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size,
density,
&
viscosity.
2. Look
up
friction
factor
f
on
the
graph.
3. Calculate
pressure
drop
from
DarcyWeisbach
equation.
flow
at
less
than
2m/sec.
3. Use
the
graph
to
find
the
rate
of
pressure
drop,
per
metre
of
pipe
run.
This
tells
you
the
head
you
will
need.
Tee:
from
branch
15
mm
0.4
0.05
0.7
0.6
22
mm
0.6
0.09
1.1
1.0
28
mm
0.9
0.12
1.6
1.4
And at 0.2 litres/sec the figures are 1900 and 270 again, a ratio of about 7 to 1. So to get the same flow
rate, 15mm pipe needs seven times the pressure
difference that 22mm needs!
1m of 15mm pipe
behaves like 7m of
22mm pipe.
These figures aren't exact, but they're near enough to
be useful in the real world.
1m of 22mm pipe
behaves like (1/7)m 0.13m - of 15mm pipe.
The idea can be extended to the other pipe sizes. The
table below shows the length of each standard size
10 15 22
mm mm mm
7
1.0
28
mm
35
mm
42
mm
54
mm
The question was, how fast will water come out of the
cold tap at the kitchen sink?
1. Work
out
the
equivalent
length
of
the
15mm
section.
2. Work
out
the
equivalent
lengths
of
the
22mm
and
the
28mm
sections.
3. Convert
the
22mm
and
28mm
lengths
to
their
4.
5.
6.
7.
their
equivalent
15mm
length.
Add
all
the
lengths
of
15mm
equivalent
together.
Work
out
the
total
pressure
drop
(from
head,
,
g).
Find
the
average
rate
of
pressure
drop
(divide
by
pipe
length).
Look
up
the
corresponding
flow
rate
on
the
loglog
graph.
This pressure drop is shared out along the pipe run that is, along the 9.9m equivalent length of 15mm which means the average rate of pressure drop is
49,000 / 9.9 = 5,000 N/sq.m per metre
... 0.35
litres/sec!
Cold feed only: Think about the cold water first. The
22mm pipe from the tap is 3.5m long and includes two
tees. It has an apparent length of:
[22mm actual] = 3.5m + (1.1m + 1.0m) = 5.6m.
Hot feed only: Now for the hot water. The hot pipe is
all 22mm, which makes it slightly easier. The pipe run
to the top of the cylinder is (let's say) 6m long, and
includes two tees and three elbows. So:
[Hot: 22mm actual] = 6m + (1.1m + 1.0m + [3 x
0.6m]) = 9.9m.
A Useful Approximation
The straight-line
log-log graph could
also be written as a
power law.
For 15mm pipe, it
would be:
RPD =
35,000 x FR1.83
+B
35,000 x FR1.83
For 22mm pipe, it
would be:
RPD =
5,000 x FR1.85
Approximation
Pipe
10mm 15mm 22mm 28mm 35mm 42mm 54mm
size
A
B
400,000 44,000
100
70
5,300
1,400
450
160
40
40
30
18
20
14
The hot and cold pipes are both fed from the common
pipe, and both end in open taps. The pressure
difference between the common point and each tap
must be the same. So by applying the formula, doing a
bit of algebra, and discarding terms that are too small
to matter, we get a relationship between the flow
rates that just depends on pipe lengths: