Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
UNIVERSITY OF MAURITIUS
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
Mechanical and Production Engineering Department
MECH 2006Y/MECH 2001Y
TUTORIAL 1 Atoms & Basics Chemistry
Qu.1 Explain what is meant by the following terms:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
(xi)
(xii)
(xiii)
(xiv)
(xv)
(xvi)
Atom
Molecule
Element,
Compound
Mixture
Symbol
Formula
Relative Atomic Mass
Atomic number
Mass number
Avogadros Constant
Isotopes
Atomic Structure
Ionisation Energy
Bohr Atomic Model
Wave Mechanical Atomic Model.
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Radius ()
0.78
0.98
1.33
1.49
0.96
0.34
0.78
1.35
Ion
U4+
ClBrIO2S2-
Radius ()
1.05
1.81
1.96
2.20
1.32
1.74
11 On the basis of the values permissible for the four quantum numbers, derive the number of
quantum states corresponding to the fourth principal shell (n = 4).
12 The net potential energy EN between 2 adjacent ions is sometimes represented by the expression
EN = (-C/r)+ D exp (-r/) ---------1
in which r is the interionic separation and C, D and are constants whose values depend on the specific material.
(a) Derive an expression for the bonding energy E 0 in terms of the equilibrium interionic separation r0
and the constants D and using the following procedure.
1. Differentiate EN with respect to r and set the resulting expression equal to zero.
2. Solve for C in terms of D, and r0
3. Determine the expression for E0 by substitution for C in Eq. 1
(b) Derive another expression for E0 in terms of r0, C and using procedure analogous to the one outlined in part
(a).
13 Explain why covalently bonded materials are generally less dense than ionically or metallically bonded
ones.
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16 The potential energy W of a system of two atoms varies as a function of their distance of separation r as
follows:
W= - A/rn + B/rm
Show that at equilibrium
(i)
r = r0 = (mB/nA) 1/m-n
(ii)
the energy of attraction is m/n times the energy of repulsion, and
(iii)
the bond energy W0 = A * (m-n)
r0n
m
17. Make a plot of the melting points and the boiling points of materials of different bonding characteristics as a
function of their bond energy.
18. Compare the bond energies, bond length, melting point and boiling point of the following inert gas
crystals: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe. Explain why the bond lengths increase with increasing atomic number
although there is an increase in the bond energy.
19. Give the Miller indices of the family of close packed directions in SC, BCC, FCC and DC Crystals,
indicating the closest distance of approach between neighbouring atoms.
[<100>, <111>, <110>, None, a, 3a/2, a/2, 3a/4]
20.Find the diameter of the largest atom that would fit an interstitial void in FCC nickel without distortion.
21 Find the size of the largest sphere that will fit an interstitial void in a BCC crystal as a function of the
atomic radius r. The void is located at (0, , ) and other equivalent positions.
22. Distinguish between atom sites and lattice points in a monoatomic FCC crystal and a NaCl crystal.
23 State the differences and common points between (i) CsCl, (ii) a monoatomic BCC crystal, and (iii) a
monoatomic SC crystal.
24 X ray analysis of a Mn-Si alloy with 75 atomic percent of Mn and 25 atomic percent of Si showed that
the unit cell is cubic and the lattice parameter a= 2.86 . The density of the alloy is 6850 kg/m3. Find the
number of atoms in the unit cell.
25 Calculate the density of the CsCl crystal from the radii of the ions: Cs+ = 1.65 and Cl- = 1.81.
26 The bonds in diamond are predominantly covalent in character and so are the bonds along the chains of a
long chain polymer. Why does the polymer melt at a much lower temperature?
27 Find the radius of the largest sphere that will fit an interstitial void in magnesium (HCP). a Mg = 3.21.
Take the c/a ratio of Mg to be the ideal value.
[0.66]
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REFERENCES:
1. Materials Science and Engineering by W. D. Callister
2. Materials Science and Engineering A first Course by Vv. Raghavan
3. Engineering Metallurgy by R. A. Higgins
4. Materials for Engineering by Bolton
5. Mechanics of Materials vol. 1 by Hearns.V
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Describe, with the help of diagrams, the different types of faults and dislocations that exist in the
lattice structure of pure metals.
