Ancient Greek Civilization

The Crucible of Civilization

Define Crucible. crucible: a place or situation in which concentrated forces interact to cause or
influence change or development
Describe the climate of the Mediterranean Sea. The Mediterranean Sea moderates Greece's climate,
cooling the air in summer and providing warmth in the winter months. Summers are generally hot and dry.
Winters are moderate and rainy in coastal regions and cold and snowy in mountainous areas.
List and Explain the main factor that created the Greek City-States. Numerous MOUNTAIN RANGES,
which crisscross the peninsula, hampered internal communications and led to the development of independent
city-states.
List and Explain the main factor that made the Greeks to explore the sea. Numerous ISLANDS and the
indented coastlines of the Greek peninsula and of Asia Minor stimulated a seagoing trade.
List and Explain the reason why the Greeks established colonies. The ROCKY SOIL and limited natural
resources encouraged the Greeks to establish colonies abroad.
GREEK HISTORY: AN OVERVIEW
Greek CIVILIZATION started around 2000 BCE. By 1600 BCE. The Greek people had built fortified cities
in the major valleys and many people were educated. Greece then had several wars, including the Trojan War
around 1200 BCE, which threw them into what is known as the Dark Age.
Describe the Greek Dark Age. During the DARK AGE, knowledge of writing was lost and most people
lived in isolated villages. The Dark Age ended in about 800 BCE when the Greeks started to write again with
an alphabet based on that of the Phoenicians. During that time, many city-states emerged and struggled with
each other for power for hundreds of years after that.
Describe the event after the Persian Invasion. In 480 BCE, the Greeks UNITED to defeat the invading
Persians, but the alliance didnt last long. Around 477 BCE, two city-states, ATHENS AND SPARTA,
became the dominant powers in that region and constantly fought each other for power.
Greece had its GOLDEN AGE in Athens around 477- 431 BCE.
Briefly discuss the beginning and end of the Hellenistic Age. In 334 BCE, ALEXANDER THE GREAT,
leader of the country of Macedonia to the north, conquered the Greeks and started what is called the
HELLENISTIC AGE. Greece unwillingly remained under Macedonian control until the Romans conquered
both Macedonia and Greece around 140 BCE.
Discuss the assimilation of the Greeks into the Roman Empire. The ROMANS then spread the knowledge
of the ancient Greek philosophers throughout their empire. The Roman Empire lasted as a unified empire until
395 CE when it was split into the eastern and western empires. Greece became part of the eastern or
BYZANTINE EMPIRE and Greek literature became the basis for learning in Byzantine institutions,
especially in Constantinople, its capital. When Constantinople was destroyed by the Turks in 1453 CE, the
Greek literature spread to the rest of Europe and helped start the RENAISSANCE.
Describe the Land Resources of the Greeks. Only 20-30% of ancient Greeces land was arable. The most
important crops were olives, grapes, and barley.
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS were those of a simple, self-sufficient agricultural system.
CROPS: The Greeks used OLIVES for eating and to make olive oil, used for cooking and as a lubricant.
They made wine from GRAPES. The common drink of everyone was a mixture of wine and water. Even
children drank it. Dionysus, the mythological god of the vine, oversaw and blessed everything having to do
with growing grapes and making wine. BARLEY was used to make bread and was a staple part of the Greek
diet. Demeter was the mythological goddess of grain. LIVESTOCK: The ancient Greeks kept
CHICKENS, PIGS, SHEEP, and GOATS (for milk and meat). They would only eat the meat of animals
who had been sacrificed in the name of a god. Generally, they did not eat a lot of meat, but instead depended
upon FISH and LEGUMES (beans, chickpeas, and lentils) for protein.

