Maxima and Minima in Case of Two or More Variables

Differential Calculus
Maxima and Minima

(Maxima and minima in case of two or more variables)
Prepared by:
Dr. Sunil
NIT Hamirpur (HP)
(Last updated on 04-09-2008)
Latest update available at: http://www.freewebs.com/sunilnit/
(26 Solved problems and 10 Home assignments)
Maxima and Minima of functions of two variables:

Let z = f (x , y ) be a function of two independent variables x and y.
Relative maximum: f (x , y ) is said to have a relative maximum at a point (a , b ) if
f (a , b ) > f (a + h , b + k ) ⇒ f (a + h , b + k ) − f (a , b ) < 0
for small positive or negative values of ‘h’ and ‘k’
or
If the value of the function f (x, y) at (a , b ) , i.e., f (a , b ) is greater than the value
of the function f at all points in some small neighbourhood of (a , b ) , then f (x , y ) is said
to have a relative maximum at a point (a , b ) .
Relative minimum: f (x , y ) is said to have a relative minimum at a point (a , b ) if
f (a , b ) < f (a + h , b + k ) ⇒ f (a + h , b + k ) − f (a , b ) > 0
for small positive or negative values of ‘h’ and ‘k’.
or
Maxima and minima: Maxima and minima in case of two or more variables 2
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
If the value of the function f at (a , b ) , i.e., f (a , b ) is smaller than the value of the
function f at all points in some small neighbourhood of (a , b ) , then f (x , y ) is said to have
a relative minimum at a point (a , b ) .
Notation: Denoting [f (a + h , b + k ) − f (a , b )] by ∆f (a , b ) or simply by ∆
i.e. ∆ = [f (a + h , b + k ) − f (a , b )] .
Then, f (x , y ) has the maximum at (a , b ) if ∆ has the negative sign for all small values
of h, k; i.e. ∆ < 0 .
Similarly, f (x , y ) has the minimum at (a , b ) if ∆ has the positive sign for all small
values of h, k; i.e. ∆ > 0 .
Extremum:
Extremum is a point, which is either a maximum or a minimum. The value of the
function f at an extremum (maximum or minimum) point is known as extremum
(maximum or minimum) value of the function f.
Geometrically, z = f (x , y ) represents a surface. The maximum is a point on the
surface (hill top) from which the surface descends (comes down) in every direction
towards the xy-plane. The minimum is the bottom of depression from which the surface
ascends (climbs up) in every direction towards the xy-plane. In either case, tangent planes
to the surface at a maximum or minimum point is horizontal (parallel to xy-plane) and
perpendicular to z-axis.
z-axis z-axis
z = f(x, y) Maximum
z = f(x, y)
Minimum y-axis y-axis
x-axis x-axis
Saddle point:
Saddle point or minimax is a point where function is neither maximum nor
minimum. At such point, f is maximum in one direction while minimum in other
direction.
Geometrically, such a surface (looks like the leather seat on back of a horse)
forms a ridge rising in one direction and falling in another direction.
z-axis
Saddle point
y-axis
x-axis
Example: z = xy, hyperbolic parabolic has a saddle point at the origin.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for extrema of a function f of two

variables:
Since ∆ = [f (a + h , b + k ) − f (a , b )] .
Expanding f (a + h , b + k ) by Taylor’s theorem, we obtain
[ ]
f (a + h , b + k ) = f (a , b ) + hf x (a , b ) + kf y (a , b )
+
1 2
2!
[ ]
h f xx (a , b ) + 2hkf xy (a , b ) + k 2 f yy (a , b ) + ......
(i)
Since h and k are small, so neglecting higher order terms of h 2 , hk, k 2 , etc. Then the
above expression reduces to
[
f (a + h, b + k ) = f (a , b ) + hf x (a , b ) + kf y (a , b )]
Thus ∆ = [f (a + h , b + k ) − f (a , b )] = hf x (a , b ) + kf y (a , b ) .
(ii)
Necessary conditions:
The necessary condition for f (x , y ) has the maximum or minimum at (a , b )

i.e. ∆ has the negative or positive sign for all small values of h, k is
f x (a , b ) = 0 and f y (a , b ) = 0 ,
even though ‘h’ and ‘k’ can take both positive and negative values.
Method for developing the sufficient conditions:

With f x (a , b ) = 0 and f y (a , b ) = 0 ,
[
∆ = f (a + h , b + k ) − f (a , b ) = hf x (a , b ) + kf y (a , b ) ]
+
1 2
2!
[
h f xx (a , b ) + 2hkf xy (a , b ) + k 2 f yy (a , b ) ]
reduces to
∆ = f (a + h, b + k ) − f (a , b ) =
1 2
2!
[
h f xx (a , b ) + 2hkf xy (a , b ) + k 2 f yy (a , b ) ]
Denote f xx (a , b ) = r, f xy (a , b ) = s, f yy (a , b ) = t , we get
∆ = f (a + h, b + k ) − f (a , b ) =
1 2
2!
[
h r + 2hks + k 2 t . ] (iii)
From this expression, we observe that the nature of the sign of ∆ depends on the nature
of sign of h 2 r + 2hks + k 2 t .
 h 2 r 2 + 2hkrs + k 2 rt 
[
Thus sign of ∆ = sign of h 2 r + 2hks + k 2 t = sign of  ] r

 
(
 (hr + ks )2 + k 2 rt − s 2
= sign of 
) . (iv)
 r 
If rt − s 2 > 0 , then the numerator of RHS of (iv) is positive.

In this case, sign of ∆ = sign of r.
Thus ∆ < 0 if rt − s 2 > 0 and r < 0
and ∆ > 0 if rt − s 2 > 0 and r > 0 .

Therefore, the sufficient (Lagrange’s) conditions for extrema are:
I. f attains (has) a maximum at (a, b) if rt − s 2 > 0 and r < 0

II. f attains (has) a minimum at (a, b) if rt − s 2 > 0 and r > 0
III. Saddle point: If rt − s 2 < 0 , then ∆ < 0 or ∆ > 0 depending on ‘h’ and ‘k’.
Therefore, f has a saddle point (minimax) at (a, b) if rt − s 2 < 0 .
IV. Failure case: If rt − s 2 = 0 , then further investigation is needed to determine

the nature of the function f.
FINAL CONCLUSIONS:
A function of two variables u = f (x , y ) is said to have a maximum or minimum if
∂f ∂f
(1) = 0, = 0,
∂x ∂y
which gives the values of x say x = a and y say y = b, for which the function is
maximum or minimum.
2
∂ 2f ∂ 2f  ∂ 2f 
(2) . > at these values i.e. x = a and y = b.
∂x 2 ∂y 2  ∂x∂y 
[ ( )2 ]x =a > 0 i.e. rt − s 2 > 0 .

i.e. f xx .f yy − f xy
y =b
(3a) Then the function f (x , y ) will have a maximum value if apart from the above
∂ 2f
conditions (1) and (2), also < 0 i.e. r < 0 at x = a and y = b.
∂x 2
(3b) Similarly, the function f (x , y ) will have a minimum value if apart from the above
∂ 2f
conditions (1) and (2), also > 0 i.e. r > 0 at x = a and y = b.
∂x 2
Remarks:
2
∂ 2f ∂ 2f  ∂ 2f 
(a) If . 2 = i.e. rt − s 2 = 0 at x = a and y = b,
2
∂x ∂y  ∂x ∂y 
 
Then the function f (x , y ) is neither a maximum nor a minimum.
2
∂ 2f ∂ 2f  ∂ 2f 
(b) Again if . 2 < i.e. rt − s 2 < 0 at x = a and y = b,
2  
∂x ∂y  ∂x∂y 
2
∂ 2f ∂ 2f  ∂ 2f 
Then such a point where . < holds, is called a “Saddle point”.
∂x 2 ∂y 2  ∂x∂y 
Method of finding Extrema of f(x, y):

1. Solving f x = 0 and f y = 0 yields critical or stationary point P of f.
2. Calculate r = f xx , s = f xy , t = f yy at the critical point.
3. a. f attains (has) a maximum at (a, b) if rt − s 2 > 0 and r < 0
b. f attains (has) a minimum at (a, b) if rt − s 2 > 0 and r > 0
c. Saddle point: If rt − s 2 < 0 , then ∆ < 0 or ∆ > 0 depending on ‘h’ and ‘k’.
Therefore, f has a saddle point (minimax) at (a, b) if rt − s 2 < 0 .
d. Failure case: If rt − s 2 = 0 , then further investigation is needed to determine

the nature of the function f.
Remarks: Extrema occur only at stationary points. However, stationary points need not
be extrema.
Now let us solve some problems, where we have to evaluate the maxima or
minima of the given function:
Q.No.1.: Find the values of x and y for which u = x 2 + y 2 + 6x + 12 has a minimum

value and find this minimum value.
Sol.: Since u (x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + 6x + 12 .