3 (a)Using suitable diagrams, explain what you understand by the following crystal lattice
i. Simple cubic (SC)
ii. Body centred cubic (BCC)
iii. Face centred cubic (FCC)
iv. Hexagonally Closed Pack (HCP)
(b) For each of the crystal lattices given in (a) above determine the following;
i.
the lattice parameter in terms of the radius R
ii.
the no. of atoms associated with each unit cell
iii.
the co-ordination number
iv.
the Atomic packing factor (APF)
c. Aluminium has a face centred cubic (FCC) structure at room temperature. The atomic radius of
Aluminium is 0.143 nm and its atomic mass is 26.982 g/mol
Determine the following for aluminium: (Show all your calculations and diagrams)
(i) the lattice parameter
(j) the number of atoms associated with each unit cell
(ii)
the co-ordination number
(iii)
the density
Avogadros number = 6.023 1023 atoms/mol
4. Determine the lattice parameters (a & c) in the terms of the radius R of the atom for a hexagonally
closed packed crystal structure. Show your calculations.
Calculate the density of HCP titanium at room temperature for the atomic radius of 0.1475nm and c/a =
1.587. The Atomic mass of the metal is 47.9 g/mol and Avogadros number = 6.02 E23 atoms/mol.
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Calculate the density of BCC iron at room temperature from the atomic radius of 1.24 .
(Atomic mass 55.847 g/mol & Avogadros no = 6.02 E23 atoms/mol).
Copper has FCC structure and the atomic radius is 1.278 . Calculate the density of copper.
Given the atomic weight of copper 63.5.
[8.92 g/cm3]
10 NaCl crystals have FCC structure. The density of NaCl is 2.18 g/cm3. Calculate the distance
between two adjacent atoms.
[2.81 ]
11 Calculate the number of atoms per unit cell of a metal having the lattice parameter 2.9 and
density 7.87 g/cm3. Atomic weight of the metal is 55.85.
[2]
12 :Lead is a FCC with an atomic radius of r = 1.746 . Find the spacing of (I) (200) planes and
(ii) (220) planes and (iii) (111) planes.
[2.465, 1.74, 2.85 ]
13 How many atoms per square millimetre are there on the (100) plane of lead (FCC)? Assume the
atomic radius as 1.746 .
14 Calculate the atomic density (no. of atoms per unit area) in (111), ( 110) and (100) planes of
copper (FCC) atoms with lattice parameter 3.61 .
15 Calculate the number of atoms per unit area of (111), (110) and (100) planes of a BCC crystal.
Derive answers in terms of lattice parameter a.
16 On cooling through 8800C, titanium goes through a phase change analogous to iron except that in
this case the crystal structure changes from BCC to HCP. BCC : a = 3.32 . HCP ; a = 2.956 ,
c= 4.683 . What is the volume change?
17. Sketch the following directions and planes in a BCC unit cell;
[100]
[110]
[111]
(100)
(110)
(111)
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( degrees)
20.3
29.2
36.7
43.6
Determine the interplanar spacing and the miller indices of the reflecting plane.
20 (a) The density of nickel, which has an FCC structure and one atom per lattice point is 8902kg/m3.
The atomic weight of nickel is 58.71 g/mol. Calculate
(I) the lattice parameter
(ii) the atomic radius of nickel
21 (a) A specimen of silver (FCC, r0 = 0.144 nm) is placed in an x-ray camera and irradiated with
molybdenum-characteristic radiation (0.0709 nm). It is observed that for 111 planes decreases by
0.110 as the silver is heated from room temperature to 8000C. Given that the crystal structure remains
the same upon heating, find the change in a due to the heating.
(b) Pure iron undergoes an allotropic transformation at 9100C. The BCC form is stable at temperature
below 9100C, while the FCC form is stable above 9100C. Calculate the volume change for the
transformation BCC FCC, if at 9100C a = 0.363 nm for FCC and a = 0.293 nm for BCC.
22 Determine the Miller indices of plane ABC in the BCC unit cell shown in Fig Qu. 1. Explain clearly
the steps involved. The coordinates of the A, B, and C are (0, 1, 3/4), (1/2 , 1, 0) and (0, 0, 0)
respectively.
(b) Calculate the atomic density of the (111) plane of Rhodium (FCC) with lattice parameter 0.3796 nm.
23 Derive Braggs law, relating the interplanar spacing in a crystal lattice to the wavelength and diffraction pattern of X
rays falling on it.
A second order diffraction maximum occurs at an angle of 150 to the original direction of a beam of X rays
incident on a crystal. The wavelength is 0.05nm: What is the interplanar spacing?