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Define Polis. The POLIS (city-state) consisted of a city and its surrounding plains and valleys. The
nucleus of the polis was the elevated, fortified site called the ACROPOLIS where people could take refuge
from attack. With the revival of commerce, a TRADING CENTER developed below the acropolis
Briefly describe the Four major TYPES OF GOVERNMENT evolved in ancient Greece:
Monarchy (rule of a king) limited by an aristocratic council and a popular assembly.
Oligarchy (rule of the few) arising when the aristocratic council ousted the king and abolished the assembly.
Tyranny (rule by one who ruled without legal authority) riding to power on the discontent of the lower
classes.
Democracy (rule of the people), the outstanding political achievement of the Greeks.
Discuss the common people's problem during under the Oligarchy. By the middle of the 8th century BCE,
the nobles, who resented the power of the tribal king, had taken over the government, ushering in the AGE
OF OLIGARCHY:
Nobles ruthlessly acquired the best land.
Many commoners were reduced to virtual serfdom.
Other commoners were forced to seek a living on rocky, barren soil.
HOWEVER, COLONIZATION ameliorated Greece's economic and social problems.
Explained the circumstances that caused the end of the Oligarchy. By 600 BCE, the use of coined money
had created the beginnings of a middle class. The Greek home states focused on the production of specialized
wares (vases, metal goods, textiles, olive oil, wine) for export.
The continuing land hunger of the peasants contributed to a POLITICAL REVOLUTION. After
650 BCE, TYRANTS arose in many Greek city-states and, supported by the peasantry and rising
merchant class, seized the reigns of government from the nobility.
Tyrants redistributed land to the peasants and by promoting further colonization, trade, and industry,
accelerated the rise of the mercantile class and completed the ECONOMIC REVOLUTION.
Discuss Solon's reform. In 594 BCE, when Athenian nobles realized their failure to reform would result in a
tyrant, they agreed to the policy of compromise advocated by the liberal aristocrat SOLON. Inspired by the
new ideals of moderation and justice, Solon instituted MODERATE REFORMS:
Provided a new start for the lower classes by CANCELING DEBTS.
Sought FULL EMPLOYMENT by stimulating trade and industry and requiring fathers to teach their
sons a trade
Granted common people POLITICAL RIGHTS but not equality.
Did Solon's Reform lasts? Explain. NO. Solon's moderate reforms satisfied neither party. After a period of
civil strife, PISISTRATUS, a military hero and champion of the commoners, took over as tyrant.
Discuss Pisistratus' reform. He solved the economic problem by BANISHING MANY NOBLES whose
lands he distributed among the poor. He also promote commerce and industry, and supported PUBLIC
WORKS and the PATRONAGE OF THE ARTSstarting Athens on the path to cultural leadership in
Greece.
Who effectively reduced the power of the oligarchy and noble class? CLEISTHENES temporarily seized
power in 508 BCE and put through constitutional reforms that destroyed the remaining power of the nobility.
Describe Cleisthenes' Reform that ended the power of the oligarchy and noble class.
Cleisthenes reform includes:
Creating TEN NEW TRIBES, embracing citizens of all classes and districts.
Giving the popular ASSEMBLY the RIGHT TO INITIATE LEGISLATION.
Giving the new and democratic COUNCIL OF FIVE HUNDRED, SELECTED BY LOT from the
ten tribes the power to advise the assembly and supervise the administrative actions of the archons.
Starting the institution of OSTRACISM (an annual referendum) in which a quorum of 6,000 citizens
could vote to exile for ten years any individual thought to be a threat to Athenian democracy.
Describe Pericle's Reform. During the GOLDEN AGE of Greece (461-429 BCE), the great statesman
PERICLES guided Athenian policy. His reforms ensures that:

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Power resided in a board of TEN ELECTED GENERALS.

Athens paid jurors (a panel of 6,000 citizens chosen annually by lot) and members of the Council so
the POOR COULD PARTICIPATE IN GOVERNMENT,

Under Pericles, was democracy available to all? NO. Although DEMOCRACY was an outstanding
achievement, it is important to keep in mind that the majority of the inhabitants of Athens were not
recognized citizens. WOMEN, SLAVES, and RESIDENT ALIENS were DENIED CITIZENSHIP.
These groups had no standing in the law courts. (If a woman sought the protection of the law, she had to ask a
citizen to plead for her in court.)
Sparta around 500 B.C
How does the Spartan State expanded? The city-state of Sparta expanded by conquering and enslaving its
neighbors. To guard against revolts by the state slaves (helots), who worked the land, Sparta transformed itself
into a militaristic TOTALITARIAN STATE.
Describe the Political Structure of Spartan Government. For the small minority of ruling Spartans, it was
a democracy. For the masses, it was an oligarchy (rule by the few).
Discuss the state of individual liberty in Spartan Society. The state enforced ABSOLUTE
SUBORDINATION of the individual to its will. The practices were that:
Every Spartan was first of all a solider.
Sickly infants were left to die on lonely mountaintops.
Boys were taken from their families at age 7 to live under rigorous military discipline.
Girls were trained to be the mothers of warrior sons.
Spartan women bid the men farewell by saying: "Come back with your shield, or on it."
Discuss the effect of totalitarian rule on Spartan Society. Sparta remained BACKWARD culturally and
economically. Trade and travel were prohibited for fear that alien ideas would disturb the status quo. A
SELF-IMPOSED ISOLATION resulted in:
Intellectual stagnation
Rigid social conformity
Military regimentation
What is the purpose of the Spartan League? To insure that its helots would remain uncontaminated by
democratic ideas, Sparta formed the SPARTAN LEAGUE of oligarchic states. When the Persians conquered
Lydia in 547 BCE, they also annexed Ionia. In 499 BCE, the Ionian cities revolted, established democratic
regimes, and appealed to the Athenians to help.
Discuss the events that created the Delian League. The BATTLE OF MARATHON in 490 BCE was a
decisive victory for the Athenian army, which was half the size of the Persians. (6400 Persians died as
opposed to 192 Athenians.) Ten years later, in the BAY OF SALAMIS, the Greek fleet (largely Athenian)
turned the tide of victory and forced the Persians to retreat. In 478 BCE, Athens invited the city-states
bordering on the Aegean to form a defensive alliance called the DELIAN LEAGUE.
Describe the operation/administration of the Delian league. Under the Delian League, 200 ships were
needed to police the seas. Each state was assessed ships or money in proportion to its wealth. By 468 BCE,
after the Ionian cities had been liberated and the Persian fleet destroyed, various League members thought it
unnecessary to continue the confederacy.
Motivated by fear of the Persians and by the need to protect free-trade, the Athenians suppressed all
attempt to secede and created an informal EMPIRE. By aiding in the suppression of local aristocratic
factions within its subject states, Athens emerged as the leader of a union of democratic states.
However, its HUBRIS (excessive pride) proved to be its undoing.
Describe the events that led to the Peloponnesian War. To many Greeks, especially the oligarchic
SPARTAN LEAGUE and the aristocratic factions within the Athenian empire, ATHENS WAS A TYRANT
CITY and an enslaver of Greek liberties. In 431 BCE, the PELOPONNESIAN WAR broke out between the
Spartan League and the Athenian empire.

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Determine the motive of the Spartans in joining the Peloponnesian War. SPARTANS FEAR Athens'
growth of power. COMMERCIAL RIVALRY between Athens and Sparta's ally Corinth was an important
factor.
Compare the Strength and weaknesses of Sparta and Athens.
Sparta

Athens

Strength

Sparta's army had the ability to besiege

Athens and lay waste to its fields.

Athens' unrivaled navy could import foodstuffs

and harass its enemies' costs.

Weakness

Limited Economic Resources

In the second year of the war, a plague killed a

third of the Athenian population, including
Pericles.
Leadership of the Athenian government passed
to demagogues.

How did the Athenian Empire ended?

