Ch.

2: Energy & 1st Law of Thermo

Closed Systems

Ch. 2: Energy & 1st Law of Thermo

Closed Systems

Esys

I. E, Energy (a property)

Mechanical Energy:

Kinetic Energy,
Translational

Potential Energy,
Gravitational

I. E, Energy
Internal Energy, U:
sum of microscopic forms of energy:
Electron and nuclear forces (atomic level)
Bonds in molecules
Kinetic Energy of molecules
Translation, rotation, vibration
Molecule to molecule forces (eg. H2O)

A change in Temperature (or sometimes pressure) or phase

causes a change in U
Sensible heat: change of temperature of substance
Latent heat: change of phase of substance

u, specific internal energy:

I. E, Energy (continued)

Total Energy E:

specific energy e:

Height change z must be relative to the direction of gravity

Scalar: no associated direction
relative to a reference point
A property !!
Energy conversion between KE ad PE (pendulum swings)

I. E, Energy (continued)
Change in Energy:

II. Energy Transfers:

Energy transfer = flow of energy across a boundary of a
system during a process

Q, Heat:
W, Work:

II. Energy Transfers, continued

Win

Qin
Qout

Q and W can flow in and/or out, at several

places
Q and W are NOT properties
they are path dependent

II. Energy Transfer by HEAT: Q

Heat vs. Thermal Energy vs. Temperature
Units (kJ, Btu)
Sign convention
Heat added to the system is positive
Heat removed from the system is negative
Adiabatic process: no heat transfer
Types of heat transfer modes
Conduction
Convection
Radiation

II. Energy Transfer by HEAT: Q

Q: amount of energy transfer by heat (J, BTU)
Q : rate of heat transfer (W=J/s, BTU/h)
q: heat flux, heat transfer rate per unit area (W/m 2 , BTU/h.ft 2 )
t2

Q Qdt
t1

t2

Q qdA
t1

II. Energy Transfer by HEAT: Q

Heat is not a property, it is path dependent

The amount of energy transfer by heat for a process

2

Q Q Q2 Q1
1

Heat is not a property

II. Energy Transfer by WORK: W

Units (kJ, Btu, ft-lbf)
Work is not possessed by a system-only
measured as it crosses the system boundary
Sign convention:
positive if done by a system,
negative if done on a system
Many types of Work
Mechanical
Electrical
Expansion/compression

II. Energy Transfer by Work: W

Work is not a property
s2

W = F .ds (J, BTU)

s1

W : power (W=J/s, BTU/h)

t2

W = Wdt
t1

II. Work is path dependent

Work is not a property

II. Work is path dependent

III. 1st Law of Thermodynamics

Closed System
(integrated over time):

Wout

Qin

Example 2.1:
A 1 kg metal weight that is initially 1 m
above the ground is connected by a cable
through a frictionless pulley to a smaller
mass. The 1 kg mass is dropped from rest
and does 5 Joules of work as it lifts the
smaller weight.
Determine the speed at which the 1 kg mass
hits the ground.

III. 1st Law of Thermodynamics, cont.

Closed System (Instantaneous):
Wout

Qin

IV. Cycles
Cycle: a series of
processes that begin and
end at the same state

IV. Cycles, cont.

1st Law Energy Balance
Equation for a cycle:
Ecycle 0

or
Qcycle Wcycle

Example 2.3:
A closed system (stationary) goes through a 3process cycle beginning with U1 = 100 kJ.
1500 J of heat is added to the system during
process 1-2 until
the internal energy increases to U2 = 200 kJ.
Process 2-3 is adiabatic as 10 kJ work is done
on the system.
No work is done during process 3-1.
Find U, Q, and W for each process.
Process
1-2
2-3
3-1

II. Types of Work and Power

Mechanical Work:

Wmech F .ds

Mechanical Power:
ds

Wmech F
?
dt
FV

where F Fdrag Frolling

1
2
Fdrag Cd A f V
2
Frolling f *Weight

II. Types of Work and Power

Rotational Mechanical Power
(Shaft Power):
W
rot

rev 2 rad 1 min

RPM
min 1 rev 60 sec

II. Types of Work and Power

Electrical Power:

Welec E* i
1 Watt 1 Volt *1 Amp

W W dt
t

II. Types of Work and Power

Fluid Power:

Recall:

W fluid p * V

Relating Power and Work :

W W dt
t

Waverage
t

II. Types of Work and Power

Expansion/Compression Work:

II. Expansion / Compression Work:

- Common form of work for a
gas in a piston/cylinder
device

cylinder
y

piston
V, p

gas

II. Expansion / Compression Work

To move the piston up (expand):

W Fds

with

F ?