24 a) Sketch a simple cubic lattice, and indicate on it (I) the 112 plane and (ii) the 221 direction.
(b) Calculate the diameter of the largest sphere that can be accommodated in the interstitial spaces of such a
lattice, and find the values of
i.
the packing factor of the simple cubic lattice and
ii.
that of the lattice containing the interstitial spheres
(Assume the spheres of the cubic lattice to be of unit diameter)
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Density
(kgm-3)
2600
1892
Atomic
(gmol-1)
87.62
132.91
5. Bismuth has a hexagonal structure, with a0 = 0.4546 nm and c0 = 1.186 nm. The density is 9.808
Mgm-3 and the atomic weight is 208.98 gmol-1. Determine the
a. The volume of the unit cell
b. How many atoms are in each unit cell
6. Beryllium has a hexagonal crystal structure, with a0 = 0.22858 nm and c0 = 0.35842 nm. The
atomic radius is 0.1143 nm, density is 1.848 Mgm-3, and the atomic weight is 9.01 gmol-1.
Determine
a. The number of atoms in each unit cell
b. The packing factor in the unit cell
7. -Mn has a cubic structure, with a0 = 0.8931 nm and a density of 7.47 Mgm-3. -Mn has a
different cubic structure, with a0 = 0.6326 nm and a density of 7.26 Mgm-3. The atomic weight
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11. MgO which has the NaCl structure, has a lattice parameter of 0.396 nm. Determine the planar
density and the planar packing fraction for the (111) and the (222) planes of MgO. What ions
are present on each plane?
REFERENCES:
6. Materials Science and Engineering by W. D. Callister
7. Materials Science and Engineering A first Course by Vv. Raghavan
8. Engineering Metallurgy by R. A. Higgins
9. Materials for Engineering by Bolton
10. Mechanics of Materials vol. 1 by Hearns.V
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2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
12.5
15.0
17.5
20.0
22.5
1.8
4.0
6.2
8.4
10.0
12.5
14.6
16.3
19.0
32.5
35.0
37.5
38.5
39.0
39.0
28.1
31.5
35.0
40.0
61.0
86
2. The following results were obtained from a tensile test of a polymer. The test piece had a width of 20
mm, a thickness of 3mm and a gauge length of 80 mm. Plot the stress-strain graph and determine (a)
the tensile strength (b) the secant modulus at 0.2% strain
Load
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 650 630
/kN
Ext. /mm 0 0.08 0.17 0.35 0.59 0.88 1.33 2.00 2.40
.
3. The following results were obtained from a tensile test of a steel specimen. The test piece had a
diameter of 10 mm and a gauge length of 50 mm. Plot the stress-strain graph and determine (a) the
tensile strength (b) the 0.1% proof stress the yield stress and (d) the tensile modulus.
Load/kN 0
Ext./mm 0
5
0.016
10
0.033
15
0.049
20
0.065
25
0.081
30
0.097
32.5
0.106
35.8
0.250
1. The following data was obtained from a tensile test on a stainless steel test piece. Determine (a) the
limit of proportionality stress (b) the tensile modulus the 0.2% proof stress.
Stress/ Mpa
Strain/
x10-4
0
0
90
5
170
10
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15
345
20
495
30
605
40
700
50
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60
805
70
845
80
880
90
895
100
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13 The following data were collected from a 3.2 x 19.1mm rectangular test
specimen of magnesium;
LOAD (N)
EXTENSION (mm)
0
0
1380
0.03
2780
0.08
5630
0.13
7430
0.20
8140
0.25
9870
0.64
12850
1.91
14100
3.18
14340
4.45
13830
5.72
12500
6.99 (fracture)
The initial length of the specimen was 63.5 mm and the final cross sectional
area was 58.42 mm2.
Plot the stress - strain curve and hence determine;
(a) the Youngs modulus of elasticity
(b) the modulus of resilience
(c) the tensile strength
(d) the 0.2% proof stress
(e) the percentage elongation
(f) the percentage reduction in area
(g) the true stress at fracture
14 Differentiate between :
(i) toughness and hardness
(ii) engineering stress and true stress
(iii) yield strength and tensile strength
(iv) creep and fatigue
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Extension (mm)
0.0185
0.0370
0.0555
0.2
0.6
1.56
4.0 ( Maximum Load)
7.52 (fracture)
After fracture, the gauge length is 47.42 mm and the diameter is 18.35 mm. Plot the data and calculate
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
17
What mechanical properties of a material are determined by tensile testing? What valuable
information can be determined from the results of a tensile tests?
