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Home / Technical Articles / Differences Between Earthed and Unearthed Cables
Differences Between Earthed and Unearthed

Cables
Posted Jan 21 2013 by jiguparmar in Cables, High Voltage, Low Voltage, Medium Voltage,
Transmission and Distribution with 14 Comments
Differences Between Earthed and Unearthed Cables
Introduction
In HT electrical distribution, the system can be earthed or unearthed.
The selection of unearthed or earthed cable depends on distribution system. If such system is
earthed, then we have to use cable which is manufactured for earthed system. (which the
specifies the manufacturer). If the system is unearthed then we need to use cable which is
manufactured for unearthed system.
The unearthed system requires high insulation level compared to earthed system.
For earthed and unearthed XLPE cables, the IS 7098 part2 1985 does not give any difference in
specification. The insulation level for cable for unearthed system has to be more.
Earthed System
Earlier the generators and transformers were of small capacities and hence the fault current was
less. The star point was solidly grounded. This is called earthed system.
In three phases earthed system, phase to earth voltage is 1.732 times less than phase to phase
voltage. Therefore voltage stress on cable to armor is 1.732 times less than voltage stress
between conductors to conductor.
Where in unearthed system, (if system neutral is not grounded) phase to ground voltage can be
equal to phase to phase voltage. In such case the insulation level of conductor to armor should be
equal to insulation level of conductor to conductor.
In an earthed cable, the three phase of cable are earthed to a ground. Each of the phases of
system is grounded to earth.
Example: 1.9/3.3 KV, 3.8/6.6 KV system
Unearthed System
Today generators of 500MVA capacities are used and therefore the fault level has increased. In
case of an earth fault, heavy current flows into the fault and this lead to damage of generators
and transformers. To reduce the fault current, the star point is connected to earth through a
resistance. If an earth fault occurs on one phase, the voltage of the faulty phase with respect to
earth appears across the resistance.
Therefore, the voltage of the other two healthy phases with respect to earth rises by 1.7 times.
If the insulation of these phases is not designed for these increased voltages, they may develop
earth fault. This is called unearthed system.
In an unearth system, the phases are not grounded to earth .As a result of which there are chances
of getting shock by personnel who are operating it.
Example: 6.6/6.6 KV, 3.3/3.3 KV system.
Unearthed cable has more insulation strength as compared to earthed cable. When fault occur
phase to ground voltage is 3 time the normal phase to ground voltage. So if we used earthed
cable in unearthed System, It may be chances of insulation puncture.
So unearthed cable are used. Such type of cable is used in 6.6 KV systems where resistance type
earthing is used.
Nomenclature
In simple logic the 11 KV earthed cable is suitable for use in 6.6 KV unearthed system. The
process of manufacture of cable is same.
The size of cable will depend on current rating and voltage level.
Voltage Grade (Uo/U) where Uo is Phase to Earth Voltage & U is Phase to Phase Voltage.
Earthed system has insulation grade of KV / 1.75 x KV.
For Earthed System (Uo/U): 1.9/3.3 kV, 3.8/6.6 kV, 6.35/11 kV, 12.7/22 kV and 19/33
kV.
Unearthed system has insulation grade of KV / KV.
For Unearthed System (Uo/U): 3.3/3.3 kV and 11/11 kV.
3 phase 3 wire system has normally Unearthed grade cables and 3 phase 4 wire systems
can be used earthed grade cables, insulation used is less, and cost is less.
Thumb Rule
As a thumb rule we can say that 6.6KV unearthed cable is equal to 11k earthed cable i.e
6.6/6.6kv Unearthed cable can be used for 6.6/11kv earthed system.
Because each core of cable have the insulation level to withstand 6.6kv so between core to core
insulation level will be 6.6kV+6.6kV = 11kV
For transmission of HT, earthed cable will be more economical due to low cost where as
unearthed cables are not economical but insulation will be good.
Generally 6.6 kV and 11kV systems are earthed through a neutral grounding resistor and the
shield and armor are also earthed, especially in industrial power distribution applications. Such a
case is similar to an unearthed application but with earthed shield (sometimes called solid
bonding).
In such cases, unearthed cables may be used so that the core insulation will have enough strength
but current rating is de-rated to the value of earthed cables.
But it is always better to mention the type of system earthing in the cable specification when
ordering the cables so that the cable manufacturer will take care of insulation strength and de
rating.
Recommended EE articles //
6 Transformer Types You Can See In Commercial Installations

March 16, 2015
Degradation of Insulation in Switchgear (Whats Really Happening)

March 4, 2015
Test On 110kV Power Cable After Installation (2)

December 26, 2014

December 22, 2014
Share with engineers //

Article Tags //
cable, distribution, earth, earth fault, earthed cables, insulation, unearthed cables,
Filed Under Category //