II. Expansion / Compression Work

F pA
W pAds

and

Ads ?

II. Expansion / Compression Work

Ads dV

W pdV

II. Expansion / Compression Work

P

W on p-V diagram

W pdV

Work =
area under curve
V

Work = ?

II. pdV Work: 4 cases

V = constant

pV = constant

p = constant

pV = constant (polytropic)

II. calculating pdV work for 4 cases

V = constant

pV = constant

p = constant

pVn = constant (polytropic)

Example 2.4:
0.41 lb of air in a piston/cylinder device
goes through a constant pressure (p = 20
2
lbf/in ) heat addition process as the
3
3
volume changes from 5 ft to 6.52 ft .
Find the work during this process.

Example 2.5:
Nitrogen, which behaves as an ideal gas,
is compressed in a piston cylinder device
as temperature is held constant at 27C.
The work required during compression is
7000 J.
The initial pressure and volume are 100
3
kPa and 0.1 m .
Find (a) the final volume and (b) the heat
during this process.

Example 2.6:
0.05 kg of air
expands in a piston cylinder device until
the final volume is 4 times the initial
volume.
The initial pressure and volume are 400
kPa and 0.0144 m3, and
the expansion is polytropic with n = 1.4.
Find the work during this process.

IV. Cycles, cont.

Thermal Reservoir:
A large mass that can
accept or reject heat without
changing temperature

at TH

(also called thermal energy

SOURCE or SINK)
at TL

IV. Cycles, cont.

Thermal Reservoirs:

IV. Cycles, cont.

Thermal cycles operate
between two thermal
reservoirs

IV. Thermal Cycles 3 types

1. Power Cycle
Objective:

2a. Refrigeration Cycle

Objective:

2b. Heat Pump Cycle

Objective

IV. Cycles
1. Power
Cycle

1. Power Cycle
Objective: to produce work
(power), Wnet,out
By using heat added from a
high-temperature reservoir
(QH from TH)
QH is IN
And rejecting heat to a lowtemperature reservoir
(QL to TL)
QL is OUT

Power
Cycle

1. Power Cycle
- Power Cycle Energy Balance
Power

- Power Cycle Performance

Cycle

Refrigeration
High temp Reservoir

Objective: to keep LOW

temperature reservoir
cool by removing QL
R

Driven by Work (Power) put

into the cycle
(compressor)
Low temp Reservoir

Refrigeration
High temp Reservoir

- Refrigeration Cycle Energy Balance

Low temp Reservoir

- Refrigeration Cycle Performance

Heat Pump
High temp Reservoir

Objective: to keep HIGH

temperature reservoir
warm by adding QH

R or
HP
HP

Driven by Work (Power) put into

the cycle (compressor)
Low temp Reservoir

Heat Pump
High temp Reservoir

- Heat Pump Cycle Energy Balance

- Heat Pump Cycle Performance

R or
HP
HP

Low temp Reservoir

1. Power Cycle

2a. Refrigeration Cycle

2b. Heat Pump Cycle

Example 2.7:
A 600 MW steam power plant is cooled by
water from a nearby river.
The thermal efficiency of the plant is 40%.
Find the rate of heat rejection from the plant to
the river.

Example 2.8:
A household refrigerator has a coefficient of
performance of 1.2.
Heat transfer to the refrigerated space through
the insulation and due to opening of the
refrigerator doors is 60 kJ/min.
Find
the electric power consumed by the
refrigerator and
the rate of heat transfer to the kitchen air from
the refrigerator.

Example 2.9:
A heat pump is used to maintain the air in a
home at 69F when
the outside temperature is just below freezing.
Heat loss from the home through doors,
windows, the roof, and the walls is 36,000
Btu/hr.
What is the coefficient of performance of the heat
pump if it consumes electrical power at the rate of
1 kW.