. M. Lin, T. F. Rosenbaum, and
H. M. Jaeger, Phys. Rev. B 78, 075437 (2008).
43
W. J. Chen, Y. Zheng, W. M. Xiong, X. Feng, B. Wang, and Y. Wang,
Sci. Rep. 4, 5339 (2014).
44
O. G. Udalov, N. M. Chtchelkatchev, and I. S. Beloborodov, Phys. Rev. B
89, 174203 (2014).
19

This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitation.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to IP:
140.114.108.65 On: Sun, 05 Apr 2015 15:01:10