Cables High Voltage Low Voltage Medium Voltage Transmission and Distribution
About Author //
Jignesh Parmar
jiguparmar - Jignesh Parmar has completed his B.E(Electrical) from Gujarat University. He is
member of Institution of Engineers (MIE),India. Membership No:M-1473586.He has more than
12 years experience in Transmission -Distribution-Electrical Energy theft detection-Electrical
Maintenance-Electrical Projects (Planning-Designing-Technical Review-coordination
-Execution). He is Presently associate with one of the leading business group as a Assistant
Manager at Ahmedabad,India. He has published numbers of Technical Articles in "Electrical
Mirror", "Electrical India", "Lighting India", "Industrial Electrix"(Australian Power Publications)
Magazines. He is Freelancer Programmer of Advance Excel and design useful Excel base
Electrical Programs as per IS, NEC, IEC,IEEE codes. He is Technical Blogger and Familiar with
English, Hindi, Gujarati, French languages. He wants to Share his experience & Knowledge and
help technical enthusiasts to find suitable solutions and updating themselves on various
Engineering Topics.
RSS Feed for Comments
14 Comments
1.
General Guidelines for Online Partial Discharge Testing of Power Cables | EEP
Mar 30, 2015
[] Cable earth shield coming out of the cable (whether single core or three core) must
not be touching any earthed metal except at terminating point to Substation Earth. Earth
shield at cable termination should be insulated using shrink tubes in order to get access to
individual cable earths. []
(reply)
2.
DK Sharma
Mar 24, 2015
We use 11 KV cable to connect our Distribution transformer which has its primary or HV
winding in Delta connection and Secondary or LV winding in Star connection. Since
Delta connection has no earth, we always need 11 KV Unearthed (UE) cable.
So we should always ask for 11 KV UE cable.
(reply)
3.
Manuel Bolotinha
Mar 15, 2015
This article about earthed and unearthed cables is very basic and with poor technical
content.
(reply)
4.
AMEER AHMAD
Mar 15, 2015
I am not agree with As a thumb rule we can say that 6.6KV unearthed cable is equal to
11k earthed cable i.e 6.6/6.6kv Unearthed cable can be used for 6.6/11kv earthed
system.
Reason: For 6.6/11kV Earthed cable, the system nominal voltage is 11kV. If we use
6.6/6.6kV Unearthed cable for 6.6/11kV Earthed system with 11kV nominal voltage, the
phase to earth voltage remain 6.6kV for Earthed system(Agreed), but phase to phase
voltage remain 11kV for Earthed system and this 6.6/6.6kV Unearthed cable can not meet
the 11kV nominal system phase to phase voltage insulation.
(reply)
5.
vikas j trivedi
Nov 02, 2014
How to calculate feeder htvr through metlab or etap
(reply)
6.
JAYESH R MANKAD
Jul 25, 2014
It is good and interesting web. Informative topics are covered
(reply)
7.
noureddine
Jan 26, 2014
Mr. Peter
you must check set time for overload in your breaker
may be the setting is wrong.
thanks.
(reply)
8.
guest
Jan 03, 2014
Hows 6.6kV+6.6kV = 11kV? As far as I know 6.6+6.6=13.2
(reply)
o
Parag
May 08, 2014
It means it is suitable for 11KV insulation requirement (since 13.2KV>11KV).
Standard cable insulation ratings are as 1.1KV, 3.3KV, 11KV, 33KV)
(reply)
9.
Balachandar
Dec 10, 2013
I can not agree this statement ie., 6.6/6.6kv Unearthed cable can be used for 6.6/11kv
earthed system.
but we can use 6.6/11kv cable for 6.6/6.6kv system.
(reply)
10.
Peter Abbey
Jan 21, 2013
I have a question and it goes thus:
A motor Filter Fans RPM on motor data plate is 3545 RPM, Relay overload set is 2.9A.
During solo run, motor runs at 1.6A (starting current) at 3615 RPM. The LV motor
tripped at 4.9A with enclosure door closed during load run. What are the possible causes
of the motor trip? What can be done to avoid such trippings? (What are your
recommendations?)
(the motor specification are: Voltage = 460 V, Power = 1.5kW (2HP), No. of Phase =
3,Frequency = 60Hz,No. of poles = 2)
Your prompt response will highly be apprexciated.
Kind Regards,
Peter.
(reply)
o
Ragnarok
Mar 04, 2013
Hi Peter, the starting current of 3 ph induction motor has nothing to do with the
load. (Load affect the run up time and thermal withstand)
The starting current for induction motors can as high as 7-8x the rated full load
current. By your description of 1.5kW 460 3ph motors, I would think 4.9A sounds
like a reasonable starting current. (not taking PF/eff into account, the rated full
load current is at least 1.89A)
(reply)
o
Teguh
Mar 08, 2013
Dear Mr Peter,
if the motor trip at load run, means we have to check the load first. is it suitable
for your motor or not, you can ask the mechanical engineer for that. well, for the
motor itself, you can do normal check such as its impedance, megger, bearing etc.
(reply)
o
AKReddy
May 13, 2013
I too experienced similar problem, in my case motor fan belt coupled, we loosen
the belt and it worked for us
(reply)
Leave a Comment
Tell us what you're thinking... we care about your opinion!
and oh, not to forget - if you want a picture to show with your comment, go get a free Gravatar!
Name *
Email *
Website
We believe you're an engineer, but nevertheless ... *

six
=2
Sign me up for the newsletter
CONNECT //
Subscribe to Weekly Download Updates //
Free MS Excel calculation spreadsheets, electrical software and engineering guides.
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Latest Technical Articles
3 Lighting Essentials You Can't Deny

