Asessment of in sity concrete strength by R.Picinotti.
Different knowledge levels determine type and number of in-situ tests. The different knowledge levels are: KL1 Limited KL2 Normal KL3Full Depending on geometry, details and material Estimation of concrete strength in existing structures becomes necessary when evaluating their seismic capacity and designing seismic strengthening. In this respect either European [1] and Italian codes [2,3] are specifically devoted to this subject to provide criteria for the evaluation of the seismic performance of existing structures. Among these, mechanical properties of the constituent materials play a key role in the evaluation of the seismic vulnerability of existing buildings. In fact, the strength of concrete is a good index of most of the other properties of practical significance. To summarize, it appears that little research has been conducted with reference to the assessments of characteristic concrete strength in an existing structures. It is the topic covered by this paper describing an alternative method for determining the in situ characteristic concrete compressive strength. The Italian code NTC08 [2] specifies that the average value of the on-site strength (the so called structural resistance) is usually lower than the average value of the strength obtained on cast specimens that are prepared during the construction phases, stored and cured in laboratory (the so called potential strength). In this section, a new formulation able to estimate in situ characteristic concrete compressive strength is presented. This formulation, which uses a similar approach to that of the standard EN 13791, provides an estimate of the in situ characteristic strength of the concrete, starting from the average of the compressive strength measured by testing carried out on samples (cores) extracted from structural elements. During the extraction of cores the machine cause disturbance on structural parts depending on the perforation direction, on the dimensions of the aggregates and on the degree of maturation of the concrete. The formulation differs from EN 13791 for the introduction of corrective The average value of the in situ compressive strength is calculated by the following equation: In the Eq. (6) a2 is a parameter depending on the direction of the perforation (a2 = 1.15 for drilling perpendicular to the direction of casting concrete, a2 = 1.05 for perforations parallel to the direction
of casting concrete); Cdia represents the correction factor which
takes into account the diameter of the core [18]; it is the same as of Fdia of FEMA 274 [19] (that is 1.06 for core diameter d = 50 mm, 1.00 for d = 100 mm and 0.98 for d = 150 mm); Cd is the correction factor which takes into account the disturbance during drilling operations. The ACI 214.4R-03 [22] suggests a constant value equal to 1.06, in the technical literature also Cd = 1.10 has been proposed when the extraction is carried out by experienced operators. However, it is evident that drilling damage grows higher for poor quality of concrete. Therefore as suggested in [20], it appears more suitable to assume Cd = 1.20 for fcar,i < 20 MPa, and Cd = 1.10 for fcar,i > 20 MPa; fcar,i is the core strength of the i-th core to be expressed in MPa; Cl/d is the correction factor that take into account of the ratio height/diameter (l/d) of core. It is suggested to assume Cl/d from the following equation: Cl=d 0:045 l=d3 0:308 l=d2 0:766 l=d 0:340 7
Voorjezelf: Experience shows that information from original design specifications usually have a poor reliability when related to concrete properties; thus, in the valuation of concrete strength of an existing
structure, complementary tests are almost always required.
For this reason, Moreover, concrete casting, a job for skilled workmen, is often carried out by inexperienced workmen; therefore, too much vibration during this procedure or even the lack of vibration can cause a lack of homogeneity. In all cases specimens should be taken (with adequate accuracy) so as to be representative of the concrete in situ. Moreover, as the variability of compressive strength of a concrete is influenced also by the stress condition of a structural element, in the points chosen for extraction, it is better to choose the areas which are under less stress and those which are not damaged. The experimental tests were conducted on cores with ratio l/ d = 1 and on cores with ratio l/d = 2. Cores were cut and leveled or capped with sulfur mortar [27]. Fig. 2 shows a core extracted from a specimen (or a structural element) before cutting, while Fig. 3 shows a core during dimensional checks. Verschil met civiel is dat, bij civiel vaker goed verdicht wordt! Is toch logisch dat tie een hogere waarde van ongeveer 15% geeft!!! 1/0,85= 1,17 Wie zegt dat En13791 te hoog is, miss is EN1990 wel gewoon te laag.
An experimental study on the within-member variability of in situ concrete strength
in RC building structures A. Masi, L. Chiauzzi Fcd is based on betha,safety principle. While assessment is based on confidence factor. Can you combine these