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Introduction to
Welding
Section 5.1
Finding Forces
in Welded
Connections
Introduction to Welding
Effective Areas
and Size
Limitations of
Welds
In the modern world of structural steel, welding is the process of joining two steel pieces (the base metal) together
by heating them to the point that molten filler material mixes with the base metal to form one continuous piece.
Webster's defines welding as "to unite (metallic parts) by heating and allowing the metals to flow together...". The
process of welding is quite complex and the strength of welds is highly dependent on metallurgy, welding
procedure, and the skill of the welder.
Effective Areas
of Base Metal
Strength Limit
State
Designing Welds
Chapter
Summary
Example
Problems
Homework
Problems
References
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There are multiple processes and methods for accomplishing this complex task. There are a couple of points to
emphasize.
Welding Processes
There are many welding processes, however we will focus on the two most common processes used in structural
steel fabrication:
Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW). A manual process that is typically used when welding in the field.
It is also used frequently when welding in a fabrication shop.
Submerged Arc Welding (SAW). An automated welding process that frequently used when welding in a
fabrication shop.
The SMAW process is highly dependent on the skill of the welder while the SAW process is not. The SAW process
results in more consistent weld an a strength bonus is given to some welds created with the SAW process.
The materials and the processes used in structural welding are governed by the American Welding Society (AWS)
Specification D1.1. This specification is particularly important to welders for determining how to accomplish welds
designed by engineers. Engineers need to have some familiarity with the material requirements of the AWS D1.1.
The SCM specification is strongly linked to AWS D1.1 and has most of the information that you need to design
welds.
Weldability of Metals
Metallurgy has a strong influence on the ability to weld different types of steel. It is important to match weld
materials to the base metals that are being connected. The primary reference for matching filler materials to base
metals is AWS D1.1 Table 4.4.1. This table gives matching electrode materials for different base metals and the
various welding processes. The table is important for engineers when they specify the weld electrodes to be used
for the connections that they design. In this basic text, we will use the following electrodes indicated in Table
5.1.1. While this table is basically adequate for most typical projects, for real projects, you should match the
requirements of the AWS.
Table 5.1.1
Matching Filler Material for BGSCM Problems
Base Metal
Fy < 50 ksi
SMAW
SAW
E60XX or E70XX F6XX or F7XX
E70XX
F7XX
E80XX
F8XX
Types of Joints
There are five basic types of welded joints.
The joints are depicted in Figure 5.1.1.
They are:
Figure 5.1.1
Welded Joint Types
Butt Joints
Lap Joints
Tee Joints
Corner Joints
Edge joints
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Groove Welds
Groove welds are generally used to fill the gap between the two pieces being connected. They are called groove
welds because the edges of the materials being joined are prepared so that there is a groove of some shape formed
when the pieces are first laid together. The weld metal fills the groove.
Groove welds are considered to be either "complete joint penetration" (CJP) or "partial joint penetration"
(PJP).
A CJP weld completely fills the gap between the two pieces. Parts A, B, and C of Figure 5.1.2 illustrate CJP welds.
CJP welds made with appropriate filler material are stronger than the base metals that they connect, so strength
calculations are not necessary.
A PJP weld only fills a portion of the gap as seen in Figure 5.1.2 parts D, E, F, and G. PJP welds are used when it
is not required to develop the full strength of the connected parts to transfer the load.
Figure 5.1.2
Groove Weld Examples
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Fillet Welds
Fillet welds do not penetrate the gap between the parts being connected. A fillet weld generally has a triangular
cross section with one leg of the triangle being attached to each piece being connected.
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Fillet welds are very common and are used for a variety of connections. A typical fillet weld is shown in Figure
5.1.3.
Figure 5.1.3
Typical Fillet Welded T Joint
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Figure 5.1.5
Weld Information Location
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Figure 5.1.6
Force < Strength
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Strength of a Weld
Welds have one tensile limit state and one shear limit
state. Typically the SCM denotes the nominal capacities
of each as Rn.
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