April 3, 2015
Good Voltage Regulation and Justified Power Factor Correction

April 1, 2015
General Guidelines for Online Partial Discharge Testing of Power Cables

March 30, 2015
Electrical Engineering Daily Dose

Daily dose of knowledge and news from
Electrical Engineering World
Science at Glance
Our mission is to be the leading provider of scientific information in the field of power and
engineering in general. We publish, we share and we spread the knowledge.
You're welcome to read, write and contribute to EEP in any way!
Energy Efficency
We see the results of power usage all around us. Every day, the generation and usage of energy
produces more pollution than any other single industry.
It's our time to use energy on smart and more efficent way. EEP is on your side!
Electrical Software
Electrical design without appropriate software and tools is impossible to imagine. This section
covers professional engineering software for design, MV and LV network and photometric
calculations, voltage drop and short circuit calculations etc.
2015 EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal. All Rights Reserved | Privacy Policy | 42 queries in
0.215 seconds.
Powered by CsanyiGroup
SHARE
TOP
Get
PDF
Home
Technical Articles
Read and Learn Electrical Engineering!
1. Technical Articles - EE Blog
2. Article categories (36)
3. Subscribe to technical articles
4. Become Contributor (write for EEP)
Energy & Power
5. Energy and Power
6. T&D
7. Power Transformers
HV/MV/LV
9. High Voltage
10. Medium Voltage
11. Low Voltage
12. Testing & Commission.
Industry
13. Motor Applications
14. Variable Speed Drives
15. Automation in Industry
16. Energy Efficency
Power Grid
17. SCADA Systems
18. Smart Grid
19. Metering
20. Wind Power
Electrical Software & Guides

Excel Spreadsheets & Electrical Tools
1. MS Excel Calculation Spreadsheets
2. Electrical Software
3. HVAC Spreadsheets
4. Online Electrical Calculators
EE Books and Guides
5. Electrical Engineering in general (HV/MV/LV)
7. Relaying - Control and protection
8. Industry Automation (PLC, SCADA, VSD etc.)
Manufacturers
9. Schneider Electric CTs
10. ABB Drives Guides
11. ABB Protection Guides
12. Siemens basics of EE
Other...
13. Alternative Energy
14. HVAC Guides
15. Design Documentation (SLD, drawings etc.)
EE Lectures
1. Ohms Laws
2. Kirchhoffs Laws
3. Thvenins Theorem
4. Other theorems (Nortons Theorems, etc.)
Electrical Courses / Video Lectures
5. Electrical Engineering in General
6. PLC Programming VIDEO Courses
7. Testing and Commissioning
Reasearch Papers
8. Researches and Projects (RaP)
Connect
Get in touch!
1. Contact Editorial Team
Advertisement
2. Advertisement
General
3. Sitemap
4. RSS Feed
5. Login
Social networks
6. Google+ Page
7. LinkedIn Page
8. Twitter
9. Facebook page
Home Technical Articles Article Categories Contact us Subscribe to articles Subscribe to

downloads El. Enginering Guides
EE General guides
Power Substations
Schneider Electric CTs
Siemens Basics of EE
ABB Drives Guides
Industry Automation
Relay control/protection
Alternative Energy
Electrical Software MS Excel Spreadsheets Electrical Design Docs Engineering Resources
Video Lectures Electrical Engineering
PLC Programming Training
Electric Testing and Maintenance (VIDEO)
Home / Technical Articles / Differences Between Earthed and Unearthed Cables
Differences Between Earthed and Unearthed

