</centered></bold>Chapter II

</centered></bold>REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND METHODOLOGY

---------------------

</bold>Operational Definition of Terms

</indented>This list of words below shows the different terminologies needed by the
researcher to conduct this study in which the researcher provided the definition of these
terminologies according to their uses in this study.
<b>Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA).</b> This is a technique used to determine whether a planned
action will turn out good or bad. It shows the possible savings in using the new system.
<b>Database. </b> This is a collection of patients data that is organized to so that its content
can be easily accessed, manage and updated.
<b>Database System. </b> This refers to a part of data processing system aids in the storage,
manipulation, reporting, management, and control of data.

<b>DFD (Data Flow Diagram). </b> This is the graphical representation of the flow of data in
the proposed system. It is well-known approach to visualize the data processing in business
analysis field.
<b>Documentation. </b> It is the documents, records, etc. that are used to proved something or
make something official. It is also a written instructions for using a computer or computer
program. (Merriam-Webster Dictionary)
<b>End User. </b> It is the person who will eventually use a product (this proposed system).
(Merriam-Webster Dictionary)
<b>Hierarchy-Input-Process-Output (HIPO). </b> This is a tool allowing programmers to
divide a program into independent modules. These modules encourage a more systematic
development of solution to common programming problems.
<b>Input-Process-Output

(IPO).</b>

This

is

used

for

organizing

system

design

documentation into distinct computer program specification for each computer in an information
system.
<b>One Time Cost. </b> It refers to the amount spent associated with project initiation and
development and the start of the system.
<b>Out-Patient. </b> This is the patient who receives treatment from Rabara Clinic without
staying overnight.
<b>Research.</b> According to Microsoft Encarta Reference Library 2004, It is an organized
study; methodological investigation into a subject in order to discover facts, to establish or revise
a theory, or to develop a plan of action based on the facts discovered.

<b>System. </b> It is an organization assembly of resource of procedure regularly interacting

or independent group of element forming unified whole.
<b>Gantt Chart. </b> It is a popular type of bar chart that illustrates a project schedule.
Illustrates the start and finish dates of the terminal elements and summary elements of a project.
<b>Intangible Cost. </b> This refers to the cost associated with an information system that
cannot be easily measured in terms of dollars or pesos with certainty.
<b>Programmer or Software Developer. </b> This is referring to someone who programs,
that is, one who writes sequence instructions for the computer to follow.
<b>Record. </b> This refers to collection of related items of patients and medical information
treated as a unit and a set of one or more related data items grouped for processing.
<b>Reports. </b> It is an official document that gives information about particular subject.
(Merriam-Webster Dictionary)
<b>System Design. </b> This is the process or art of defining the architecture, components,
modules,

interfaces,

and

data

for

system

to

satisfy

specified

requirements.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System+Design)
<b>Technology. </b> It is the use of science in industry of engineering, etc. to invent useful
things or to solve problems. (Merriam-Webster Dictionary)
<b>Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD). </b> It is a data modelling technique that creates a
graphical representation of the entities, and the relationships between entities, within an
information system. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity+relationship+diagram)

<b>Context Diagram. </b> It is a data flow diagram, with only one massive central process
that subsumes everything inside the scope of the system. It shows how the system will receive
and send data flows to the external activities involved. (The Oxford Paperback Dictionary, 4th
Edition)
</bold>Methodology
</indented>In developing the proposed system, the researcher used the Waterfall Model.
It is a system development model designed to simplify the understanding of the difficulty
associated with developing systems. In systems engineering it is used to define consistent
procedure of product of project development. This system model would help the researcher to
create, design and maintain the proposed system because it summarizes the main steps to be
taken in concurrence with the corresponding deliverables with computerized system validation
framework.
</bold>Requirements Engineering
</indented>Before development of the system began, a greater understanding of the
Rabara Clinic processes was necessary. To gain this understanding, the researchers went to
Rabara Clinic to observe and analyze their current system. Based on this observation, the
development of an E-Medical Record System was proposed.
</indented>The researchers applied the descriptive method of research to come up with
the much needed information for the development of the study.
</indented>The researchers also used interview method with the doctor and nurses were
conducted, and sample medical records and forms were collected.

<System Design and Construction

</indented>After collecting all the needed information, flow of data and activities were
represented and designed. The researchers used system models such as DFD, ERD, IPO, HIPO
and Data Structures as a graphical representation of the proposed system.
</indented>Data Flow Diagram includes flow description of sources and destination for
each data flow. It is a graphical representation of the flow of data through an information system,
modelling its process aspects. DFDs can also be used for the visualization of data processing a
DFD shows what kinds of data will be input to and output from the system, where the data will
come from and go to, and where the data will be stored. It does not show information about
whether processes will operate in sequence or in parallel.
</indented>An entity-relationship (ER) diagram is a specialized graphic that illustrates
the relationships between entities in a database. It is an abstract conceptual representation of
data.
</indented>Input-Process-Output (IPO) shows how the inputs are being process. It is a
graphical representation of all the factors that make up a process. An input-process-output
diagram includes all of the materials and information required for the process, details of the
process itself, and descriptions of all products resulting from the process.
</indented>The HIPO (Hierarchical Input-Process-Output) technique is a tool for
planning and/or documenting a computer program. A HIPO model consist of a hierarchy chart
that graphically represents the programs control structure and a set of IPO (Input-ProcessOutput) charts that describe the inputs to, the output from, and the functions (or processes)

performed by each module on the hierarchy chart. The Database Structures contains the table of
the database also with the fields inside every table.
</indented>The PHP Programming Language was used as a programming language in
the coding and CSS for the designing of the system while MySQL was for the database
connection. The interface of the E-Medical Record System was designed to make it more
appealing to the eyes of the user and the forms are systematically organized so that users can
easily understand and use the system even without consulting to the users manual.
</indented>Internal documentation is important in the system because internal
documentation will help the researcher in the field of work be alone on a project. Researcher
usually works in teams, meaning many people will have to read and understand the code written
</bold>System Testing and Maintenance
</indented>When the proposed system was ready, the researcher presented it and
evaluated by the Chairman and members of the Defense Panel. The proposed system was also
presented to and evaluated by OPD staff and some personnel of Rabara Clinic and Hospital to
check if the system is working and meet the hospital requirements.
</indented>The system was judge along attractiveness, control, efficiency, helpfulness
and learnability.
</indented>The following range or norms was used to determine the mean rating of the
system.

</table>
Numerical Rating
5
4

Equivalent
Strongly Agree
Agree

3
2
1

Neutral
Disagree
Strongly Disagree