∂u ∂u
Then = 2x + 6 and = 2y .
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u
For u (x, y) to be minimum or maximum, we have = 0 and = 0.
∂x ∂y
⇒ 2 x + 6 = 0 and 2 y = 0 .
⇒ x = −3 and y = 0.
 ∂ 2u   ∂ 2u   ∂ 2u 
Also  2  = 2 ,  2 = 2 and   = 0.
 ∂x  [−3,0]  ∂y [−3,0]  ∂x∂y  [−3,0]
2
∂ 2u ∂ 2 u  ∂ 2u 
∴ 2. 2 − = 2 × 2 − 0 = 4 > 0 at x = −3 and y = 0.
∂x ∂y  ∂x∂y 
 
 ∂ 2u 
And also  2  = 2 > 0.
 ∂x [−3,0]
Thus the function is minimum at x = −3 and y = 0.
[ ]
And this minimum value [u (x, y )]min = x 2 + y 2 + 6x + 12 [−3,0] = 9 − 18 + 12 = 3 . Ans.
Q.No.2.: If f (x , y ) = 6 xy + 9 , find the values of x and y for which f (x , y ) has a stationary

value.
Sol.: Since f (x , y ) = 6 xy + 9 .
∂f ∂f
Then = 6 y and = 6x .
∂x ∂y
∂f ∂f
For f (x, y) to be minimum or maximum, we have = 0 and = 0.
∂x ∂y
⇒ 6y = 0 and 6 x = 0 .
⇒ y = 0 and x = 0 .
 ∂ 2f   ∂ 2f   ∂ 2f 
Also  2  = 0 ,  2 = 0 and   = 6.
 ∂x  [0,0]  ∂y  [−0,0]  ∂x∂y [0,0]
2
∂ 2u ∂ 2u  ∂ 2u 
∴ 2. 2 − = 0 − 62 = −36 < 0 at x = 0 and y = 0 .
 
∂x ∂y  ∂x∂y 
Thus x = 0 and y = 0 does not stand for maxima and minima.
Thus the given function has a stationary value at x = 0 and y = 0.
Q.No.3.: Find the maximum and minimum values of
(a) x 3 + y3 − 3axy .
(b) sin x. sin y. sin (x + y ) .
Sol.: (a) Let u = x 3 + y3 − 3axy .

Partially differentiating u w. r. t. x and y, we get
∂u ∂u
= 3x 2 − 3ay and = 3y 2 − 3ax
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u
For u (x, y) to be minimum or maximum, we have = 0 and = 0.
∂x ∂y
∂u
= 0 ⇒ 3x 2 − 3ay = 0 ⇒ 3x 2 = 3ay ⇒ x 2 = ay . (i)
∂x
∂u
= 0 ⇒ 3y 2 − 3ax = 0 ⇒ 3y 2 = 3ax ⇒ y 2 = ax . (ii)
∂y
Squaring (i), we get x 4 = a 2 y 2 (iii)
Substituting the value of y 2 from (ii) in (iii), we get x 4 = a 2ax ⇒ x 3 = a 3 ⇒ x = a
∴ x 2 = ay ⇒ a 2 = ay ⇒ y = a .
∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
= 6x , = 6y , = −3a
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂x∂y
2
 ∂ 2u   ∂ 2u   ∂ 2u 
∴  2 . 2  −   = 6x . 6 y − 9a 2 = 36xy − 9a 2
 ∂x   ∂y   ∂x∂y 
    
Substituting xy as a 2 , we get
2
 ∂ 2u   ∂ 2u   ∂ 2 u 
 . −  = 36a 2 − 9a 2 = 27a 2 > 0 .
 ∂x 2   ∂y 2   ∂x∂y 
    
To find max. and min. value which u will attain.
∂ 2u
Put = 0 , we get
∂x 2
∂ 2u
= 6x = 6a
∂x 2
6a < 0 if a < 0 and 6a > 0 if a > 0 . Ans.
(b) Let P( x , y) = sin x.sin y.sin (x + y )
∂F
Fx = = sin y{cos x.sin (x + y ) + sin x. cos(x + y )} = sin y. sin(2x + y) (i)
∂x
∂F
Fy = = sin x{cos y.sin (x + y ) + sin y. cos(x + y )} = sin x. sin(x + 2y) (ii)
∂x
For max. or min. values of F(x, y), we have (i) and (ii) equal to zero.
Fx = 0 ⇒ sin y. sin(2x + y) = 0 (iii)
Fy = 0 ⇒ sin x. sin(x + 2 y) = 0 (iv)
From (iii) and (iv), we have

sin y = 0 and sin x = 0
⇒x=0 and y = 0, which is not possible.
We have also
x + 2 y = π or 2 π (v)
2x + y = π or 2 π (vi)
Taking x + 2y = 2π
2x + y = 2π
2π 2π
Solving the above equation we have x = , y=
3 3
Now taking x + 2 y = π
2x + y = π
π π
Solving the above equations, we get x = , y= .
3 3
π π  2π 2π 
So the points of extremum are  ,  and  ,  .
3 3  3 3 
Let r = Fxx , t = Fyy and s = Fxy .
So Fxx = sin y. sin( 2 x + y).2 = 2 sin y. cos(2 x + y )

Fyy = 2 sin y. cos(x + 2 y )
Fxy = cos y.sin (2 x + y ) + cos(2 x + y ).sin y = sin (2 x + 2 y ) .
π π
Now at points  ,  , we have to calculate the
3 3
2
Fxx .Fyy − Fxy
3
So Fxx = 2 × × −1 = − 3
2
3
Fyy = 2 × × −1 = − 3
2
− 3
Fxy = .
2
2
− 3
(
Now − 3 . − 3 −  )( )
3 9
 ⇒ 3− = > 0

 2  4 4
2
So that Fxx .Fyy − Fxy > 0 and Fxx = − 3 .
 π π
Hence F(x, y) has maximum at  x = , y =  .
 3 3
π π π 3 3
Maximum value of F(x, y) sin . sin . sin = .
3 3 3 8
 2π 2π 
Now taking points  ,  , we have to calculate
 3 3 
2
Fxx .Fyy − Fxy
3
So Fxx = 2 × ×1
2
3
Fyy = 2 × ×1
2
3
Fxy = .
2
2
 3  3   3 3 9
Now  2 × × 1 2 × × 1. −   ⇒ 3− = > 0

 2  2   2  4 4
2
So that Fxx .Fyy − Fxy > 0 and also Fxx = 3 > 0 .
 2π 2π 
Hence the point  ,  is the point of minimum.
 3 3 
2π 2π 4π − 3 3
Minimum value of F(x, y) sin .sin .sin = .
3 3 3 8
3 3 −3 3
So the maximum and minimum values of function F(x, y) is and
8 8
respectively.
a3 a3
Q.No.4.: Show that the minimum value of f ( x , y) = xy + + is 3a 2 .
x y
a3 a3
Sol.: Given function is f ( x , y) = xy + + .
x y
∂f a3 ∂f a3
∴ fx = = y − 2 , fy = =x− 2 .
∂x x ∂y y
For f (x, y) to be minimum or maximum, we have f x = 0 and f y = 0 .
a3 a3
If f x = 0 ⇒ y − =0⇒ y= (i)
x2 x2
a3 a3
If f y = 0 ⇒ x − =0⇒x = (ii)
y2 y2
From (i) and (ii), we get
a3 a 3.x 2  x3 
x− =0⇒ x− = 0 ⇒ x 1 −  = 0
2
a 3.a 3  a3 
 a3   
 
 x2 
 
x3
As x ≠ 0 ⇒ 1 − = 0 , because when x = 0, y can not be defined.
a3
⇒ x3 = a3 ⇒ x = a
a3
∴ From (i), we get y = = a.
a2
Hence extreme point is (a, a)
Now, f xx = 0 −
(− 2).a 3 =
2a 3
,
x3 x3
f yy =
∂ 2F
=0−
(− 2).a 3 =
2a 3
,
∂y 2 y3 y3
∂ 2F
f xy = = 1− 0 = 1.
∂x∂y
2a 3 2a 3
At point (a, a) f xx = = 2, f yy = = 2.
a3 a3
( )2 = 2 × 2 − (1)2 = 4 − 1 = 3 > 0 .
Now, f xx × f yy − f xy
Also f xx = 2 > 0 .
a3 a3
∴ Minimum value of f(x, y) is a.a + + = a 2 + a 2 + a 2 = 3a 2 . Ans.
a a
Q.No.5.: Find co-ordinates of a point P(x, y) such that sum of squares of its distances
from rectangular axis of reference and line x + y = 8 is minimum.
Sol.: We know that distance of a point P(x, y) from any line ax + by + c = 0 is given by
ax + by + c
a 2 + b2
∴ u = x 2y2 +
(x + y − 8)2
2
∂u ∂u
For maxima or minima, we have = 0 and = 0.
∂x ∂y
2(x + y − 8) 2(x + y − 8)
∴ 2x + =0 and 2y + =0
2 2
3x + y = 8 (i) x + 3y = 8 (ii)
Solving (i) and (ii), we get x = 2 and y = 2.
∴ At x = 2, y = 2, the given function have max. or min. value.
Also we know that for minima, we have
∂ 2u ∂ 2u
>0 and > 0.
∂x 2 ∂y 2
∂ 2u  ∂ 2u 
 = 3 > 0 and  = 3 > 0.
∂x 2  x = 2 ∂y 2  x = 2
y=2 y=2
∴ Thus the function have minimum value at x = 2, y = 2.