Cables
Posted Jan 21 2013 by jiguparmar in Cables, High Voltage, Low Voltage, Medium Voltage,
Transmission and Distribution with 14 Comments
Differences Between Earthed and Unearthed Cables
Introduction
In HT electrical distribution, the system can be earthed or unearthed.
The selection of unearthed or earthed cable depends on distribution system. If such system is
earthed, then we have to use cable which is manufactured for earthed system. (which the
specifies the manufacturer). If the system is unearthed then we need to use cable which is
manufactured for unearthed system.
The unearthed system requires high insulation level compared to earthed system.
For earthed and unearthed XLPE cables, the IS 7098 part2 1985 does not give any difference in
specification. The insulation level for cable for unearthed system has to be more.
Earthed System
Earlier the generators and transformers were of small capacities and hence the fault current was
less. The star point was solidly grounded. This is called earthed system.
In three phases earthed system, phase to earth voltage is 1.732 times less than phase to phase
voltage. Therefore voltage stress on cable to armor is 1.732 times less than voltage stress
between conductors to conductor.
Where in unearthed system, (if system neutral is not grounded) phase to ground voltage can be
equal to phase to phase voltage. In such case the insulation level of conductor to armor should be
equal to insulation level of conductor to conductor.
In an earthed cable, the three phase of cable are earthed to a ground. Each of the phases of
system is grounded to earth.
Example: 1.9/3.3 KV, 3.8/6.6 KV system
Unearthed System
Today generators of 500MVA capacities are used and therefore the fault level has increased. In
case of an earth fault, heavy current flows into the fault and this lead to damage of generators
and transformers. To reduce the fault current, the star point is connected to earth through a
resistance. If an earth fault occurs on one phase, the voltage of the faulty phase with respect to
earth appears across the resistance.
Therefore, the voltage of the other two healthy phases with respect to earth rises by 1.7 times.
If the insulation of these phases is not designed for these increased voltages, they may develop
earth fault. This is called unearthed system.
In an unearth system, the phases are not grounded to earth .As a result of which there are chances
of getting shock by personnel who are operating it.
Example: 6.6/6.6 KV, 3.3/3.3 KV system.
Unearthed cable has more insulation strength as compared to earthed cable. When fault occur
phase to ground voltage is 3 time the normal phase to ground voltage. So if we used earthed
cable in unearthed System, It may be chances of insulation puncture.
So unearthed cable are used. Such type of cable is used in 6.6 KV systems where resistance type
earthing is used.
Nomenclature
In simple logic the 11 KV earthed cable is suitable for use in 6.6 KV unearthed system. The
process of manufacture of cable is same.
The size of cable will depend on current rating and voltage level.
Voltage Grade (Uo/U) where Uo is Phase to Earth Voltage & U is Phase to Phase Voltage.
Earthed system has insulation grade of KV / 1.75 x KV.
For Earthed System (Uo/U): 1.9/3.3 kV, 3.8/6.6 kV, 6.35/11 kV, 12.7/22 kV and 19/33
kV.
Unearthed system has insulation grade of KV / KV.
For Unearthed System (Uo/U): 3.3/3.3 kV and 11/11 kV.
3 phase 3 wire system has normally Unearthed grade cables and 3 phase 4 wire systems
can be used earthed grade cables, insulation used is less, and cost is less.
Thumb Rule
As a thumb rule we can say that 6.6KV unearthed cable is equal to 11k earthed cable i.e
6.6/6.6kv Unearthed cable can be used for 6.6/11kv earthed system.
Because each core of cable have the insulation level to withstand 6.6kv so between core to core
insulation level will be 6.6kV+6.6kV = 11kV
For transmission of HT, earthed cable will be more economical due to low cost where as
unearthed cables are not economical but insulation will be good.
Generally 6.6 kV and 11kV systems are earthed through a neutral grounding resistor and the
shield and armor are also earthed, especially in industrial power distribution applications. Such a
case is similar to an unearthed application but with earthed shield (sometimes called solid
bonding).
In such cases, unearthed cables may be used so that the core insulation will have enough strength
but current rating is de-rated to the value of earthed cables.
But it is always better to mention the type of system earthing in the cable specification when
ordering the cables so that the cable manufacturer will take care of insulation strength and de
rating.
Recommended EE articles //

6 Transformer Types You Can See In Commercial Installations
March 16, 2015
Degradation of Insulation in Switchgear (Whats Really Happening)

March 4, 2015

December 26, 2014

December 22, 2014
Share with engineers //
Article Tags //
cable, distribution, earth, earth fault, earthed cables, insulation, unearthed cables,
Filed Under Category //

Cables High Voltage Low Voltage Medium Voltage Transmission and Distribution
About Author //
Jignesh Parmar
jiguparmar - Jignesh Parmar has completed his B.E(Electrical) from Gujarat University. He is
member of Institution of Engineers (MIE),India. Membership No:M-1473586.He has more than
12 years experience in Transmission -Distribution-Electrical Energy theft detection-Electrical
Maintenance-Electrical Projects (Planning-Designing-Technical Review-coordination
-Execution). He is Presently associate with one of the leading business group as a Assistant
Manager at Ahmedabad,India. He has published numbers of Technical Articles in "Electrical
Mirror", "Electrical India", "Lighting India", "Industrial Electrix"(Australian Power Publications)
Magazines. He is Freelancer Programmer of Advance Excel and design useful Excel base
Electrical Programs as per IS, NEC, IEC,IEEE codes. He is Technical Blogger and Familiar with
English, Hindi, Gujarati, French languages. He wants to Share his experience & Knowledge and
help technical enthusiasts to find suitable solutions and updating themselves on various
Engineering Topics.
14 Comments
1.
General Guidelines for Online Partial Discharge Testing of Power Cables | EEP
Mar 30, 2015
[] Cable earth shield coming out of the cable (whether single core or three core) must
not be touching any earthed metal except at terminating point to Substation Earth. Earth
shield at cable termination should be insulated using shrink tubes in order to get access to
individual cable earths. []
(reply)
2.
DK Sharma
Mar 24, 2015
We use 11 KV cable to connect our Distribution transformer which has its primary or HV
winding in Delta connection and Secondary or LV winding in Star connection. Since
Delta connection has no earth, we always need 11 KV Unearthed (UE) cable.
So we should always ask for 11 KV UE cable.
(reply)
3.
Manuel Bolotinha
Mar 15, 2015
This article about earthed and unearthed cables is very basic and with poor technical
content.
(reply)
4.
AMEER AHMAD
Mar 15, 2015
I am not agree with As a thumb rule we can say that 6.6KV unearthed cable is equal to
11k earthed cable i.e 6.6/6.6kv Unearthed cable can be used for 6.6/11kv earthed
system.
Reason: For 6.6/11kV Earthed cable, the system nominal voltage is 11kV. If we use
6.6/6.6kV Unearthed cable for 6.6/11kV Earthed system with 11kV nominal voltage, the
phase to earth voltage remain 6.6kV for Earthed system(Agreed), but phase to phase
voltage remain 11kV for Earthed system and this 6.6/6.6kV Unearthed cable can not meet
the 11kV nominal system phase to phase voltage insulation.
(reply)
5.
vikas j trivedi
Nov 02, 2014
How to calculate feeder htvr through metlab or etap
(reply)
6.
JAYESH R MANKAD
Jul 25, 2014
It is good and interesting web. Informative topics are covered
(reply)
7.
noureddine
Jan 26, 2014
Mr. Peter
you must check set time for overload in your breaker
may be the setting is wrong.
thanks.
(reply)
8.
guest
Jan 03, 2014
Hows 6.6kV+6.6kV = 11kV? As far as I know 6.6+6.6=13.2
(reply)
o
Parag
May 08, 2014
It means it is suitable for 11KV insulation requirement (since 13.2KV>11KV).
Standard cable insulation ratings are as 1.1KV, 3.3KV, 11KV, 33KV)
(reply)
9.
Balachandar
Dec 10, 2013
I can not agree this statement ie., 6.6/6.6kv Unearthed cable can be used for 6.6/11kv
earthed system.
but we can use 6.6/11kv cable for 6.6/6.6kv system.
(reply)
10.
Peter Abbey
Jan 21, 2013
I have a question and it goes thus:

A motor Filter Fans RPM on motor data plate is 3545 RPM, Relay overload set is 2.9A.
During solo run, motor runs at 1.6A (starting current) at 3615 RPM. The LV motor
tripped at 4.9A with enclosure door closed during load run. What are the possible causes
of the motor trip? What can be done to avoid such trippings? (What are your
recommendations?)
(the motor specification are: Voltage = 460 V, Power = 1.5kW (2HP), No. of Phase =
3,Frequency = 60Hz,No. of poles = 2)
Your prompt response will highly be apprexciated.
Kind Regards,
Peter.
(reply)
o
Ragnarok
Mar 04, 2013
Hi Peter, the starting current of 3 ph induction motor has nothing to do with the
load. (Load affect the run up time and thermal withstand)
The starting current for induction motors can as high as 7-8x the rated full load
current. By your description of 1.5kW 460 3ph motors, I would think 4.9A sounds
like a reasonable starting current. (not taking PF/eff into account, the rated full
load current is at least 1.89A)
(reply)
o
Teguh
Mar 08, 2013
Dear Mr Peter,
if the motor trip at load run, means we have to check the load first. is it suitable
for your motor or not, you can ask the mechanical engineer for that. well, for the
motor itself, you can do normal check such as its impedance, megger, bearing etc.
(reply)
o
AKReddy
May 13, 2013
I too experienced similar problem, in my case motor fan belt coupled, we loosen
the belt and it worked for us
(reply)
Leave a Comment
Tell us what you're thinking... we care about your opinion!
and oh, not to forget - if you want a picture to show with your comment, go get a free Gravatar!
Name *
Email *
Website
We believe you're an engineer, but nevertheless ... *

six
=2
Sign me up for the newsletter
CONNECT //
Subscribe to Weekly Download Updates //
Free MS Excel calculation spreadsheets, electrical software and engineering guides.
Subscribe
Latest Technical Articles
3 Lighting Essentials You Can't Deny

April 3, 2015
Good Voltage Regulation and Justified Power Factor Correction

April 1, 2015
General Guidelines for Online Partial Discharge Testing of Power Cables

March 30, 2015
Electrical Engineering Daily Dose

Daily dose of knowledge and news from
Electrical Engineering World
Science at Glance
Our mission is to be the leading provider of scientific information in the field of power and
engineering in general. We publish, we share and we spread the knowledge.
You're welcome to read, write and contribute to EEP in any way!
Energy Efficency
We see the results of power usage all around us. Every day, the generation and usage of energy
produces more pollution than any other single industry.
It's our time to use energy on smart and more efficent way. EEP is on your side!
Electrical Software
Electrical design without appropriate software and tools is impossible to imagine. This section
covers professional engineering software for design, MV and LV network and photometric
calculations, voltage drop and short circuit calculations etc.
2015 EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal. All Rights Reserved | Privacy Policy | 42 queries in
0.215 seconds.
Powered by CsanyiGroup
SHARE
TOP
Get
PDF
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Cables for MV Power Distribution - Earthed versus Unearthed Systems
By Jeson Pitt on August 12th, 2013
Power cables can basically be classified into earthed and unearthed cables, where
earthed and unearthed refer to the application for which the cable is used. Earthed
system refers to a three phase system whose star point is grounded directly and the
voltage between the healthy phases and the ground will be - 11kV/1.732 or
6.6/1.732. In the case of unearthed cable, ground voltage is equal to phase to phase
voltage.
Earthed Cables
Unearthed Cables
Medium Voltage (MV) voltage power distribution system cables can be both earthed
and unearthed. If the system is earthed, then we use earthed rated cable for
manufacturing; and if the system is unearthed, we use an unearthed rated cable for
manufacturing.
Compared with the earthed cable as per the manufacturer's specifications, the
unearthed cable needs higher insulation levels.
The greatest difference arises in the voltage grade (Uo/U), which is:
Earthed System
Unearthed System
1.9/3.3 kV, 3.8/6.6 kV, 6.35/11 kV, 3.3/3.3 kV and 11/11 kV

