Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Dennis 0. Wiitanen
Member
ABSTRACT
The inte;connection between the Upper and
Lower Peninsulas of Michigan has recently been
upgraded frfjm a single 138-kV. circuit to a double
138-kV submarine cable circuit. The original circuit
consisted of four single-conductor cables, the fourth
cable serving as a spare phase conductor. The second
circuit was formed by adding two new single conductor cables and combining them with the spare cable
from the original circuit. The use of two different
types of cables in one circuit causes that circuit to be
unbalanced. The series impedance and shunt admittmce matrices of the circuits were studied to investigate the degree to which they were unbalanced, so
that the impedance relays protecting the cable could
be properly set. Measurements were made on the cables after they were installed and these were compared to calculations made with the ATP EMTP Cable
Constants program.
Jeffery M. Wilson
Member
and
John Zipp
Member
Consumers Power Co.
Jackson, Michigan
peak load with their own generation and the remaining 46-kV circuit. The decision was therefore made
to add another 138-kV circuit and then to retire the
46-kV circuit which had been in service for 34 years.
The older 138-kV circuit, which was installed in
the 1970s. consisted of four low-pressure, self contained, oil-filled cables. Three of the cables were
used as phase conductors, while the fourth was a
spare. The plan was to add two new cables and utilize
the existing spare to make the new 138-kV circuit.
The new cables were of similar construction, although
as a result of economic comparisons, a different
manufacturer was chosen to supply them. The cross
sections of the two different cables are shown in
F i g u r e 1.
INTRODUCTION
The interconnection between Consumers Power
Company of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan and
Edison Sault Electric Company of the Upper Peninsula
consists of submarine cables under the Straits of
Mackinac, the body of water which connects Lake
Michigan with Lake Huron. In the summer of 1990 the
interconnection was upgraded from a 46-kV cable
circuit [ l ] and a 138-kV cable circuit to a double
138-kV circuit. Since the 46-kV cable was first installed in 1956, Edison Sault has been purchasing
power from Consumers Power Company. Recently the
load for Edison Sault has grown at a 7% annual rate.
It was estimated that if the old 138-kV circuit was
lost, Edison Sault would no longer be able to meet its
93 WM 117-2 PWRD
A paper recommended and approved
by the IEEE Insulated Conductors Committee of the IEEE
Power Engineering Society for presentation at the IEEE/
PES 1993 Winter Meeting, Columbus, OH, January 31 February 5, 1993. Manuscript submitted August 26, 1992;
made available for printing December 14, 1992.
Existing Cable
8.77 mm
rl
14.5 mm
r2
27.3 mm
r3
30.7 mm
4
r5
34.3 mm
Figure 1: Cable
New Cable
8.75 mm
12.9 mm
25.7"
29.0 mm
30.5 mm
Cross Section
1669
impedance terms, as would be expected for a horizontal circuit configuration, but also in the self
impedance terms. The coupling between the two circuits will also be higher, since one of the phases of
the new circuit is in Iruch closer proximity to the
other circuit. The spar,: old cable occupies the same
trench at either end of the Straits as the existing circuit, whereas the other two phases of the new circuit
occupy a separate trench, widely separated from the
old one.
The unbalanced impedance of this unusual circuit configuratior' was a concern. The cable is protected with distance relays, so the impedance needs
to known with some accuracy, particularly the zero
sequence im,ledance for the ground distance relays.
To address ;his issue, the 60 Hz series impedance and
shunt admittance matrices of the two circuits needed
to be focnd. Due to the unusual configuration of the
circuits, field tests were performed to find the series
impedance and shunt admittance of the cables. The
test results were verified by comparing them to calcula5ons preformed by a widely used cable parameter computer program (CABLE CONSTANTS module of
the ATP version of EMTP [23).
(Consumers Power)
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION
The route for the cable crossing is at the narrowest point of the Straits, where it is approximately
four miles wide, between McGulpin Point on the Lower
Peninsula and Point LaBarbe on the Upper Peninsula
(see Figure 2). This is about two miles west of the
Mackinac Bridge. The Straits have a maximum depth
of 88 meters at this point.
The 138-kV cables are buried in trenches for the
first 305 m on the south end (McGulpin Point) and for
853 m on the north end (Point LaBarbe). This gets the
cable out into the Straits to a depth of 7.6 m, past the
point where winter ice fields and small boat traffic
would be a problem. In the south trench the cables
are spaced 0.6 m apart and in the north trench they
are spaced 1.8 m apart. The 2 new 'cables have the
same spacing but were put in new trenches, 56.7 m
away on the south end and 104 m away on the north
end. Out in the Straits the cables spread apart to a
spacing of about 61 m. The 46-kV circuit is approximately 65 m east of the existing 138-kV circuit. The
layont is shown in Figure 3.
Existine Cables
North
Trench
, OLL. i-n
Open hater
\\
\\
4878 m
-%
\ -
New Cables
Trench Plan Veiw
Figure 3: Layout of the Cable
1670
North
End
south
End
N2
- --
- -
+WL"
New Circuit
- Figure
4:
Series Impedance
Test
Setup
measured. This is an offset voltage due to the coupling from the energized 46-kV circuit. These are
listed in the Appendix.
A current source of approximately 120 A was
connected to each of the six cables, one at a time.
This resulted in a voltage between 165 V and 190 V
on the energized cable. All six of the main conductor
voltages were measured along with the current magnitude flowing in the energized cable. A four channel
digital recorder was used to record the three conductor voltage waveforms of the circuit which contained
the energized cable and the conductor current of the
energized cable. The data from this test is included
in the Appendix
The impedance tests were performed using a low
voltage and approximately 23% of rated load current.
Therefore it was assumed that the current drawn by
the high impedance shunt capacitance could be ignored and only the series impedance was being measured. The magnitude of the series impedance of the
cable was taken to be the ratio of the RMS voltage to
the RMS current. Since only one cable was energized
at a time and the voltage was measured on all the cables, both the self and the mutual impedances could
be determined.
1.558-1.551
L29.8'
.0297-.0277
L-64.4'- -68.2'
.0121-.0065
L-69.0'- -104.0'
.O122-.0064
.O127-.0075
.O 182-.0054
.0262-.0194
L-62.9'- -79.9'
1.589-1.587
L28.4'
.0205-.0149
L-66.4'- -84.4'
,0130-.0072
.0111-.0058
.0216-.0089
.0133-.0067
L-56.3'- -95.3'
.0185-.O 166
L-85.9'- -92.1'
1.46 1-1.455
L25.2'
.027 1-.02 13
.O183-.O 133
.0263-.O 137
.0135-.0067
.0119-.0099
.0297-.0241
1.390-1.384
L30.3'
.0479-.0429
L-57.3"- -63.7'
.0442-.0314
L-67.9'- -87.3'
.0091-.0023
.0092-.0073
.0189-.0133
.0487-.0429
L-52.2'- -59.5'
1.407-1.402
L27.3'
.0556-.0428
1-40.5'- -55.5'
.0107-.0038
.0082-.0062
.0148-.0092
.0398-.0339
L-48.1'- -57.3'
.0552-.0470
L-50.8"- -56.8'
1.428-1.415
124.0"
Measured
Impedance
Matrix
1671
North
south
Figure
5:
Zero
Sequence Impedance
Setup
Test
20=3-
I
The mutual zero sequence coupling could not be determined because the phase angle of all three induced
voltages could not be measured.
The resulting zero sequence impedances are:
0.6621 0
L90.4"
0
0.7341
L90.6"
0
mS
Y=
0
0.7364
L89.9"
0.7516
L90.8"
0.7178
L91.1"
I
1672
Armor
Z =
0.0114 0.0148 0.0445 1.473 0.0427 0.0261
L-106.OL-100.9 L-78.3" L26.3" L-79.5" L-88.7"
0.0088 0.0105 0.0246 0.0427 1.472 0.0477
L-110.7L-106.8 L-88.7" L-79.5" L26.3" L-78.9"
0.0082 0.0091 0.0190 0.0261 0.0477 1.472
L-112.61-109.7 L-92.3" L-88.7" L-78.9" L25.9"
I
and:
1673
COMPARISONS
The calculated series impedance matrix is reasonably close to the measured impedance matrix. The
calculated self impedance magnitudes are on the average 2.63% higher than the measured self impedances. The angles of the calculated self impedance
are very close to the measured values, they are higher
than the measured values by an average of 1.1'.
The calculated mutual impedance terms are not
as accurate. The magnitudes of twelve of the thirty
mutual impedances fall within the error bounds of
the measurements. The magnitudes of the remaining
terms are on the average 23.8% higher than the measured values. The angle of one of the twelve mutual
impedance terms for which angles where calculated
fell within the error bounds of the measurements.