A compromise peace was reached in 421 BCE. During the succeeding period, ATHENIAN IMPERIALISM
manifested itself in its worst form. In 416 BCE, an expedition embarked for MELOS, A NEUTRAL
AEGEAN ISLAND, to force it to join the Athenian empire. Acting on the premise that "might makes right,"
the Athenians PUT ALL MELIANS OF MILITARY AGE TO DEATH and SOLD THE WOMEN AND
CHILDREN INTO SLAVERY. This exhibition of HUBRIS was their downfall.
In 404 BCE, ATHENS CAPITULATED after its last fleet was destroyed by a Spartan fleet built with money
received from Persia in exchange for the Greek cities in Ionian. The once great city of Athens was stripped
of its possessions and demilitarized.
Describe the agriculture and diet of the Ancient Greeks.
The daily diet included CEREALS (like wheat and barley), GRAPES, and OLIVES -- commonly called
the MEDITERRANEAN TRIAD. The Greeks typically made grapes into WINE and olives into OLIVE
OIL, so they would keep without refrigeration. Grains and cereals were commonly used for BREAD and
PORRIDGE.
Diets were supplemented with VEGETABLES and HERBS from kitchen gardens as well as BERRIES, and
MUSHROOMS. The poor usually ate FISH, while oysters, sea urchins, octopus, and eels were considered
DELICACIES and only eaten by the wealthy.
Describe the livelihood of the common Greeks.
MEN did most of the hard, muscle power jobs such as PLOWING AND REAPING.
The WOMEN SOWED SEED, WEEDED THE FIELDS and TENDED THE HOUSEHOLD and
CHILDREN. Women might also grow SMALL GARDENS around the house with vegetables and beans.
Women might also bring in extra income for the farm with a CRAFT TRADE such as weaving that they
might sell at a market.
At the time of harvest, what happen to the Farmer's harvest?
Farmers had to give a SMALL PORTION of their crops to the gods as a SACRIFICE and to the city-state
for TAXES. This left the farmers with just enough to feed their families.
How does a Greek farmer becomes a wealthy landowner? The land was divided very precisely. Each
household in a polis was given a plot of land. This plot would be handed down to the children. If the farmer
could not pay his land taxes; a WEALTHIER LAND OWNER COULD TAKE IT and pay the debt for the
farmer. Many aristocrats built their wealth this way.
Describe the lifestyle of Greek Women.
GREEK WOMEN: Greek women had very LITTLE FREEDOM outside the home. They could attend
weddings, funerals, some religious festivals, and could visit female neighbors for brief periods of time.
In their homes, Greek women were in charge. Their job was to RUN THE HOUSE AND TO BEAR
CHILDREN. Most Greek women themselves, as most households, had slaves. DID NOT DO
HOUSEWORK. FEMALE SLAVES cooked, cleaned, and worked in the fields.
MALE SLAVES watched the door to make sure no one came in when the man of the house was away, except
for female neighbors, and acted as tutors to the young male children
Wives and daughters were NOT ALLOWED TO WATCH THE OLYMPIC GAMES as the participants in
the games did not wear clothes.

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Describe the Typical Day of a Greek Housewife.

7:05 Rises
7:08 Eats small piece of bread soaked in wine. Is still hungry, but must be careful about her figure
7:09 Pecks husband on cheek and sends him off to the agora. Sighs. Looks at the four bare (slightly tinted)
walls. Rarely allowed out of the house, she prepares for another day at home.
7:15 Summon hand maiden to cool her with huge peacock feather.
8:30 All dressed up with no place to go, she wanders into the kitchen, eyes a piece of honey cake. Resists.
9:27 Hears argument between two servants, rushes out to mediate.
11:15 Wanders into the courtyard near flowerbed where slave girls are spinning and giggling. Asks to join
them. Is reminded this is improper behaviorthey suggest she ready herself for lunch.
12:15 Husband arrives, chiding her about the foolishness of make-up. Pretends to agree. Husband leaves at
12:22
3:00 Instructs daughter on her duties of being a wife.
8:05 Husband and wife sit down at low table to dinner; bread, oil, wine, a few figs, small portion of fish (only
320 calories) and beans. She hears about his day. He tells her she should not bother about the affairs of men.
Pretends to agree. She is too hungry to argue.
10:10 Falls asleep. Does not dream of tomorrow
Excerpt from: Lynn, Schnurnberger. Let There Be Clothes.
Describe the design and purpose of the Greek Houses.
GREEK HOUSING: Citizens wanted to live within the CITY because it was the CENTER OF CIVIC
LIFE. They built private houses along NARROW STREETS; crowded up against one another
Unlike the luxurious public buildings, houses were built in a simple manner. They were made up of TWO
OR THREE ROOMS, around an open air COURTYARD and were made of STONE, WOOD, OR CLAY
BRICKS.
LARGER HOMES might also have a KITCHEN, a ROOM FOR BATHING, a MENS DINING
ROOM, and perhaps a WOMANS SITTING AREA.
MEN spent most of the time in the Agora or abroadonly returning home to EAT AND SLEEP.
WOMEN were SEGREGATED in their own quarterson the ground floor or second level of a two storey
home
Describe Greek Fashion
GREEK CLOTHING: Greek clothing was very SIMPLE.
Men and women wore LINEN IN THE SUMMER and WOOL IN THE WINTER. Women were expected
to be decently covered
The ancient Greeks could buy cloth and clothes in the AGORA, the marketplace, but that was expensive.
Most families MADE THEIR OWN clothes, which were SIMPLE TUNICS AND WARM CLOAKS, dyed
a bright color or bleached white.
Clothes were MADE BY THE MOTHER, her daughters, and female slaves.
According to tradition the first OLYMPICS took place in 776 BC. They became a central aspect of Greek
culture and in many ways were the most important factor uniting the Greeks, except for their language and
mythology.
Greek Mythology and Religion
Give an overview of Greek Religion.
The Greeks were POLYTHEISTIC and did not all worship the same gods.
Some small villages worshiped the main gods and their own village gods.
There were hundreds of Greek gods (perhaps around 1,000). Some of the most famous gods were Zeus,
Hera, Apollo, Artemis, Poseidon, Aphrodite, Athena, Demeter, Hermes, Ares, and Hades.
ZEUS surpassed all other gods in spirit, wisdom and justice and his wife HERA was the queen of the gods.
Explain the religious significance of SACRIFICES.
SACRIFICES to please the gods were a major part of every Greek's religion. Most gods preferred an animal
sacrificegenerally a DOMESTICATED ANIMAL like a chicken, goat or cow.
When an animal was sacrificed, it was burned on top of an altar. After it was fully cooked, it had to be
EATEN ON THE SPOT -- usually before nightfall. These sacrifices were the property of the god, and had
to be eaten in his presence.