18 What is the difference between a ductile material and a malleable material?
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14.
Zinc-Lead
Bismuth-Cadmium
Copper-Nickel
Tin-Lead
Platinum Silver
15. Draw the aluminium-magnesium phase equilibrium diagram. (available from any metallurgy book)
(i) What is the maximum solubility of magnesium in aluminium?
(ii) Over what temperature range will an alloy containing 7% magnesium exist as a single solid phase?
(iii) At what temperature does an alloy containing 5% magnesium begin to melt on heating?
(iv) An alloy containing 16% magnesium is at 5200C. What are the compositions of the phases present?
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18. Platinum and gold are completely soluble in both the liquid and solid states. The melting point of platinum is
17690C and that of gold is 10630C. An alloy containing 40% gold starts to solidify at 16000C by separating
crystals of 15% gold. An alloy containing 70% gold starts to solidify at 14000C by separating crystals of 37%
gold.
(a) Draw the equilibrium diagram to scale and label all important features and regions
(b) For an alloy containing 70% gold
I.
Give the temperature of the initial solidification
II.
Give the temperature of final solidification
III.
Give the chemical composition and relative amounts of the phases present at 13400C
IV.
Draw the cooling curve
19. Bismuth and Antimony are completely soluble in both the liquid and the solid states.
a. Check the crystal structure factor and calculate the relative size factor for these metals
b. Bismuth melts at 271.30C and antimony melts at 630.50C. An alloy containing 50% bismuth
starts to solidify at 5050C by separating crystals of 90% antimony. An Alloy containing 80%
bismuth starts to solidify by separating crystals containing 75% antimony.
i.
Draw the equilibrium diagram to scale labeling all important features and regions
ii.
For an alloy containing 40% antimony
i. Give the temperature of initial solidification
ii. Give the temperature of final solidification
iii. Give the chemical composition and relative amounts of the phases present at 4300C
iv. Draw the cooling curve
20. Draw the Tin-Lead equilibrium phase equilibrium diagram. Using the phase equilibrium diagram you have
drawn determine the following:
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(a) Explain what is meant by the term 'passivity' in the context of corrosion.
(b) Give two examples of natural passivity of metals.
Question 3. At high temperatures, copper reacts with air to form the oxide Cu20. Would this oxide be protective
according to the Pilling-Bedworth criterion? Densities are: Cu = 8.92 g/cm3, Cu20 = 6.0 g/cm3.
Question 4. The following couples with equal areas are immersed in fresh water: Fe/Cd; Fe/Ti; Fe/Zn;
Fe/Cu.
(a) In which one of the four will the iron corrode the fastest?
(b) Which combination offers the best protection to the iron?
Question 5. (a) Give two useful functions of E/pH (Pourbaix) diagrams.
(b) Give two limitations to their use.
Question 6. Iron is connected to copper and then immersed in a solution containing both Fe2+ and
Cu2+ ions.
(a) Which metal corrodes?
(b) Write equations to describe the reactions which occur at each electrode,
assuming each metal has a valency of 2.
(c) Calculate the maximum possible potential of the resulting corrosion cell.
Question 7. In service, most metals and alloys are affected by one of the different types of corrosion
processes depending on the environmental conditions. Explain, with the help of suitable diagrams, the
following terms as used in corrosion;
(i) Passivation
(ii) Selective leaching
(iii) Sacrificial anode
(iv) Cathodic protection
Question 8.
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Using the Nernst equation determine the value of the overall cell potential consisting of Zn
+2
+2
and Cu when the cell concentrations of Zn and Cu are at 0.00100 M and 0.00500 M respectively. The
solid electrodes are both in the elemental form of the element, the activity for each (and hence the
concentration term) is reduced to 1.0. [ANS 1.08V]
Question 11.
What is hydrogen overvoltage and what is its effect upon the rate of corrosion?
Question 12.
What is the effect of the rate of flow of a corrosive solution upon the rate of corrosion?
Question 13.
Question 14.
Question 15. Why does a 0.5% C steel rust more quickly in the normalized condition than in water
quenched state?
Question 16.
What are the advantages of electro galvanizing over hot dip galvanizing?
Question 17. A mild steel nail has a cold forged head. Show how this nail is likely to rust when
immersed in rain water.
Question 18.
What is Sherardising?
Question 19.
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