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ElectricalConductanceConductivityofMetalSemiconductorandInsulator|BandTheory|Electrical4u
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Formula
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ElectricalConductanceConductivityofMetalSemiconductorandInsulator|BandTheory|Electrical4u
What is Conductance?
When we apply same potential difference across different conductors, we will see different currents
flow through them. Actually how much current will flow through a specific conductor for certain
applied potential difference across it, depends upon a specific property of the conductor, called
electrical conductance . This property determines how easily a current can flow through a conductor.
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As we know resistance is such a property of a conductor which resists the flow of current through it.
That means, electrical conductance is reciprocal property of resistance. Generally conductance is
denoted as,
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Let us take a piece of conductor of length l and cross sectional area A. If length of the conductor is
increased, the electrons have to drift more paths. Hence more chance of inter atomic collision. That
means current gets much harder path to travel, means electrical conductance of the conductor is
reduced.
Thus conductance is inversely proportional to length of the conductor.
If cross sectional area of conductor is increased then current gets more drift electrons. Hence,
conductance of the conductor is increased.
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Unit of Conductance
As we mentioned earlier conductance is reciprocal of resistance of resistance. That is,
Unit of resistance is ohm & that is why unit of conductance is generally written as mho the reverse
spelling of ohm. A modern electrical engineering, mho is named by Siemens.
Unit of Conductivity
The equation of conductivity, we have already deducted as,
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Here, S is Siemens.
RESISTIVITY AT 20C
CONDUCTIVITY 20C
Air
3 10-15 to 8 10-15
Aluminum
2.82 10-8
3.5 107
Annealed copper
1.72 10-8
5.80 107
Calcium
3.36 10-8
2.98 107
Carbon (amorphous)
5 10-4 to 8 10-4
1.25 to 2 103
Carbon (diamond)
1 1012
~10-13
Carbon (graphite)
Carbon steel
-1010
1.43 10-7
Constantan
4.9 10-7
2.04 106
Copper
1.68 10-8
5.96 107
Deionized water
1.8 105
5.5 10-6
Drinking water
2 101 to 2 103
5 10-4 to 5 10-2
Fused quartz
7.5 1017
1.3 10-18
GaAs
5 10-7 to 10 10-3
5 10-8 to 103
Germanium
4.6 10-1
2.17
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Glass
10 1010 to 10 1014
10-11 to 10-15
Gold
2.44 10-8
4.10 107
4.60 10-7
2.17 106
Hard rubber
1 1013
10-14
Iron
1.0 10-7
1.00 107
Lead
2.2 10-7
4.55 106
Lithium
9.28 10-8
1.08 107
Manganin
4.82 10-7
2.07 106
Mercury
9.8 10-7
1.02 106
Nichrome
1.10 10-6
9.09 105
Nickel
6.99 10-8
1.43 107
Paraffin wax
1 1017
10-18
PET
10 1020
10-21
Platinum
1.06 10-7
9.43 106
Sea water
2 10-1
4.8
Silicon
6.40 102
1.56 10-3
Silver
1.59 10-8
6.30 107
Stainless steel
6.9 10-7
1.45 106
Sulfur
1 1015
10-16
Teflon
10 1022 to 10 1024
10-25 to 10-23
Tin
1.09 10-7
9.17 106
Titanium
4.20 10-7
2.38 106
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Tungsten
5.60 10-8
1.79 107
Wood (damp)
1 103 to 4
10-4 to 10-3
1 1014 to 16
10-16 to 10-14
Zinc
5.90 10-8
1.69 107
Valance Band
The outermost orbital of an atom, where electrons are so tightly bounded that; they cannot be
removed as free electron
Conduction Band
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This is the highest energy level or orbital in outer most shell, in which electrons are free enough to
move.
Band Gap
There is one energy gap that separates these two bands, the valance band and conduction band. This
gap is called forbidden energy gap.
Silver
6.3010 7
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Copper
5.96X10 7
Aluminium
3.5X10 7
Annealed copper
5.80X10 7
Calcium
2.98X10 7
6.99X10 6
Constantan
2.04X10 6
GaAs
5X108 to 10 3
Gold
4.10X10 7
2.17X10 6
Iron
1.00X10 7
Lead
4.55X10 6
Lithium
1.08X10 7
Manganin
2.07X10 6
Mercury
1.02X10 6
Nichrome
9.09X10 5
Nickel
1.43X10 7
Platinum
9.43X10 6
Stainless steel
1.45X10 6
Tin
9.17X10 6
Titanium
2.38X10 6
Tungsten
1.79X10 7
Zinc
1.69X10 7
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Germanium
2.17
Silicon
1.56X10 3
Air
3X1015 to 81015
Fused quartz
1.3X1018
Glass
1011 to 1015
Hard rubber
10 14
Paraffin wax
1018
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PET
1021
Sulfur
1016
Teflon
1025 to 1023
Wood
10 16 to 10 -14
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