Hence (2, 2) be the required coordinates of the point such that sum of squares of its
distances from rectangular axis of reference and line x + y = 8 is minimum. Ans.
Q.No.6.: Divide ‘a’ into three parts such that their products be a maximum.
Sol.: Let ‘a’ be the sum of three no. x, y, z.
Therefore a = x + y + z ⇒ z = a − (x + y )
Their product can be written as
P = xyz ⇒ P = xy[a − (x + y )] ⇒ P = xay − x 2 y − y 2 x .

For maximum or minimum values Fx , Fy are zero.
∂P
∴ Fx = = ay − 2xy − y 2 = 0 ⇒ a − 2x − y = 0 ⇒ a = 2x + y ⇒ y = a − 2x (i)
∂x
∂P
Fy = = xa − x 2 − 2 yx = 0 ⇒ a − x − 2 y = 0 ⇒ a = 2 y + x ⇒ x = a − 2 y (ii)
∂y
a
y = a − 2(a − 2 y ) ⇒ y = a − 2a + 4 y ⇒ 3y = a ⇒ y =
3
Putting this value in (ii), we get
2a a
x =a− ⇒x= .
3 3
a a 2a a
∴z = a − +  = a − ⇒z= .
3 3 3 3
Differentiating Fx , Fy again
∂ 2P 2
∴ Fxx = = −2 y = − a
∂x 2 3
∂ 2P 2
Fxx = = −2x = − a
2
∂y 3
∂ 2P ∂  ∂P  ∂
also Fxy = =  =
∂x∂y ∂y  ∂x  ∂y
( )
ya − 2 xy − y 2 = a − 2x − 2 y .
Putting the value of x and y.

∂ 2P 2a 2a 3a − 4a − a
=a− − = =
∂x∂y 3 3 3 3
2
∂ 2P ∂ 2 P  ∂ 2 P  − 2a − 2a a 2 4a 2 − a 2 3a 2 a 2
∴ 2 . 2 − = . − = = = >0
∂x ∂y  ∂x∂y  3 3 9 9 9 3
 
Therefore the product is maximum.
a a a
Hence ‘a’ can be divided into three parts as  , ,  .
 3 3 3
Q.No.7.: Divide 120 into three parts so that the sum of the products taken two at a time
shall be maximum.
Sol.: Let 120 = x + y + z . ...(i)
and P = xy + yz + zx . ...(ii)
From (i), we get z = 120 − x − y .
∴ P = xy + y(120 − x − y ) + x (120 − x − y ) .
∂P
Then = y + y (−1) + 120 − 2x − y = 120 − 2 x − y
∂x
∂P
and = x + 120 − x − 2 y − x = 120 − x − 2 y .
∂y
∂P ∂P
For maximum or minimum vales both = 0 and = 0.
∂x ∂y
⇒ 120 − 2x − y = 0 and 120 − x − 2y = 0 .
Solving these two equations, we get
x = 40 , y = 40 and z = 40 .
 ∂ 2P   ∂ 2P   ∂ 2P 
Also  2  = −2 ,  2  = −2 and   = −1 .
 ∂x  [40, 40, 40]  ∂y  [40, 40, 40]  ∂x∂y  [40, 40, 40]
2
∂ 2P ∂ 2 P  ∂ 2 P 
∴ 2 . 2 − = (−2) × (−2) − (−1) 2 = 3 > 0 at x = 40 , y = 40 and z = 40 .
 
∂x ∂y  ∂x∂y 
 ∂ 2P 
And also  2  = −2 < 0
 ∂x  [40, 40, 40]
Thus the function is maximum at x = 40 , y = 40 and z = 40 .

Q.No.8.: Prove that the rectangular solid of maximum volume which can be inscribed in
a sphere is a cube.
Sol.: Let x , y and z be the dimensions of the rectangular solid and D be the diameter of
the given sphere.
The diagonal of the solid will be diameter of the sphere.
∴ D2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ⇒ D = x 2 + y2 + z2 . ...(i)
Let V be the volume of the solid
( )
∴ V = xyz = xy D 2 − x 2 − y 2 ⇒ V 2 = x 2 y 2 D 2 − x 2 − y 2 = D 2 x 2 y 2 − x 4 y 2 − x 2 y 4 .
Let V 2 = u . ∴ u = D 2 x 2 y 2 − x 4 y 2 − x 2 y 4 . ...(ii)
Differentiate (ii) partially w. r. t. x and y separately, we get
∂u
∂x
(
= 2D2 xy2 − 4x 3 y 2 − 2 xy4 = 2xy 2 D2 − 2x 2 − y 2 ) ...(iii)
∂u
∂y
(
= 2D 2 x 2 y − 2 x 4 y − 4 x 2 y 3 = 2 x 2 y D 2 − x 2 − 2 y 2 ) ..(iv)
∂u ∂u
For max. and min. of u, = 0, =0
∂x ∂y
∴
∂u
∂x
(
= 2xy2 D2 − 2x 2 − y 2 = 0 )
and
∂u
∂y
( )
= 2x 2 y D 2 − x 2 − 2 y 2 = 0
But x ≠ 0, y ≠ 0 being lengths
(D 2
)
− 2x 2 − y 2 = 0 ...(v)
(D 2
− x2 − 2y ) = 0
2
...(vi)
From (v) y 2 = D 2 − 2x 2 and put in (vi), we get
2 2 3 2 D2 D 2 2 2
D − x + 4x − 2D = 0 ⇒ 3x = D ⇒ x = ⇒x= .
3 3
2D 2 D 2 D
Now y 2 = D 2 − 2x 2 = D2 − = ⇒y= ; (y cannot be < 0)
3 3 3
Again differentiate (iii) partially w. r. t. x and y separately and (iv) w. r. t. y, we get
∂ 2u
2
= 2D 2 y 2 − 12x 2 y 2 − 2 y 4 ,
∂x
∂ 2u
= 4D 2 xy − 8x 3 y − 8xy3 ,
∂x∂y
∂ 2u
2
= 2D 2 x 2 − 2x 4 − 12x 2 y 2 .
∂y
 ∂ 2u  D 2 12D 2 D 2 2D 4 8D 4
A= 2 = 2D 2 . − . − =−
 ∂x  D D  3 3 3 9 9
  , 
 3 3
 ∂ 2u  D D D3 D D D3 D4
B=  = 4D 2 . . −8 . −8 . = −4
 ∂x∂y  D D  3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 9
  , 
 3 3
 ∂ 2u  D 2 2D 4 12D 2 D 2 8D 4
C= 2 = 2D 2 . − − . =−
 ∂y  D D  3 9 3 3 9
  , 
 3 3
 8D 4  8D 4   4D 4  64D8 16D8
Now AC − B =  − 2  − − = − > 0 (+ ve)
 9  9   9  81 81
    
D
Also A is negative for x = y = .
3
D
∴ u is maximum when x = y = .
3
D
∴ V 2 or V is maximum value for x = y = .
3
D2 D2 D
From (i), we get z = D 2 − x 2 − y 2 = D 2 − − =
3 3 3
D
∴x = y = z = i.e. length = breadth = height.
3
Hence for maximum volume solid is a cube.
Q.No.9: The temperature T at any point (x, y, z) in space is defined by T = 400xyz 2 .
Find the maximum temperature on the surface of a unit sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 .
Sol.: Given equation of the sphere is x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 ⇒ z 2 = 1 − x 2 − y 2 (i)
( )
Given T = 400xyz 2 ⇒ T = 400xy 1 − x 2 − y 2 ⇒ T = 400xy − 400x 3 y − 400xy3 (ii)
∂T
Now, = 0 ⇒ 400y − 1200x 2 y − 400y3 = 0 ⇒ y 2 + 3x 2 − 1 = 0 ⇒ y 2 = 1 − 3x 2 (iii)
∂x
∂T
= 0 ⇒ 400 y − 400 x 3 − 1200 xy 2 = 0 ⇒ x 2 + 3y 2 − 1 = 0
∂y
(
⇒ x 2 + 3 1 − 3x 2 − 1 = 0 ) [using (ii)]
1 1
⇒ x 2 + 3 − 9x 2 − 1 = 0 ⇒ x 2 = ⇒x=
4 2
1
Putting in (iii), we get y = .
2
1
Putting in (i), we get z 2 = .
2
Now to check Maxima and Minima
∂ 2T ∂ 2T
= −2400x and = −2400 y
∂x 2 ∂y 2
∂ 2T  ∂ 2T 
= −1200 and  2  = −1200
∂x 2 x=
1  ∂y  y= 1
2 2
∂ 2T ∂ 2T
Also = 400 − 2400 x ⇒ = −800
∂x∂y ∂x∂y 1
x=
2
2
∂ 2T ∂ 2T  ∂ 2T 
Clearly >  ,
∂x 2 ∂y 2  ∂x∂y 
 
 ∂ 2T  1
Now  2  = −2400 × = 1200 < 0 .
 ∂x  1 2
 x = , y=
1
2 2
∴ The function T has maxima at the calculated values of x, y and z 2 .
Put the values of x, y and z 2 in T = 400xyz 2 , we get

1 1 1
T = 400 × × × ⇒ T = 50 units. Ans.
2 2 2
which is the maximum temperature on the surface of a unit sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 .