12.7/22 kV and 19/33 kV
In an exception to the abover, the cables of 6.35/11kV for an earthed system can
also be used in the place of 6.6/6.6 kV for an unearthed system. This is because
each core of the cable has the insulation level to withstand 6.6kV due to which
between core to core insulation level will be 6.6kV+6.6kV = 11kV.
Contents [hide]
The Difference in Origin
Insulation Strength
Cable Requirements
Preferable Cable for MV Transmission
The Difference in Origin
The first generators and transformers had small capacities in which the fault current
was less and the star point was solidly grounded due to which they were called
earthed system. Generators that are now available have 500MVA capacity and
higher fault levels. So, if there is an earth fault, a heavy current flows into the fault,
which leads to the damage of the generators and transformers. In such a scenario,
to reduce the fault current, the star point is connected to the earth through a
resistance. In case of an earth fault in one phase, the voltage of the faulty phase
with respect to the earth appears across the resistance. Due to this, the voltage of
the remaining two healthy phases with respect to the earth rises by 1.7 times. If the
insulation system is not designed to sustain these increased voltages, they are
likely to develop earth faults.
In case of earthed cable, three phase cables are earthed to a ground and each of
the phase system is grounded to the earth. While the unearthed system (if system
neutral is not grounded) phase to ground voltage can be equal to phase to phase
voltage; in such situations the insulation level of the conductor to the armor should
be equal to the insulation level of conductor to conductor. In the three phase
earthed systems, phase to earth voltage is 1.732 times less than phase to phase
voltage. Thus, the voltage stress on the cable to armor is 1.732 times less than the
voltage stress between conductor to conductor.
Insulation Strength
Unearthed cable requires more insulation strength than earthed cable. If a fault
occurs in the phase to ground voltage is 3 time the normal phase to ground
voltage. So, if an earthed rated cable is used in an unearthed system, it may result
in an insulation puncture. Hence, it is essential to use unearthed rated cable in such
situations, especially in the case of 6.6kV systems where resistance type earthing is
used.
Cable Requirements
Carrying forward the above point, 11kV earthed cable can be used in place of 6.6kV
unearthed system since the cable manufacturing process is the same. The size of
the cable will depend on the current rating and voltage level. So,
Voltage grade (Uo/U) where Uo is phase to earth voltage and U is phase to phase
voltage
Earthed system has an insulation grade of kV/1.75x kV
For earthed system (Uo/U): 1.9/3.3 kV, 3.8/6.6 kV, 6.35/11 kV, 12.7/22 kV and 19/33
kV
Unearthed system has insulation grade kV/kV
3 phase 3 wires system generally comes with unearthed grade cable and 3 phase 4
wire systems can be used as earthed grade cables
Preferable Cable for MV Transmission
For MV transmission, earthed cable will be more economical, but unearthed cable
offers more insulation. This is because, if an earth fault occurs in the underground
system, the voltage between the healthy phases and the ground will be equal to
phase to phase voltage - 11kV or 6.6kV and higher insulation level is required. The
voltage of the healthy phases rises by nearly 1.7 times resulting in an earth fault
since the insulation of these phases is not designed for increases voltage. It is
advisable to opt for an unearthed cable so that the core insulation has enough
strength.
Earthing, Cables, High Voltage, Distribution, Medium Voltage
More interesting Notes:

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Introduction to Current Transformers
Jeson Pitt
Jeson works as a Sales Representative for D&F Liquidators, a leading supplier of
electrical products. He is passionate about everything electrical.About the author
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Local_Eng
Commentator
Rate this
Comments: Nested
CT Sizing of Transformer
Ground Cable
05/11/2011 11:44 PM
Join Date: May

2011
Posts: 80
Dear all,
Is it normal to have half sizing
of the nominal current of
transformer to detect Earth
Fault/Restricted Earth Fault?
I have 5MVA 11/.38 kV
transformer, with 5000/5 CT
on the secondary side.
I'm planning to install 2500/5
or 2000/5 CT for the ground
cable to detect Earth
Fault/REF, as I know the
setting value is always low.
Thank you for all of your help
Register to Reply
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ramvinod
Guru
#1
Re: CT Sizing of Transformer
Ground Cable
05/12/2011 4:52 AM
Join Date: Jun

2007
Location:
chennai,India
Posts: 536
Good Answers: 14
For REF protection all the four

CTs to be of same specification
and turns ratio.
Earthing of transformer
neutral is to be after CT.
__________________
Ramesh,Freelance
Electrical/automation
Consultant
Register to Reply
Local_Eng
Commentator
#2
In reply to #1
Join Date: May