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This was especially important because the ancient Greeks believed that the god's spirit was within the animal
sacrificed, and by eating the animal, the worshipers CONSUMED HIS POWER. In this way, they
strengthened the connection between man and god.
Who or what is the Oracle of Delphi?
Dating back to 1200 BCE, the Oracle of Delphi was the most important shrine in all Greece. Built around a
sacred spring, Delphi was considered to be the omphalos - the center (literally navel) of the world.
People came from all over Greece and beyond to have their questions about the future answered by the
Pythia, the priestess of Apollo. And her answers, usually cryptic, could determine the course of everything
from when a farmer planted his seedlings, to when an empire declared war.
Summarize the Greek Creation Story. The universe created the gods. Heaven and Earth were the parents of
the first gods, the Titans. The Titans possessed enormous strength and had a physique to match. Cronus rules
the Titans, until his son Zeus dethroned him. Zeus became the leader of the Olympian gods, who resided at
Mount Olympus. Mt. Olympus was a place not quite on earth, but not exactly heaven. It was untouched by
weather, and its protected by the Seasons.
Compare Greek belief system with others. Unlike many belief systems, the Greeks gods have many faults:
they are prone to fits of jealousy, vanity and temper tantrums.
LIST DOWN the Popular Greek gods as well their notable features.
Zeus:
Symbols: thunderbolt, eagle, and oak tree.
Family: Zeus is married to Hera, his sister. While Zeus rules the Sky, clouds, thunderbolts and has more
power than all other gods combined, his brothers Poseidon and Hades govern the Sea and Underworld. Zeus
has numerous famous children including many of the Olympians, but he is also the father of Perseus and
Persephone.
The Notorious Z-E-U-S: He is infamous for his many love affairs and bad temper.
Hera
Symbols: cow and peacock
Family: Hera is married to Zeus and is also his sister. Her children are Ares, Hebe and Hephaestus and a
daughter, Ilithyia.
Woman Scorned: Hera is the protector of marriage, particularly married women. Hera was used to an
unfaithful husband and her jealousy was well known throughout Greece. She would torment Zeuss other
women, many of whom were unaware they had wronged Hera. Zeus would often disguise himself to the
mortal ladies in an effort to hide from his smart and beautiful wife. It was Heras vanity that caused the
ultimate fall of Troy.
Willing to help: Hera was not without her merits. She was a protector of heroes and a fixture in every home.
Her daughter, Ilithyia helped women in childbirth.
Aphrodite
Symbols: myrtle tree, dove, swan and sparrow
Family: She is the daughter of Zeus and Dione. Aphrodite is said to have been born from the foam of the sea.
She married Hephaestus and Cupid is her son.
Legend has it: That Aphrodites beauty awe-struck all men, no matter how wise. Although often depicted in
art for her beauty and charm, she was also known to be manipulative. The Three Graces were her attendants,
who borne brought her up to Mount Olympus when she was born. The beautiful goddess was covered in the
jewels and crowns her husband made for her but Aphrodite was still rumored to have had an affair with her
husbands brother, Ares.
Ares
Symbols: vulture and dog
Family: He is definitely the son of Hera, but no one can say for certain who his father is. Many say his father
is Zeus, but whether Zeus is his step-dad or biological dad doesnt matter; Zeus and Hera did not like Ares.
On a planet of his own: Ares not have the glorious tales of the other gods and goddesses. He is more a
symbol of war than anything else. Although he may have had an affair with the lovely Aphrodite.
Athena

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Symbols: olive tree and owl

Family: Some say she was born of Zeus alone, others that her mother was Metis, the wife Zeus had to
swallow. Either way, she was born fully grown and in armor from her fathers head. Athena never married and
had no children.
Where in Greece? You may have already guessed that Athens was named after this goddess. She was in
competition with Poseidon, her uncle, for claim of the city. Each presented the people with a gift and Athena
gave the beautiful, practical gift of the olive tree. Needless to say, she won and Athens is hers.
Dionysus
Symbol: the grape vine, wine
Family: The son of Zeus and the mortal princess Semele Dionysus is the youngest of the Gods. Hera
discovered this affair of Zeuss and tricked the sweet princess into her own death. Zeus was able to rescue his
son and sowed him into his thigh until he was ready to be born.
Oh, I like dolphins: Then you better thank this god. Known for his gentleness he saved sailors from a watery
death by turning them into dolphins. And to think, some people do not consider Dionysus worthy to be an
Olympian. Besides, Dionysus is the inventor of wine.
Artemis
Symbols: cypress tree and deer
Family: The Maiden Goddess is the twin sister of Apollo. Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto.
Am I moonstruck or was that a silver arrow? If you died a quick and painless death it was probably a
silver arrow shot by this goddess. Artemis was known for her contradictions; preserving youth but requiring
the sacrifice of a maiden from the Greek Fleet before sailing off to Troy.
Hermes
Symbols: winged sandals, low helmet, and caduceus (his wand).
Family: Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia, Atlass daughter.
Its Getting Hot in Here: Or is Hermes just bringing you to the underworld. One of his chief duties was to
guide people to the underworld. He was also a master thief and stole many of Apollos cows when only one
day old! Hermes is also the most popular god, appearing in more tales than any one else.
Poseidon
Symbols: the trident, bulls and horses.
Family: Poseidon is second in power to his brother, Zeus. Poseidon is also the son of Cronus and Rhea.
Poseidon married Amphitrite and together they had one son, Triton.
Something smells fishy: Poseidon had a beautiful palace of coral beneath the sea, but he was often found in
the clouds of Olympus. Poseidon was an important God to the Greeks, because they relied on the sea for
much of their welfare. It was Poseidons choice for the sea to be calm or enraged with a storm. Poseidon is
also well known for giving man the horse.
Apollo
Symbols: laurel, dolphin and lyre
Family: Apollo is Artemiss twin brother and son of Zeus and Leto.
The Greekiest Greek of them all: Apollo is a prominent figure in the arts including poetry and music. His
brother, Hermes gave him the golden lyre for which he used to entertain the other gods. Apollo also never told
a lie.
Demeter
Symbols: hearthstone
Family: Demeter is the sister of Zeus, Poseidon and Hades. She is also the mother of Persephone whom she
never let out of her sight.
Kindest of them all: Demeter gave up her throne on Mount Olympus to make room for Dionysus. She
instead took her place at the hearth in the center of the thrones, where she considered herself to rightly belong.
Demeter was devastated when her daughter, Persephone, was kidnapped by Hades. Each spring, Demeter
would greet her daughter at the entrance from the underworld.
Hephaestus
Symbols: Hephaestus does not have any specific symbols like the other gods
Family: He is the son of Hera and some people believe he was also the son of Zeus. He married Aphrodite at
Zeuss order.

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Odd man out: Hephaestus did not have the outer beauty of the other Gods, but was noted for his kindness.
Adding to his outer appearance is his noticeable limp. This limp was caused by Zeus, who through him off of
Mount Olympus for siding with Hera over Zeus in a fight. Hephaestus is the patron of smiths making him
very important to Greek life.

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