Q.No.10.: A rectangular tank open at the top and is to hold a given volume . Find the
dimensions of the box requiring least material, for its construction.

Sol.: Let x , y and z ft. be the dimensions of the rectangular tank open at the top so that
material for construction will be least if surface area is least.
Let surface area, S = F(x, y, z) = xy + 2yz + 2zx . ....(i)
Also given volume = xyz = V. ...(ii)
Eliminating z from (i) with the help of (ii), we get
V 1 1
S = xy + 2(y + x ) = xy + 2V +  .
xy x y
∂S 2V ∂S 2V
∴ = y − 2 = 0 and = x − 2 = 0. ...(iii)
∂x x ∂y y
Solving these, we get x = y = 2z. ...(iv)
∂ 2S 4V ∂ 2S ∂ 2S 4V
Now r = = , s= =1 ,t = 2 = 3 .
∂x 2 x3 ∂x∂y ∂y y
4V 4 V 16V 2 − x 6 (64 − 1)x 6

At x = y , rt − s 2 = . − 1 = = = always + ve and r is also + ve.
x3 x3 x6 x6
Henve S is minimum for x = y = 2z.
Also from (ii) , x = y = (2V)1/3. ...(v)
Thus from (iv) and (v), we get
length = breadth = twice height = (2 volume)1/3.
Q.No.11.: Find the point on the surface z 2 = xy + 1 , nearest to the origin.
Sol.: Let ( x , y , z) be the point lies on the surface z 2 = xy + 1 ,which is nearest to the
origin.
∴ Distance between origin and this point = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 . Squaring both sides, we get
(Distance)2 = u (say) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 subject to the condition z 2 = xy + 1 . ...(i)
∴ u = x 2 + y 2 + xy + 1 .
∂u ∂u
Then = 2x + y and = 2y + x .
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u
For maximum or minimum vales both = 0 and = 0.
∂x ∂y
⇒ 2x + y = 0 and 2 y + x = 0 .
y x
⇒x=− and y = − . ⇒ x = 0 and y = 0 .
2 2
 ∂ 2u   ∂ 2u   ∂ 2u 
Also  2  = 2 ,  2 = 2 and   = 1.
 ∂x  [0,0]  ∂y [0,0]  ∂x∂y  [0,0]
2
∂ 2u ∂ 2 u  ∂ 2u 
∴ 2. 2 − = 2 × 2 − 1 = 3 > 0 at x = 0 and y = 0.
∂x ∂y  ∂x∂y 
 
 ∂ 2u 
And also  2  = 2 > 0 . Also from (i) , z = ±1 .
 ∂x  [0,0]
Thus the function is minimum at x = 0 , y = 0 and z = ±1 .
Thus (0, 0, 1) and (0, 0, − 1) are the points on the surface z 2 = xy + 1 ,which are nearest to
the origin.
Q.No.12.: A tent having the form of a cylinder, surmounted by a cone is to contain a
given volume. Prove that for the canvas to be minimum, height of the cone is
twice that of the cylinder.
Sol.: Let the height of the cone is = y
Let the height of the cylinder is = x
Then, we have to prove , y = 2x
Let v be the total volume of the tent.
1
Then, v = πr 2 x + πr 2 y (i)
3
If S is the total surface area of the tent, then
S = 2π r x + π r ⇒ S = 2π r x + π r r 2 + y 2 (ii)
Putting the value of x from (i) in (ii), we get
 v y
S = 2π r  2 −  + π r r 2 + y 2
 πr 3
∂S − 2π r πr
∴ = + × 2y .
∂y 3 2 r 2 + y2
∂S
For maxima and minima, = 0.
∂y
2
− 2π r πr y 2
2  
=0⇒  =  ⇒ 4r 2 + 4 y 2 = 9 y 2
y
∴ +
3 3  2 
r 2 + y2  r +y
2

2
⇒ 5 y 2 = 4r 2 ⇒ y = r (iii)
5
Differentiating (ii) partially w. r. t. r, we get
∂S ∂   v y  ∂
= 2π r ×  2 −  +  π r r 2 + y 2 
∂r ∂r   πr 3  ∂r  
− 2v 2πy π r2
= − + π r 2 + y2 + .
r2 3 2
r +y 2
∂S
For max. or min., =0
∂r
− 2v 2π y π2
⇒ − + π r 2 + y2 + =0
r2 3 r 2 + y2
− 2π r  y  2y 2 2 r2
⇒  x +  − + r + y + =0
π r2  3 3 r 2 + y2
2
Putting y = r in above equation, we get
5
4 4 9 5  1 5  6
⇒ −2x − r− r+ r+ r = 0 ⇒ 2x =  + r = r
3 5 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 5  3 5
1 y
⇒x= r = ⇒ y = 2x , which is the required proof.
5 2
Now,
∂ 2S
=
r 2 + y2 π r
− πr y×
y
=
(
π r r 2 + y2 − y2 )
∂y 2
(r 2
+y 2
) r 2 + y2 (r 2
+y )
2 3/ 2
π r3
= >0 (iv)
(r 2
+ y2 )
3/2
2π r r 2 + y 2 − π r 2
∂ 2S 2v 2π r r 2 + y2
= × 2r + +
∂r 2 r4 r 2 + y2 r 2 + y2
4v 2π r π r 3 + 2π r y 2
= + + >0 (v)
r3 r 2 + y2 (r 2
+y )
2 3/2
∂ 2S ∂S  ∂S  ∂S  − 2π r πr y 
=   =  + 
∂y∂r ∂r  ∂y  ∂r  3 r 2
+ y 2
 
r
r 2 + y2 × π y − π r y ×
=
− 2r
+
r 2 + y2
= +
( )
− 2π π y r 2 + y 2 − π r 2 y
3 2
r +y 2 3 (
r 2 + y2
3/ 2
)
− 2π πy3
= + .
3 (
r 2 + y2 ) 3/ 2
∂ 2S ∂ 2S ∂ 2S
Let r = , t= and f =
∂y2 ∂r 2 ∂y∂r
2
π r3  4v 2π r π r 2 + 2 π r y 2   − 2π π y2 
r t−f2 = × 3 + + − + 
(r 2
+ y2 )
3/ 2
r

2
r +y 2 2
r +y 2 3/ 2
 
  ( 3 2
r +y 2
)3/ 2

 ( )
2
at y = r
5
 
  2 4 2 
π r  r + 2π r 
2 π r3  4v 2π r π r 2 + 2π r y 2  5 
rt−f = ×  + + + 3 
 2 4 2
r + r 
3/ 2
r

3
2
r + r
4 2 r 2
+ y 2 3/ 2  4 
 r2 + r2  
 ( )
 5  5  
5  
 
 4 3 
 π× r 
 2π 5 5 
− +
3 3/ 2 
  2 4 2 
r + r 
  5  
2 r  1 2  5 3
v at y = r and x = = π r2 + r = πr .
5 5  5 3 5 3
5 5 4 5 2 5 13 5   − 2π 4 
r t−f2 =  π+ π+ π −  + π
27  3 3 3   3 27 
5 5 19 5  14π
=  π + >0 (vi)
27  3  27
From (iv), (v) and (vi), we find that the conditions satisfied from these equations is for
minima.
∴ For minimum canvas to be used y = 2 x . Ans.
Q.No.13.: Find the stationary value of u = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 . If xy + yz + zx = 3a 2 .

{Without Lagrange Theorem}
Sol.: u = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 (i)
xy + yz + zx = 3a 2 (ii)
From (ii), we get
3a 2 − xy
z= (iii)
x+y
Putting above value of z in (i), we get
2
2
 3a 2 − xy 
2
u =x +y +  .
 x + y 
∂u  3a 2 − xy   (x + y )(
= 2x + 2  
(
. − y ) − (1) 3a 2 − xy )
∂x  x + y   (x + y )2 
= 2x +
( )(
2 3a 2 − y 2 − xy − y 2 − 3a 2 + xy ) = 2x − 2(3a 2
)(
− y 2 y 2 + 3a 2 )
(x + y)3
(x + y ) 3
= 2x −
(
2 9a 4 − y 4 ) (iv)
(x + y )3
and
∂u
= 2y + 2 
(
 3a 2 − y 2   − x (x + y ) − 3a 2 − xy 

)
∂y  x + y   (x + y )2 
= 2y −
(
2 9a 4 − x 4 ) (v)
(x + y )3
∂u ∂u
Now putting =0=
∂x ∂y
2x −
(
2 9a 4 − y 4 )=0
(x + y )3
( ) (
⇒ x x 3 + y3 + 3xy2 + 3x 2 y − 9a 4 − y 4 = 0)
⇒ x 4 + y 4 + xy3 + 3x 2 y 2 + 3xy3 − 9a 4 = 0 (vi)
Similarly x 4 + y 4 + yx 3 + 3x 2 y 2 + 3yx 3 − 9a 4 = 0 (vii)

Subtracting (vi) and (vii), we get
(
xy3 − yx 3 + 3yx 3 − 3xy3 = 0 ⇒ yx x 2 − y 2 = 0 )
⇒ yx (x − y )(x + y ) = 0
Now, Case 1. x = 0 . From (vi), we get
y 4 = 9a 4 ⇒ y = 3a .
Now putting above value in (iii), we get
3a 2
z= = 3a .
3a
Now, x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 0 + 3a 2 + 3a 2 ⇒ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 6a 2 (viii)
Case 2. y = 0. From (vi), we get
y 4 = 9a 4 ⇒ y = 3a .
and from (iii), we get z = 3a

Now from (i), we get
Now, x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 3a 2 + 0 + 3a 2 ⇒ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 6a 2 (ix)
Case 3. Either x = − y .
It is not possible as it does not satisfy (iii)
Case 4. If x = y.
From (vi), we get
x 4 + x 4 + x 4 + 3x 4 + 3x 4 − 9a 4 = 0 ⇒ 9x 4 = 9a 4 .
3a 2 − a 2
Using (iii), we get z = =a.
2a
∴x = y = z = a (x)
Now, according to definition of stationary value f(a, b) is said to be stationary value of
f(x, y).
If f x [a , b ] = 0 and f y [a , b] = 0
i. e. the function is stationary at [a, b].

Stationary value of function will be
u = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ⇒ u = a 2 + a 2 + a 2 = 3a 2 (xi)
From (viii), (ix) and (xi) stationary value of u are 6a 2 and 3a 2 . Ans.
Q.No.14.: A rectangular box open at the top is to have volume equal to 32 cubic ft. Find
the dimensions of the box requiring least material for its construction.
Sol.: Let x , y and z ft. be the dimensions of the rectangular box open at the top so that
material for construction will be least if surface area is least.
Let surface area, S = F(x, y, z) = xy + 2yz + 2zx . ....(i)
Also given volume = xyz = 32. ....(ii)
Eliminating z from (i) with the help of (ii), we get
32  1 1
S = xy + 2( y + x) = xy + 64 +  .
xy  x y
∂S 64 ∂S 64
∴ = y − 2 = 0 and = x − 2 = 0.
∂x x ∂y y
Solving these, we get x = y = 4.
∂ 2S 128 ∂ 2S ∂ 2S 128
Now r = = , s= =1 ,t = 2 = 3 .
∂x 2 x3 ∂x∂y ∂y y
At x = y = 4, rt − s 2 = (2 × 2) − 1 = + ve and r is also + ve.

Hence S is minimum for x = y = 4. Then from (ii), z = 2.
Hence the dimensions of the box are x = 4ft.,y = 4ft. and z = 2ft.Ans.
1
Q.No.15.: Prove that maximum value of cos A cos B cos C = .
8
Sol.: cos A cos B cos C = cos A cos B cos[W − (A + B)]
= − cos AcoaBcos(A + B) [∵ A + B + C = W ]
f (A, B) = −coaA cos B cos(A + B)

f A = − cos B[− sin A. cos(A + B) − cos A. sin(A + B)]
= cos B[sin A. cos(A + B) + cos A. sin(A + B)] = cos B sin(2A + B)
f B = − cos A[− sin B. cos(A + B) − cos B. sin(A + B)]
= cos A[sin B. cos(A + B) + cos B.sin(A + B)] = cos A sin(A + 2B)
r = f AA = 2 cos B. cos(2A + B)
s = f AB = − sin A sin(A + 2B) + cos A cos(A + 2B) = cos(A + A + 2B) = cos(2A + 2B)
t = f BB = 2 cos A cos(A + 2B) .
For maximum and minimum values f A = 0 and f B = 0
cos B sin(2A + B) = 0
cos A sin(A + 2B) = 0
From above equations, we get the following four pairs of equations
W W
(i) cos B = 0 , cos A = 0 , B = , A= .
2 2
It is not possible as two angles in same triangle cannot be 90° .
W
(ii) cos B = 0 , sin(A + 2B) = 0 , B = , A + 2B = W ⇒ A = 0 .
2
Not possible as in same triangle no angle can be zero.
(iii) Similarly, we reject pair
sin (2A + B) = 0 , cos A = 0 ,
sin (2A + B) = 0
2A + B = 0 (i)
A + 2B = 0 (ii)
Solving (i) and (ii), we get
W W
A=B= , A=B=
3 3
W
r = 2 cos cos W = −1 ,
3
4W  W  −1
s = cos = cos W +  = ,
3  3  2
W
t = 2 cos cos W = −1 .
3
3
rt − s 2 > > 0 and r < 0 .
4
W
Hence f(A, B) is maximum at A = B = .
3
W W 2W 1
and maximum value = − cos cos cos = . Ans.
3 3 3 8
Q.No.17.: If x, y, z be the perpendicular from any point within the triangle on the sides
a, b, c of a triangle ABC of area ∆ . Show that the minimum value of
2 2 2 4∆2
x +y +z = .
a 2 + b2 + c2
Sol.: ∆ = Area of the triangle ABC = area of three small triangles with in the ∆ABC .
1 1 1
∆= ax + by + cz
2 2 2
∴ ax + by + cz = 2∆ (i)
Let u = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 (ii)
1
From (i) cz = 2∆ − ax − by ⇒ z = (2∆ − ax − by)
c
Put the value of z in (ii), we get
1
u = x 2 + y2 + 2
(2∆ − ax − by )2 (iii)
c
Now differentiate (iii) w. r. t. x, we get
∂u 2
= 2 x + 2 (2∆ − ax − by )(− a ) .
∂x c
∂u
For max. or min. =0
∂x
2
2x + (2∆ − ax − by )(− a ) = 0
c2
c2x
= 2∆ − ax − by , (iv)
a
Now, again differentiating w. r. t. y, we get
∂u 2
= 2 y + 2 (2∆ − ax − by )(− b ) = 0
∂y c
c2 y
= 2∆ − ax − by (v)
b
From (iv) and (v), we get
c2x c2 y b
= ⇒y= x (vi)
a b a
Put the value of y in (iv), we get
c2x b
= 2∆ − ax − b  x ⇒ c 2 x = 2∆a − a 2 x − b 2 x
a a
2 ∆a
⇒x=
a + b2 + c2
2
Putting the value of x in (vi), we get

2 ∆a b 2 ∆b
y= 2 2 2
× ⇒y= 2
a +b +c a a + b 2 + c2
2 ∆c
Similarly, z =
a + b 2 + c2
2
Putting these values of x, y, z in (ii), we get
u = x 2 + y2 + z 2

= 2
2∆a  
 
+
2∆b
2
 
 
+
2
2∆c 
 =
2
4∆2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ( )
 a + b 2 + c 2   a 2 + b 2 + c 2   a 2 + b 2 + c2  a 2 + b 2 + c2
2
( )
4∆2
=
(a 2
+ b2 + c2 ) . Ans.
Q.No.18.: A rectangular strip × b of metal is bent up at the sides to form a trough.
Without ends. Find the width of the side bases and the angle through which the
side must bent so that the trough may have a maximum capacity.
Sol.: Let the length of the strip is bent up by an angle of θ , the length of bent part of
strip are of equal on both sides by x.
Let h be the height and y be the base.
h y
∴ sin θ = ⇒ h = x sin θ , cos θ = ⇒ h = x cos θ .
x x
Let F be the capacity of the trough.

1
F = ( − 2x )b × h + 2 × × h × y × b = ( × 2 x )b × x sin θ + x sin θ.x cos θ.b
2
x2
(
= b x − 2 x sin θ +
2
2
)
b sin 2θ .
∂F 2 × b sin 2θ
Now, Fx = = b( × 4x )sin θ + = b( × 4 x )sin θ + bx sin 2θ
∂x 2
∂ 2F
Fxx = = b(0 − 4)sin θ + b sin 2θ = −4b sin θ + b sin 2θ
∂x 2
x 2b
Fθ =
∂F
∂θ
( )
= b x − 2 x 2 . cos θ +
2
( )
.2 cos 2θ = b x − 2x 2 . cos θ + bx 2 cos 2θ
∂ 2F
Fθθ =
∂θ 2
( )
= − b x − 2x 2 .sin θ + 2bx 2 sin 2θ
∂ 2F
Fxθ = = b( − 4 x ). cos θ + 2bx cos 2θ .
∂x∂θ
For x be max. or min.
Fx = 0 , Fθ = 0
Fx = 0 ⇒ b( − 4 x )sin θ = − bx 2 sin θ cos θ .

b(4x − )
cos θ = .
2bx
Also, Fθ = 0
( ) (
⇒ b x − 2x 2 . cos θ + bx 2 2 cos 2 θ − 1 = 0 )
(
⇒ b x − 2 x 2 . ) b(42xbx− ) + 2bx 2
×
b 2 (4 x − )2
4x b 2 2
− bx 2 = 0
bx ( − 2x )(4x − ) b(4x − )2  ( − 2x )(4x − ) (4x − )2  = bx 2

⇒ + − bx 2 = 0 ⇒ b  +b 
2x 2  2 2 
⇒
(4x − ) [( − 2x ) + (4x − )] = x 2 ⇒ (4x − ).
2x
= x2 [ ]
⇒ x 2 − x (4x − ) = 0
2 2
⇒ x[x − (4 x − )] = 0
As x ≠ 0

x = (4 x − ) = 0 ⇒ x − 4 x + = 0 ⇒ 3x = ⇒ x = .
3

When x = .
3
 
b 4 × −  4 − 3
cos θ = 
3  3 1
= = = = cos 60 .
2 2 2
2b.
3 3
∴ θ = 60° .

When θ = 60° , x = .
3
3 3
Now Fxx = −4b sin θ + b sin 2θ = −4b sin 60° + b sin 120° = −4b × + bx ×
2 2
b 3 − 4b 3 + b 3 − 3b 3 − 3 3 b
= −2 b 3 + = = = .
2 2 2 2
 2  2
Fθθ ( 2
) 2 
= −b x − 2x sin θ − 2bx sin 2θ = −b . − 2 ×
 3 9 
sin 60° − 2b. sin 120°
9

 2 2 2  3 2b 2 3  3 2 − 2 2  3 2b 2 3
= −b  −  × − × = − b  − ×
 3 9  2 9 2  9  2 9 2
 
− b 2 3 2 3b 2 − 3 3b 2 − 3b 2

= = = =
18 18 18 18
 −
Fxθ = b( − 4x ). cos θ + 2bx cos 2θ = b ×  − 4.  × 60° + 2b. cos120°
 3  3
 −  1 2b 1 − b − 2b − 3b − b

= b× × − × = = = .
 3  2 3 2 6 6 2
 − 3 3b   − 3b 2   − b  2 3 × 3b 2 2 b 2 2
Fxx × Fθθ − Fx2θ =  × −
  2 
  = −
 2   6  2×6 4
3b 2 2 − b 2 2 2b 2 2
= =
4 4
b 2 2
> 0.
2
−3 3 b
Also < 0.
2
π
Hence the length have maximum capacity when x = , θ = 60° = .
3 3
π
Hence width of bases = and angle .
3 3
Q.No.19.: Divide 24 into three parts such that the continued product of the first, the
square of 2nd and the cube of the third may be a maximum.
Sol.: Let the three parts be x, y and [24 − (x + y )]
And let, f = [24 − (x + y )]y 2 x 3

∂f
Then, = 3x 2 y 2 [24 − (x + y )] + (− 1)y 2 x 3 = 72x 2 y 2 − 4x 3 y 2 − 3x 2 y3 (i)
∂x
∂ 2f
2
= 144xy2 − 12x 2 y 2 − 6xy3
∂x
∂f
and = 2 yx 3 [24 − x − y ] + (− 1)y 2 x 3 = 48yx 3 − 2 yx 4 − 3y 2 x 3 (ii)
∂y
∂ 2f
2
= 48x 3 − 2x 4 − 3yx 3
∂y
∂ 2f
From (i) we can get = 144 x 2 y − 8x 3 y − 9 x 2 y 2 (iii)
∂x∂y
∂f ∂f
F has maximum and minimum, then =0 and =0
∂x ∂y
From (i), we get
 ∂f 
72x 2 y 2 − 4x 3 y 2 − 3x 2 y3 = 0 ∵ ∂x = 0
 
⇒ 72 − 4x − 3y = 0 ⇒ 4x + 3y = 72 (iv)
From (ii), we get
 ∂f 
48yx 3 − 2 yx 4 − 3y 2 x 3 = 0 ∵ = 0
 ∂y 
⇒ 48 − 2x − 3y = 0 ⇒ 2x + 3y = 48 (v)
Using (iv) and (v), we get
x = 12 and y = 8
Now f having maximum and minimum if at x = 12 and y = 8
2
∂ 2f ∂ 2f  ∂ 2f 
. − >0
∂x 2 ∂y 2  ∂x∂y 
[ ][
⇒ 144 × 12 × (8)2 − 12 × (12)2 × (8)2 − 6 × 12 × (8)3 48(12)3 − 2(12)4 − 6 × 8(12)3 ]
[ ]
− 144 × (12)2 × 8 − 8 × (12)3 × 8 − 9 × (12) 2 × (8)3 > 0
⇒ 1528754688 > 0
So, f having maximum and minimum at x = 12 and y = 8
 ∂ 2f 
Now f has maximum value if  2 <0
 ∂x  x =12
y =8
[ ]
⇒ 144 × 12 × (8)2 − 12 × (12)2 × (8)2 − 6 × 12 × (8)3 = −36864 < 0
So f having maximum and minimum if at x = 12 and y = 8 .
So the required three parts are 12, 8 [24 - (12 + 8)] = 12, 8, 4 . Ans.
Q.No.20.:. Examine f (x ) = x 3 + y3 + 3xy for maximum and minimum values.

Sol.: For maxima and minima values. Solve two equations
∂f ∂f
=0 and =0
∂x ∂y
i. e. 3x 2 + 3y = 0 and 3y 2 + 3x = 0
Solve these equations, we get
x2 + y = 0 and y 2 + x = 0
⇒ y 4 + y = 0 ⇒ y = 0, − 1 .
Similarly, y = 0, − 1 .
So, we get four points (0, 0), (0, − 1), (−1, 0) and (−1, − 1) .
For maxima or minima 2nd condition is
2
∂ 2f ∂ 2f  ∂ 2f  1
. > ⇒ 6 x.6 y > 9 ⇒ xy > .
∂x 2 ∂y 2  ∂x∂y  4
Only point (−1, − 1) satisfies this condition .

Now for maxima f xx < 0 at point (−1, − 1) will ⇒ that this is maxima.
f xx = 6 x = −6 < 0 at (−1, − 1) . So this point is a maximum value and no minimum
value of function.
Now, condition for saddle point.
( )2 ⇒ xy < 14 .
i. e. f xx .f yy < f xy
Three points (0, 0), (0, − 1), (−1, 0) satisfies the above equation.
Therefore these points are saddle points for the curve x 3 + y3 + 3xy .
Q.No.21.: Find the shortest and longest distance of the point (1, 2, − 1) to the sphere
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 24 .
Sol.: Let us consider a point A(x, y, z) on the surface of the sphere.
∴ AP = (x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2 + (z + 1)2

Let, F = (x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2 + (z + 1)2 = x 2 − 2x + 1 + y 2 − 4 y + 4 + z 2 + 2z + 1
= x 2 + y 2 + 2z − 2 x − 4 y + 2z + 6 (i)
Now the given equation of sphere is x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 24 (ii)

F = 24 − 2x − 4 y + 2z + 6 = 30 − 2x − 4 y + 2z
also from (ii), we get z = ± 24 − x 2 − y 2
When z = 24 − x 2 − y 2 i. e. positive, then
F = 30 − 2x − 4 y + 2 24 − x 2 − y 2
2(− 2x ) (− 2x )
∴ Fx = −2 + = −2 (iii)
2 24 − x 2 − y 2 24 − x 2 − y 2
2(− 2 y ) (− 2 y)
Fy = −4 = −4 (iv)
2 24 − x 2 − y 2 24 − x 2 − y 2
For maximum or minimum.
Fx = 0 and Fy = 0
(− 2x ) −2 = 0⇒
− 2x
= 2 ⇒ − x = 24 − x 2 − y 2
2 2 2 2
24 − x − y 24 − x − y
Squaring both sides, we get
x 2 = 24 − x 2 − y 2 ⇒ 2x 2 + y 2 = 24 (v)
(− 2 y) − 4 = 0 ⇒ − y = 2 24 − x 2 − y 2
2 2
24 − x − y
( )
y 2 = 4 24 − x 2 − y 2 ⇒ 4x 2 + 5y 2 96 (vi)
Multiplying (v) by 2 and subtracting from (vi), we get
3y 2 = 48 ⇒ y 2 = 16 ⇒ y = ±4 .
But from (iv) y should be negative
∴ y = −4
1
x= 24 − 16 = 4 = 2 .
2
But from (iii) x should be negative.∴ x = −4
∴ z = 24 − (− 2 )2 − (− 4 )2 = 24 − 4 − 16 = 4 = 2 .
Hence the points are (− 2, − 4, 2 ) .
− 48 + 2 y 2
Now Fxx = .
(24 − x 2
− y2 )
3/2
− 48 + 32 − 16
Fxx at (− 2, − 4, 2 ) = 3/ 2
= = −2 .
(24 − 4 − 16) 8
− 48 + 2 x 2 − 48 + 8
Fyy at (− 2, − 4, 2 ) = = = −5 .
(24 − x 2
− 16 )
3/ 2 8
− 2xy − 2×8
Fxy at (− 2, − 4, 2 ) = = = −2 .
(24 − x 2 − 16)3 / 2 8
For maxima or minima
Fxx .Fyy − Fxy ( )2 > 0

⇒ (− 2)(− 5) − (− 2)2 > 0 ⇒ 10 − 4 > 0 ⇒ 6 > 0 , which is true.
Also Fxx = −2 < 0 .

∴ (− 2, − 4, 2 ) are the points of maxima for F.
Fmax . = (− 2 − 1)2 + (− 4 − 2)2 + (2 + 1)2 9 + 36 + 9 = 54 .

When F is maximum then AP is also maximum.
∴ APmax . = 54 .
Now, when z = − 24 + x 2 − y 2 i. e. negative.
Then, F = 30 − 2x − 4 y − 2 24 − x 2 − y 2
2x
∴ Fx = −2 (vii)
2 2
24 − x − y
2y
Fy = −4 (viii)
2 2
24 − x − y
For max. or min.
Fx = 0 and Fy = 0
(− 2x ) −2 = 0⇒
− 2x
= 2 ⇒ − x = 24 − x 2 − y 2
2 2 2 2
24 − x − y 24 − x − y
x 2 = 24 − x 2 − y 2 ⇒ 2x 2 + y 2 = 24
(− 2 y) − 4 = 0 ⇒ − y = 2 24 − x 2 − y 2
24 − x 2 − y 2
( )
y 2 = 4 24 − x 2 − y 2 ⇒ 4x 2 + 5y 2 96
Solving above equations, we get
x = ±2 and y = ±2
But from (vii) and (viii) x and y should be positive
∴ x = 2 and y = 2 and z = −2 .
Hence the points are (2, 4, − 2 )
 24 − y 2   24 − 16 
Fxx at (2, 4, − 2 ) = 2   . = 2
3/ 2 
=2
 (
 24 − x 2 − y 2 ) 3/ 2

 
 (24 − 4 − 16 ) 

 24 − x 2 
Fyy at (2, 4, − 2 ) = 2   = 5.
 (
 24 − x 2 − y 2 ) 3/2


2xy 16
Fxy at (2, 4, − 2 ) 2 2
= = 2.
24 − x − y 8
Now, for max. or mini.
( )2 > 0
Fxx .Fyy − Fxy
∴ 10 − 4 > 0 ⇒ 6 > 0 , which is true.

Also, Fxx = 2 > 0 .
∴ (2, 4, − 2 ) are the point of minimum for F.
when F is minimum AP is also minimum
∴ APmin . = (2 − 1)2 + (4 − 2)2 + (− 2 + 1)2 = 6.
∴ The longest distance of point (1, 2, − 1) from sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 24 is 54 and the
shortest distance is 6 . Ans.
Q.No.22.: Find the extreme values of x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , when ax + by + cz = P .

Sol.: A maximum or minimum value is called extreme value of the function.
Let u = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 (i)
And also ax + by + cz = P
P − ax − by
∴z =
c
Putting in (i), we get
1
u = x 2 + y2 + 2
(P − ax − by )2 (ii)
c
Differentiate partially (ii) w. r. t. x, we get
∂u 2
= 2 x + 2 (P − ax − by ) × −a
∂x c
Differentiate partially (ii) w. r. t. y, we get
∂u 2
= 2 y + 2 (P − ax − by ) × −b
∂y c
for max. and mini. Values both
∂u ∂u
= 0 and =0
∂x ∂y
2
2x + (− a )(P − ax − by ) = 0 (iii)
c2
2b
2y − (P − ax − by ) = 0 (iv)
c2
Solving (iii) and (iv), we get
aP − aby
x=
c2 + a 2
Put in (iv), we get
 aP − aby 
c 2 y − bP + ab 2
 c +a  2 
( )( )
+ b 2 y = 0 ⇒ c 2 + a 2 c 2 + b 2 y + ab(aP − aby ) = bP c 2 + a 2 ( )
bP
∴y = ,
a + b2 + c2
2
aP cP
and also x = , z= .
a 2 + b2 + c2 a 2 + b 2 + c2
∂ 2u 2a 2a 2 ∂ 2u 2b 2 ∂ 2u ab
Now 2
= 2− 2
(− a ) = 2 + 2
and 2
= 2+ 2
, 2
=
∂x c c ∂y c ∂x∂y c2
∂ 2 u ∂ 2 u  ∂ 2u 
∴ 2 . 2 − ⇒ 4+2
2
b 2 + a 2 a 2b 2
− 4 >0
( )
∂x ∂y  ∂x.∂y  c 2
c
 
2
∂ 2 u ∂ 2 u  ∂ 2 u 
Clearly . > >0
∂x 2 ∂y 2  ∂x.∂y 
∂ 2u 2b 2
Also = 2+ > 0.
∂x 2 c2
aP bP cP
∴ u has minimum value at x = 2 2 2
, y= 2 2 2
and z = .
a +b +c a +b +c a + b2 + c2
2
And minimum value of x 2 + y 2 + z 2

a 2P2 b 2P 2 c 2P 2 P2
= + + = . Ans.
(a 2
+ b 2 + c2 ) (a
2 2
+ b 2 + c2 ) (a
2 2
+ b2 + c2 )
2
a 2 + b2 + c2
Q.No.23.: Find the maximum and minimum values of
f ( x, y) = x 3 + 3xy 2 − 15x 2 − 15y 2 + 72x .

Sol.: Differentiating f partially w.r.t. x and y, we get
∂f
fx = = 3x 2 + 3y 2 − 30x + 72 ,
∂x
∂f
fy = = 6 xy − 30 y .
∂y
The stationary (critical) points are given by fx = 0 and fy = 0.
From f y = 6xy − 30 y = 0 ⇒ 6 y( x − 5) = 0 .
Thus, either y = 0 or x = 5.
Since f x = 3x 2 + 3y 2 − 30x + 72 = 0 .
For y = 0, 3x 2 − 30 x + 72 = 0 ⇒ x = 6 or 4.
For x = 5, 75 + 3y 2 − 150 + 72 = 0 ⇒ y = ±1
Thus, the four stationary points are given by
(6, 0), (4, 0), (5, 1), (5, − 1) .
To determine the nature of these points, calculate fxx, fyy and fxy, we obtain
f xx = A = 6 x − 30 , f xy = B = 6 y , f yy = C = 6x − 30 .
Thus, AC − B 2 = (6 x − 30)2 − 36 y 2 = 36 (x − 5)2 − y 2 [ ]

1. At the stationary point (6, 0), we have A = 36 − 30 = 6 > 0 and AC − B 2 = 36 > 0 .
So (6, 0) is a minimum point of the given function f and the minimum value of f at (6,
0) is 6 3 + 0 − 15.36 + 72.6 = 108 .
2. At (4, 0): A = 24 − 30 = −6 < 0 and AC − B 2 = 36 > 0 . So a maximum occurs at the

point (4, 0) and the maximum value of f at (4, 0) is 112.
3. At (5, 1), A = 0, AC − B 2 = −36 < 0 . So (5, 1) is a saddle point (It is neither

maximum nor minimum).
4. At (5,−1) , A = 0, AC = B2 = −36 < 0 . So (5,−1) is neither a maximum nor a

minimum (it is a saddle point).
Q.No.24.: Find the shortest distance from origin to the surface xyz 2 = 2 .
Sol.: Given equation of surface is xyz 2 = 2 .

Let d be the distance from origin (0, 0, 0) to any point (x, y, z) of the given surface, then
d= (x − 0)2 + (y − 0)2 + (z − 0)2 ⇒ d2 = x 2 + y2 + z2 .
2
Eliminating z2 using the equation of the surface xyz 2 = 2 . So replace z 2 = .
xy
2
∴ d2 = x 2 + y2 + = f ( x , y) .
xy
2 2
Now f x = 2x − , f y = 2y − .
x2y xy 2
The stationary (critical) points are given by fx = 0 and fy = 0.
Solving fx = 0 and fy = 0, we get
x3y −1 xy 3 − 1
= 0 and =0
x2y xy 2
( )
x 3 y = 1 = xy 3 ⇒ xy x 2 − y 2 = 0 .
Since x ≠ 0 , y ≠ 0 , so x = ± y = 1 .
Thus, the two stationary points are (1, 1) and (− 1,−1) .
4 4 2
Now f xx = 2 + , f yy = 2 + , f xy = .
x3y xy 3 x 2y2
2
At (1, 1): f xx = 6 > 0 , f xx .f yy − f xy = 6.6 − 6 = 32 > 0 .
2
At (− 1,−1) : f xx = +6.f xx f yy − f xy = 32 .
So minimum occurs at (1, 1, 2 ) and (−1, − 1, 2) .
Hence the shortest distance is 12 + 12 + ( 2 )2 = 4 = 2 . Ans.

Q.No.25.: The temperature T at any point (x, y, z)in space is T(x, y, z) = kxyz2, where k
is a constant. Find the highest temperature on the surface of the sphere
x 2 + y2 + z2 = a 2 .
Sol.: Given the temperature T at any point (x, y, z) in space is T(x, y, z) = kxyz2.
Eliminating the variable z, using z 2 = a 2 − x 2 − y 2 , we get
T( x, y, z) = kxyz 2 = kxy(a 2 − x 2 − y 2 ) = F( x, y) .
Now Fx = ky(a 2 − 3x 2 − y 2 ) , Fy = kx (a 2 − x 2 − 3y 2 ) .
The stationary (critical) points are given by Fx = 0 and Fy = 0.
ky(a 2 − 3x 2 − y 2 ) = 0 , kx (a 2 − x 2 − 3y 2 ) = 0
⇒ 3x 2 + y 2 = a 2 , x 2 + 3y 2 = a 2 and x =0, y = 0
a
Solving, we get x = y = ± .
2
(
Also Fxx = −6kxy , Fyy = −6kxy , Fxy = k a 2 − 3x 2 − 3y 2 . )
At (0, 0), Fxx = 0 = Fyy , Fxy = ka 2 .
∴ 0.0 − ka 2 < 0 ⇒ (0, 0) is a saddle point.

a a −a −a
At both the points  ,  and  , ,
2 2  2 2 
ka 2 2 9 a 4k 2
Fxx = −6 < 0 and Fxx .Fyy − Fxy = k 2a 4 − = 2k 2 a 4 > 0 .
4 4 4
a a −a −a
∴ T attains a maximum value at both these points  ,  and  , .
2 2  2 2 
a2  a 2  ka 4
The maximum value of T is k.  = . Ans.
4  2  8
 
Q.No.26.: Find the shortest distance between the lines
x −3 y−5 z−7
= =
1 −2 1
x +1 y +1 z +1
and = =
7 −6 1
Sol.: The given equations of lines are
x −3 y−5 z−7
= = (i)
1 −2 1
x +1 y +1 z +1
and = = (ii)
7 −6 1
Equating each of the fractions of (i) to λ , we get x = 3 + λ , y = 5 − 2λ , z = 7 + λ .
Thus any point P on the first line (i) is given by
(3 + λ, 5 − 2λ , 7 + λ ) .
Similarly, any point Q on the second line (ii) is (− 1 + 7µ, − 1 − 6µ, − 1 + µ ) .
The distance between the given
PQ = (3 + λ + 1 − 7µ )2 + (5 − 2λ + 1 + 6µ )2 + (7 + λ + 1 − µ )2 .
Consider f (λ, µ) = (PQ )2 = 6λ2 + 86µ 2 − 40λµ + 105 .
The problem is to find minimum value of f as a function of the two variables λ, µ .
f λ = 12λ − 40µ , f µ = 172µ − 40λ .
Solving 12λ − 40µ = 0 and 172µ − 40λ = 0 , we get

λ = 0 and µ = 0 as the only stationary point.
f λλ = 12 , f µµ = 172 , f λµ = −40 .
2
Now f λλ = 12 > 0 and f λλ f µµ − f λµ > 0 , a minimum occurs at λ = 0, µ = 0 .
The minimum (shortest) distance is given by
PQ = 4 2 + 6 2 + 8 2 = 116 = 2 29 . Ans.
Home Assignments
Q.No.1.: Test the functions for maxima, minima and saddle points:
a. x 4 + y 4 − x 2 − y 2 + 1 .
b. x 2 + 2 y 2 + 3z 2 − 2xy − 2 yz − 2 .
Ans.: a. Maximum at (0, 0)
Maximum value is 1.
(
Minima at four points ± 1 / 2 , ± 1/ 2 )
1
Minimum value at these 4 points is .
2
( )(
Saddle points at four points 0, ± 1 / 2 , ± 1/ 2 , 0 )
b. Maximum at (1, 1), minimum at (− 1, − 1) .
Q.No.2.: Find the extrema of f(x, y) : (x 2 + y 2 )e6x + 2x 2

.
Ans.: Minima at (0, 0) (minimum value 0) and at (− 1, 0 ) (minimum value e −4 ) .
 1 
Saddle point at  − , 0 .
 2 
Q.No.3.: Examine the following function f(x, y) for extrema : sin x + sin y + sin(x + y) .
 π π 3 3
Ans.: Maximum at  ,  , maximum value .
3 3 2
Q.No.4.: Find the shortest distance from the origin to the plane x − 2 y − 2z = 3 .
1 2 2
Ans.: Shortest distance is 1 (from 0, 0, 0) to the point  , − , −  on the plane.
3 3 3
Q.No.5.: Find the shortest distance between the lines
x −2 y−6 z−5
= =
3 −2 −2
x −5 y −3 z −8
and = = .
2 1 6
Ans.: Shortest distance is 3 between the points (5, 4, 3) and (3, 2, 2).
Q.No.6.: If the perimeter of a triangle is constant, prove that the area of this triangle is
maximum, when the triangle is equilateral.
2s
Ans.: Maximum when a = b = c = .
3
Q.No.7.: Find the volume of the largest rectangular parallelopiped with edges parallel to
the axes, that can be inscribed in the:
a. Sphere
b. Equation of the ellipsoid is 4x 2 + 4 y 2 + 9z 2 = 36 .

8a 3 a
Ans.: a. Volume : , x=y=z=
3 3 3
b. Volume: 16 3 (with a = 3, b = 3, c = 2).

Q.No.8.: Find the dimensions of a rectangular box, with open top, so that the total surface
area of the box is a minimum, given that the volume of the box is constant say
V.
Ans.: x = y = 2z = (2V)1/3 .
Q.No.9.: Find the dimensions of the rectangular box, with open top, of maximum
capacity whose surface area is 432 sq. cm.
Ans.: 12, 12, 6.
Q.No.10.: If the total surface area of a closed rectangular box is 108 sq. cm., find the
dimensions of the box having maximum capacity.
Ans.: 18 , 18 , 18 .
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Maxima and Minima in Case of Two or More Variables

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Maxima and Minima in Case of Two or More Variables

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Differential Calculus

Maxima and Minima

(26 Solved problems and 10 Home assignments)

Maxima and Minima of functions of two variables:

Example: z = xy, hyperbolic parabolic has a saddle point at the origin.

Necessary and sufficient conditions for extrema of a function f of two

The necessary condition for f (x , y ) has the maximum or minimum at (a , b )

Method for developing the sufficient conditions:

If rt − s 2 > 0 , then the numerator of RHS of (iv) is positive.

Thus ∆ < 0 if rt − s 2 > 0 and r < 0

and ∆ > 0 if rt − s 2 > 0 and r > 0 .

I. f attains (has) a maximum at (a, b) if rt − s 2 > 0 and r < 0

II. f attains (has) a minimum at (a, b) if rt − s 2 > 0 and r > 0

Therefore, f has a saddle point (minimax) at (a, b) if rt − s 2 < 0 .

IV. Failure case: If rt − s 2 = 0 , then further investigation is needed to determine

[ ( )2 ]x =a > 0 i.e. rt − s 2 > 0 .

Method of finding Extrema of f(x, y):

2. Calculate r = f xx , s = f xy , t = f yy at the critical point.

3. a. f attains (has) a maximum at (a, b) if rt − s 2 > 0 and r < 0

b. f attains (has) a minimum at (a, b) if rt − s 2 > 0 and r > 0

Therefore, f has a saddle point (minimax) at (a, b) if rt − s 2 < 0 .

d. Failure case: If rt − s 2 = 0 , then further investigation is needed to determine

Q.No.1.: Find the values of x and y for which u = x 2 + y 2 + 6x + 12 has a minimum

Sol.: Since u (x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + 6x + 12 .

Thus the function is minimum at x = −3 and y = 0.

Q.No.2.: If f (x , y ) = 6 xy + 9 , find the values of x and y for which f (x , y ) has a stationary

Sol.: (a) Let u = x 3 + y3 − 3axy .

Squaring (i), we get x 4 = a 2 y 2 (iii)

Substituting the value of y 2 from (ii) in (iii), we get x 4 = a 2ax ⇒ x 3 = a 3 ⇒ x = a

From (iii) and (iv), we have

So Fxx = sin y. sin( 2 x + y).2 = 2 sin y. cos(2 x + y )

Fxy = cos y.sin (2 x + y ) + cos(2 x + y ).sin y = sin (2 x + 2 y ) .

∴ Thus the function have minimum value at x = 2, y = 2.

P = xyz ⇒ P = xy[a − (x + y )] ⇒ P = xay − x 2 y − y 2 x .

Putting the value of x and y.

Thus the function is maximum at x = 40 , y = 40 and z = 40 .

But x ≠ 0, y ≠ 0 being lengths

From (v) y 2 = D 2 − 2x 2 and put in (vi), we get

Q.No.9: The temperature T at any point (x, y, z) in space is defined by T = 400xyz 2 .

Find the maximum temperature on the surface of a unit sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 .

Sol.: Given equation of the sphere is x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 ⇒ z 2 = 1 − x 2 − y 2 (i)

∴ The function T has maxima at the calculated values of x, y and z 2 .

Put the values of x, y and z 2 in T = 400xyz 2 , we get

which is the maximum temperature on the surface of a unit sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 .

dimensions of the box requiring least material, for its construction.

4V 4 V 16V 2 − x 6 (64 − 1)x 6

Q.No.11.: Find the point on the surface z 2 = xy + 1 , nearest to the origin.

(Distance)2 = u (say) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 subject to the condition z 2 = xy + 1 . ...(i)

Thus the function is minimum at x = 0 , y = 0 and z = ±1 .

Q.No.13.: Find the stationary value of u = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 . If xy + yz + zx = 3a 2 .

Similarly x 4 + y 4 + yx 3 + 3x 2 y 2 + 3yx 3 − 9a 4 = 0 (vii)

and from (iii), we get z = 3a

i. e. the function is stationary at [a, b].

At x = y = 4, rt − s 2 = (2 × 2) − 1 = + ve and r is also + ve.

f (A, B) = −coaA cos B cos(A + B)

Putting the value of x in (vi), we get

Putting these values of x, y, z in (ii), we get

Let F be the capacity of the trough.

Fx = 0 ⇒ b( − 4 x )sin θ = − bx 2 sin θ cos θ .

bx ( − 2x )(4x − ) b(4x − )2  ( − 2x )(4x − ) (4x − )2  = bx 2

− b 2 3 2 3b 2 − 3 3b 2 − 3b 2

 −  1 2b 1 − b − 2b − 3b − b