The angles of the remaining impedances are an average of 20.4' higher than the measured impedances.
These errors can be attributed to the inaccuracies of
modeling the effective permeability of the armor
wires and inaccuracies in the modeling of the earth
return path.
The assumptions which could lead to
inaccuracies in the earth return path included the
earths resistivity, the averaged depth of the conductors, the single layer earth representation for the
cables laying on the lake bottom, and the spacing of
the cables as they cross the Straits.
The calculation of the shunt admittances were
very accurate. The calculations for the existing cables where 0.4% higher than measured while the calculations for the new cables were 2.5% lower.
APPENDIX
Offset Voltages
I
t
Voltages (V)
___-
Cable
Cabled-
1 I
Voltages (V)
Total
CONCLUSIONS
This paper describes an example of upgrading a
three-phase circuit consisting of three single
conductor cables plus a spare, to a double circuit by
the addition of two cables of a similar type. This
method of upgrading realizes a cost savings, and
although the result is an unbalanced system there has
been no operational difficulties to date.
It has been shown that standard impedance calculations for armored submarine cables compare
reasonably well with measured values.
Acceptable
calculations for cables with steel armor. wires can
only be made by using an effective permeability much
lower than the given permeability of the armor wires.
A good estimate for this value is given in [81, although
in light of the errors in the mutual impedances, more
research should be done in this area. The permeability has a great effect on the mutual coupling between phases. By using the given permeability of the
steel wires this coupling will be severely underestimated. On the other hand the mutual coupling will be
overestimated if the relative permeability is assumed
to be 1.
01
82.2L25.4')59.0L116.1"1 81.7L-9.5'
02
82.4L -94.5'
03
81.9L145'
04
N1
N2
60.1L -3.8
58.5~82.1~
I674
REFERENCES
"The 46-kV Submarine Cable Crossing in the
Straits of Mackinac"; J.G. Stelzer, R.W.
Schwadere. and T.F. Loraditch; Transactions of
the AIEE, Part 3, Power Apparatus and Systems;
Vol. 77. NO. 10, Oct. 1958; pp. 738-746.
am Rule B o k ; Sec.
XXIII; Can/Am EMTP Users Group, 3179 Oak Tree
Ct.. West Linn, OR.
I "Impedance Measurements of Underground
Cables"; R.L.Webb
and O.W. Manz, Jr.;
Transactions of the AIEE. Part 3: P o w e r
Amaratus and Svstem&, Vol. 55, No.4, April
1936; pp.359-365.
"The phase Sequence Impedance of Pipe Type
Cables"; J.H. Neher; IEEE Transaction on P o w e r
m r a t u s and Svstem L Vol. PAS-83, No. 8,
August, 1964; pp. 795- 804.
"Impedance of Pipe-Type Cables"; E.R Thomas and
R.H. Kershaw; JEEE Transactions on Power
S V S ~ Vol.
,
PAS-84, NO. 10,
October, 1965; pp. 953-965.
"A General Formulation of Impedance and
Admittance of Cables"; A. Ametani; J E E E
Transactions on Power Apparatus and Sv. s t e m s
Vol. PAS-99, No. 3, MayiJune 1980; pp. 902-910.
"Wave Propagation Characteristics of Cables"; A.
Ametani; IEEE Transactions on Power S
A
Q
and Svstems, Vol. PAS-99, No. 2, MarchiApril
1980, pp. 499-505.
"Induced Currents and Losses in Single-Core
Submarine Cables"; G. Bianchi and G. Luoni; JEEE
ns on Power A ~ a a r a t v s and Svs-,
Vol. PAS-95, No. 1, JanuaryFebruary 1976;
pp.49-58.
LEONARD J. BOHMANN received a Bachelor of
Electrical Engineering degree from the University of
Dayton, Ohio, in 1983 and a MS and PhD degrees in
electrical engineering from the University of
Wisconsin-Madison in 1985 and 1989, respectively.
He is currently an Assistant Professor of Electrical
Engineering at Michigan Technological University
where he teaches and does research in the area of
power systems.
DENNIS 0. WIITANEN (M'73) was born in
Marquette, MI, in 1941. He received a BSEE and MSEE
degrees from Michigan Technological University,
Houghton, MI, in 1963 and 1967, respectively, and
the PhD degree from the University of Missouri Rolla in 1970. He joined the faculty of the Electrical
Engineering Department at Michigan Technological
University in 1970 and is currently a Professor in