Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Fairfield University
School of Engineering
Fluctuating Fatigue
Last lecture we discussed
loading that alternately went
from tension to
compression with the
extremes equal and
opposite.
Now we look at the more
general case where there
could be a mean value.
This is called Fluctuating
Fatigue, and is
characterized by both a
mean and an alternating
component.
alt
range
mean
Time
mean =
alt =
max + min
2
max min
2
= Stress Amplitude
Hamrock
Section 7.3
mean =
max + min
2
alt =
80
40
40
-40
40
max min
2
mean
alt
Fluctuating or
Fully Reversing?
Circles
represent
failures
Modified Goodman
Diagram
Hamrock
Section 7.10
(Test Specimen)
alt
mean
Factors of Safety
Alt.
Only
Proportional
alt
Mean Only
mean
1
A = Se ( M )
n Sut
Se
Load
Line
Se/n
A
mean
M
alt
A
1 M
=
S e n Sut
1 A M
=
+
n S e Sut
Equations of
the Goodman
Line:
alt =
alt =
Sut/n
Se
mean + S e = Se ( mean + 1)
Sut
Sut
Sut
mean
or
alt = Se (1
1 mean
)
n
Sut
alt = Se (
mean
Sut
alt
Lim
1
Se
=
n M Se
1 +
A Sut
Se
Se/n
alt
A
Sut/n
me
an
Sut
alt = Se (1
mean
Sut
a max = Se (1
M
Sut
Se
a max
alt
a max
n=
A
mean
Sut
Fatigue Exercise
Given a bar of steel
with these properties
Yield
UltimateTensile
Endurance
40 ksi
65 ksi
30 ksi
Min
Max
0
-27
36
37
Mean
14
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Alt
32
ksi
ksi
ksi
Fatigue Exercise
Min
Yield
UltimateTensile
Endurance
40 ksi
65 ksi
30 ksi
Max
0
-27
-18
Mean
36
37
46
Alt
18
5
14
18 ksi
32 ksi
32 ksi
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
alt = 50 ksi
mean = 70 ksi
Stress ratio R =
alt = 50 ksi
mean = 70 ksi
min
max
alt
Amplitude ratio A =
mean
Ignore Stress
Concentration
CASE 2: Tip is flexed between 0.075 in and 0.225 in. What is life
for 95% survival?
By proportioning, the force now fluctuates between 8.631 lb and 3 x
8.631 = 25.893 lb.
Stresses go from +23.1 ksi to +69.3 ksi.
0.225
Tip
Deflection 0.150
(in)
0.075
0
alt
69.3
46.2
mean
23.1
0
Stress
(ksi)
69.3
alt
46.2
mean
23.1
0
mean =
alt =
Stress
(ksi)
max + min
2
max min
2
69.3 + 23.1
= 46.2 ksi
2
69.3 23.1
=
= 23.1ksi
2
=
60
Se
40
A
20
Sut
0
0
20
40
M 60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
Se
40
A
20
Sut
0
0
20
40
M 60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
n=
1
= 1.64
0.611
M
Sut
) = 54.8(1
a max 44.4
n=
=
= 1.92
A
23.1
46.2
) = 54.8(1 0.189) = 44.4 ksi
245
260
Impact
Static displacement of Weight on
Spring of stiffness, k
st =
W
k
Impact factor is
P
2h
I m = max = max = 1 + 1 +
static W
st
h
W
Impact
For this situation, what is:
1. The static deflection
2. The Impact factor
3. The max deflection
4. The max force
10Lb
10
10Lb
100
Lb/in
Impact
For the case of a weight sliding
horizontally with a velocity, V,
and hitting the spring
max
WV 2
=
gk
max =
stV
g
Impact
For this setup, what velocity
gives the same max force as the
falling weight just did?
100Lb/in
V
10Lb
10Lb
Impact
Read Hamrocks Example 7.10 of a diver landing on a diving board.
Note that the spring here is a beam, whose stiffness is calculated as
Force/Deflection.
Also note that he deflects the end of the board 4 inches, and sees a
max force of 2844 Lb!