2011

Ground Cable
05/12/2011 5:26 AM
Posts: 80
As can be seen in the drawing,

there is one CT, on the right
side, for grounding cable
(green cable).How do we
calculate the size of the CT?
What class should be used?
Register to Reply
hien.nguyenquoc
Power-User
#6
In reply to #2
Ground Cable
05/12/2011 12:25 PM
Local_Eng:
Join Date: Sep

2009
Location: BH,
Vietnam
Posts: 438
Good Answers: 1
What I see, is the only one

smaller green wire connected
to the neutral bar. It is Ground
Return Sensing Method, isn't
it? You just need to size the CT
to operate at the current that
the grounding wire can carry.
__________________
Anything that can go wrong,
will go wrong
Register to Reply
electricalexpert65
#16
Guru
Join Date: Oct

2009
Posts: 2015
Good Answers:
164
In reply to #2
Ground Cable
05/15/2011 10:35 AM
I assume that you are talking
about non-restricted earthfault
protection. If so, the CT size
depends upon the required
protection level that you want.
At the same tim if you keep it
so small, then during a high
fault, the CT might saturate. It
has to be a balancing act. The
class can be 5P10.
Register to Reply
TonyS
Guru
#3
Ground Cable
05/12/2011 5:36 AM
That's earth fault for the
system, not restricted earth
fault.
Join Date: Aug

2010
Location: Under
the Major Oak
Posts: 3629
Good Answers:
143
To be honest the earth

(ground) looks far to small,
what size are the conductors?
__________________
Pessimists are rarely
disappointed.
Register to Reply
Local_Eng
Commentator
#4
Join Date: May

2011
Posts: 80

Ground Cable
05/12/2011 6:17 AM
Yes.. It's an earth fault for the
system.
The cable size is 185mm2.
How do we calculate the size
of the CT then?
Register to Reply
TonyS
Guru
#5
Ground Cable
05/12/2011 7:50 AM
Join Date: Aug

2010
Location: Under
the Major Oak
Posts: 3629
Good Answers:
143
Your going to have to look at

the entire transformer set up if
you want restricted earth
fault. The neutral earth
connection will have to be
moved for a start.
Your existing 5000/5A CT's are
too small for the maximum
transformer rated current of
7600A. What are they used for
at the moment, or is it just the
E/F C/T you refer to?
__________________
disappointed.
Register to Reply
jack of all trades

Guru
#7

Ground Cable
05/12/2011 3:14 PM
What country is this in (this is
an international forum)?
Join Date: Sep
2006
Location:
Auckland, New
Zealand
Posts: 6799
Good Answers:
265
Are you using a neutral

earthing (or grounding)
resistor to limit the earth fault
current (may explain the small
size of the earth wire)?
Do you know what your
(approximate) fault current is
and what transformer relay
protection settings (especially
the time delays relating to
earth fault disconnection) are?
Thought I better ask for clarity.
__________________
jack of all trades
Register to Reply
Akihito Shigeno
Power-User
Join Date: Oct

2008
Location: Jakarta
Indonesia
Posts: 123
Good Answers: 7
#8
Ground Cable
05/12/2011 9:57 PM
Dear all,
A REF protection requires all
CTs with the same CT ratios.
Therefore, total five CTs (for 3
phase lines, 1 neutral and 1
neutral earth conductor) are
all 5000/5A.
If the protection relay is micro-
processor type, the CT ratio

for the neutral earth conductor
can be selected with a
different CT ratio from other 4
CTs. Please refer to your relay
manual.
Regards
__________________
Akihito Shigeno @ JGCIndonesia
Register to Reply
rhkramer
Guru
#11
In reply to #8
Join Date: Oct

2010

Ground Cable
Posts: 1296
05/13/2011 8:27 AM
Good Answers: 35
What does REF mean?

Register to Reply
Akihito Shigeno
Power-User
#12
In reply to #11
Join Date: Oct

2008

Ground Cable
Location: Jakarta
Indonesia
05/13/2011 8:48 AM
Posts: 123
Good Answers: 7
Dear all,
REF: Restricted earth fault is
differential protection for
transformer Wye winding.
Each of all conductors brought
out from the winding must
have a CT of the same ratios.

The total of the CT secondary
currents is zero, if no earth
fault on the winding. If nonzero, an earth fault is inside
the winding.
Regards
__________________
Akihito Shigeno @ JGCIndonesia
Register to Reply
rhkramer
Guru
#13
In reply to #12
Join Date: Oct

2010

Ground Cable
Posts: 1296
05/13/2011 8:57 AM
Good Answers: 35
Thanks!
Register to ReplyOff Topic
(Score 5)
Local_Eng
Commentator
Join Date: May

2011
Posts: 80
#9
Ground Cable
05/12/2011 11:59 PM
@ TonyS: I'm sorry for the
limited information. Actually
the 5MVA transformer
installation is in progress. The
photo is the existing
transformer with EF issue, and
we have to follow it.
For the new transformer of

5MVA, the ip LN fault current is
211kA with 8000/5 CT.
Is it ok if I use 800/5 CT to
detect the EF?
Register to Reply
TonyS
Guru
#10
Ground Cable
05/13/2011 7:21 AM
REF requires 4 matched C/T's
but you've obviously got that
sorted.
Join Date: Aug

2010
Location: Under
the Major Oak
Posts: 3629
Good Answers:
143
As to the general E/F C/T I

think you need to talk to
others on the board, my main
concern is saturation of the
C/T under fault conditions. I've
never fitted a neutral/earth
C/T that was underrated.
__________________
disappointed.
Register to Reply
hkian
Commentator
Join Date: Jan

2010
Posts: 73
#14
Ground Cable
05/13/2011 12:23 PM
it depends.. know the
acceptable unbalance current
Good Answers: 1
as well as the maximum fault

current that could pass
through the current
transformer.. you may change
the ratio of your CT if it will
lessen the burden that the CT
will handle..
Register to Reply
rudy_fernando5r
Active Contributor
Join Date: May

2009
Location:
Philippines
Posts: 23
#15
Ground Cable
05/13/2011 1:07 PM
Re earth fault protection (REF)
3 nos. phase CTs are required
at the line side of the LV
breaker (above the breaker), 1
no. neutral CT is also required
to be located at the neutral of
the transformer secondary,
ground should be installed
below this neutral CT. The 4
nos. CTs shall be identical or
same spec & turns ratio. The
CTs shall be sized more than
the FLA of the transformer at
the secondary.
Under normal operation
current will remain stabilized ,
full load current should be
flowing through the 3 phase
CTs and neutral CT, all
connected in parallel including
REF relay. In the event of LV
line to earth fault (between
phase CT to transformer
secondary winding) , current
will only flow through neutral
CT and the REF relay. This
relay could be set to operate
at 10 to 20% of FLA.
During stability test,
stabilizing resistor in series
with the REF relay should be
adjusted to avoid nuisance
tripping.
thanks and regards,
rudy_fernando5r
Register to ReplyOff Topic
(Score 6)
BKR
Participant
Join Date: Apr

2011
Posts: 3
#17
Ground Cable
05/15/2011 11:52 AM
Dear friend,
There are two things, one is
EARTH FAULT i e it is a line
protection,second REF it is for
transformer winding earth
fault protection.
It is not necessary to provide
C.T. in neutral conductor for
line earth fault detection but
earth fault current can be
sense by providing an earth
fault relay in between
common point of R_Y_B O/C
element and C.T.star point.
For REF protection we needs
all C.T. of same ratio and same
protection class generally it is
PS class having ratio near to
but more than full load of the
protected object.
RAKHOLIA B.K.
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Users who posted comments:

Akihito Shigeno (2); BKR (1); electricalexpert65 (1);
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or differential protection in order to match the ratios of main feeder CTs, which can protect sensitive instruments
uring a fault. These CTs will saturate and limit their secondary currents within specified values.
cal Specifications
Current Transformers: These are used to measure sum of the currents in more than one line from the same
system. Normally used for monitoring total current/power drawn from a system. Input to a Summation CT should
dividual line CTs. It is necessary for the Line CTs to have same secondary currents. The out puts from Line CTs
5A, 150/5A ...(not 150/1A...) can be connected to a summation CT Primary windings.
Current Transformers: Mainly used for differntial protection in order to match the ratios of main feeder CTs.
so be used as saturation CTs, which can protect sensitive Instruments and devices during a fault. These CTs will
imit their secondary currents within specified values.
ypes: Recommended for higher mechanical strength and safety. Ideal for use in corosive atmosphere. All the
ned types of CTs can be supplies in Cast Resin Construction also.turate and limit their secondary currents within
Inquire N
es.
ent Transformers: Used for measuring unbalance current in the neutral of a three phase system. Since the
t should be zero in a balance three phase system, the primary of these CTs are related for a fraction of the line
at system.
es
details if furnished with enquiries can help us to quote the right type of Transformers for your specific
requirement
Type
Purpose
Ratio
Burden
Rct*
Vk*
Accuracy
System Voltage
Dimensions and ID requirements (*For Protection class CT's only)
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16. Energy Efficency

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Home / Technical Articles / Differences Between Earthed and Unearthed Cables

Differences Between Earthed and Unearthed

Differences Between Earthed and Unearthed Cables

Earthed system has insulation grade of KV / 1.75 x KV.

Unearthed system has insulation grade of KV / KV.

For Unearthed System (Uo/U): 3.3/3.3 kV and 11/11 kV.

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Test On 110kV Power Cable After Installation (1)

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Home / Technical Articles / Differences Between Earthed and Unearthed Cables

Differences Between Earthed and Unearthed

Differences Between Earthed and Unearthed Cables

Earthed system has insulation grade of KV / 1.75 x KV.

Unearthed system has insulation grade of KV / KV.

For Unearthed System (Uo/U): 3.3/3.3 kV and 11/11 kV.

Degradation of Insulation in Switchgear (Whats Really Happening)

Test On 110kV Power Cable After Installation (2)

Test On 110kV Power Cable After Installation (1)

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Latest Technical Articles

3 Lighting Essentials You Can't Deny

Good Voltage Regulation and Justified Power Factor Correction

General Guidelines for Online Partial Discharge Testing of Power Cables

Electrical Engineering Daily Dose

Notes Table View

Authors & Comments

1.9/3.3 kV, 3.8/6.6 kV, 6.35/11 kV, 3.3/3.3 kV and 11/11 kV

More interesting Notes: