Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
verbs, 428–37
A translations, 668
defined, 247
by two authors, 664
B independent, see independent clauses
citations of several works by same author;
C main, G758
follow-up reference, 663
nonrestrictive, see nonrestrictive elements
D citing source you have cited more than one
noun, see noun clauses
note earlier, 663
E relative, see adjective (relative) clause(s)
citing source your have just cited in
F restrictive, see restrictive elements
previous
subordinate, see subordinate (dependent)
G note, 663
clauses
first reference to any book cited, 663
H clichés, 142–43
footnotes and endnotes, 662
I clip art, 217
general format for, 663
CMS (Chicago Manual of Style) system, 662–72
J Ibid., use of, 663
articles:
online articles, 672
K anthology selection, 668–69
online books, 671
L in a journal with yearly volume
collective nouns, G752
M numbers, 669–70
subject-verb agreement and, 358
magazine, 669
N colloquialisms, 132
in a newspaper, 670–71
colon, 467–68
O online, 671–72
with quotation marks, 475, 476
P in reference book, signed, 670
Columbia Guide to Online Style, 593
in reference book, unsigned, 670
Q comma(s), 463(box)
books:
with addresses, 461, 462
R chapter in a, 666
with adjective clauses, 306–7
S with corporate author, 668
with adverb clauses, 313
edited, with focus on editor, 665
T with appositives, 268
edited, with focus on original author,
comma splice, 172, 290–91, 455, G752
U 665
in compound sentences, 285–86
V edition other than the first, 666–67
after a conjunction, 454
with editor(s), 665–66
W before conjunctions, 453–54, 460
by one author, 663–64
after conjunctive adverb at beginning of
X online, 671
sentence or clause, 455
Y reprints, 667
with conjunctive adverbs, 288–89
Z
Index compound sentences, 284–93, 319, G754
and, overusing, 286
A
pronunciation, 152
B as research source, 525 E
C spelling, 152 eager, anxious, G721
syllable division, 152 Editing faulty predication, 259–60
D
synonyms, 153 editorials:
E usage labels, 152–53 APA style, 679
F using the, 151–53 MLA parenthetical style, 590, 595–96
verb usage, 153 effect, affect, G718
G
word forms, 152, 153 Electronic Style (Li and Crane) (1993), 681
H different from, different than, G727 Electronic Styles: A Handbook for Citing Electronic
I differ from, differ with, G727 Information (Li and Crane) (1996), 672, 681
direct object, 249, G761 ellipsis dots, 480–81
J
direct reporting, 403–4, G755–56 email
K of questions, 406, 407–8 MLA parenthetical style, 596
L using tenses in tags, 403–4 emigrate, immigrate, G732
P CMS system, see CMS (Chicago Manual of CMS system for bibliographies, 670
Style) system end marks, see exclamation point; period;
Q
in the humanities, see CMS (Chicago Manual question mark
R of Style) system endnotes, CMS system, see CMS (Chicago Manual
S MLA parenthetical style, see MLA (Modern of Style) system
Language Association) parenthetical style English as a second language, see academic
T
in the natural sciences, 682–85 English for nonnative speakers
U CBE style, see CBE style ensure, insure, assure, G722
V in the social sciences, see APA style envelop, envelope, G728–29
does, 429–30 essays:
W
double negatives, 267–68, G756 MLA parenthetical style, see MLA (Modern
X drama, see plays Language Association) parenthetic style,
Y article or essay
Z
Index footnotes, CMS system, see CMS (Chicago Manual
of Style) system
Q comparatives, 266–67
H compound sentences, forming, 289
R
half, 425–26 determiners, 426–27
S hanged, hung, G731 faulty tense shifts, 386
T has to, have to, got to, G731–32 interviews, conducting, 571
headword, G757 invigorating your style, 414
U
helping verbs, see auxiliaries joining independent clauses, 289
V homonyms, 172–73, 493 misused modifiers, spotting, 282
W hopefully, G732 participles, 271
human, humane, G732 passive voice, 391
X
humanities, writing in the: phrasal verbs, 436–37
Y asking questions when, 660 pronoun reference, obstacles to clear, 336
Z
Index split, 275, G766–67
tenses of, 371
A
parentheses with, 485, 487
B interviews:
K
kind of, sort of, G734
C MLA parenthetical style for, 597
kinship, capitalization rules for terms of, 504
into, in to, in, G732–33
D
intransitive verbs, 153, 249, G768
E invigorating your style, 414(box) L
F by asking questions, 413 language:
by cutting unnecessary words, 413 academic community, expectations in, 128
G
using active voice more often than the being respectful of other groups, 130
H passive, 412 diction, see diction
I using verbs of action instead of be, 412 figurative, 140–41
by varying sentences, 410–11 gender-inclusive, 128–29
J
irregardless, regardless, G742 group identity and, 127, 128(ex)
K irregular verbs, G765 sexist, 128
L past participle of, 269 see also words
Z
Index CMS system for documenting, 669
MLA parenthetical style for documenting,
A 588
letters to the editor, APA style for documenting,
quotation marks for, 507
B 679
source card for, 562–63
C liable, apt, likely, G735
magazine titles, italics or underlining for, 507
lie, lay, G735
D main clause, G758
like, as, as if, G722
main verb, G758–59
E likely, apt, liable, G735
Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and
F linguistics, documentation style for, 682
Dissertations, 6th ed. (Turabian) (rev.
Linguistics Society of America, 682
G Grossman and Bennett), 663
linking verbs, 447–48, G758
many, 425
H lists:
many, much, G736
I colon to introduce, 467
mathematical ratios, numerals for, 514
period to mark letters or numbers in
J mathematics, documentation style for, 682
vertical, 471
maybe, may be, G736
K semicolon, misuse of, 466
measurement(s):
L literary works:
abbreviation of units of, 512
M MLA parenthetical style, see MLA (Modern
apostrophe in common phrases of, 500–501
Language Association) parenthetical style,
N numerals for exact, 514
literary work
mechanics, 503–15
O writing about, see literature, writing about
medicine, documentation style for, 682
P literature, see also humanities, writing in the
metaphors, 140–41
little, 425
Q mixed, 142
little, less, few, G730
might have, might of, G736
R loose, lose, G736
minority groups, using respectful terms for, 130
S lose, loose, G736
misplaced modifiers, 278–79, 282(box), G759
lots of, a lot of, alot of, G736
T misspelling, see spelling
LSA Bulletin, 682
mixed constructions, 258, G759
U
mixed metaphor, 142
V M MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers
W machine-readable documents, MLA (Gibaldi), 579
parenthetical style for, 597 MLA (Modern Language Association)
X
magazine articles: parenthetical style, 579–82, 599, 662
Y APA style for documenting, 678, 679 article or essay, 588–92
Z
Index soucre card for, 562–63
translation, 586
Z
Index defined, 251
novels, 622–24
Z
Index tenses of, 371, 440–42
participle phrases, 269, G762
A defined, 269
only, G737
punctuating, 270
B Opera News, 127
particle, G761
C operas, italics or underlining for titles of, 507
passed, past, G738
ordinal numbers, 424
D passive voice, 250, 391(box), G769
organizations, abbreviation of names of, 511
the agent in, 387
E ourselves, ourself, G737–38
choosing the, 390–91, 412
F forming the, 388–89
G P function of, 387
page numbers, numerals for, 514 misuse of, 391
H
paragraphs: progressive form compared to, 389
I sequence of tenses in, 381–82, 383–84 past, passed, G738
J tense shifts in, 381–82, 383–84 past perfect tense:
parallel construction(s), G761 common, 368
K
faulty, 297, G756 forming the, 364
L progressive form of, 368
reasons for, 294–95
M using correlatives with, 296 using the, 368, 371
T for side comments, 486–87 performances, MLA parenthetical style for, 598
sparing use of, 487 period, 470–72, 511
U
participle(s), 268–71, 271(box), 440–42, G761 misuse of, 471–72
V defined, 269 with quotation marks, 476
W past, 269, 270, 440–42 spacing after, 470
perfect, 269, 371, G762 periodicals, source card for, 562–63
X
present, 269, 371, 440–42 persecute, prosecute, G738
Y punctuating, 270 person, G762
Z
Index of nouns, 493–95, 501
of numbers, 494, 501
A poetry:
personal, personnel, G738
italics or underlining for titles of long
B personal titles or degrees:
poems, 507
C abbreviation of, 509
MLA parenthetical style for, 592–93
capitalization rules, 504
D quotation marks for titles of, 508
commas with, 461
quoting, 404, 478–79
E personnel, personal, G738
political entities:
F persuasion, 619
abbreviation of, 510
phenomenon, phenomena, G738–39
G periods with abbreviations of, 471
phrasal verbs, 431–35, 436(box)
poor, poorly, G739
H phrases, G762
positive form of adjectives and adverbs, G753
I absolute, G749
possessive case, 445, 499–501, G752
adjective, see adjective phrases
J of abbreviations, forming, 499–500
adverb, see adverb phrases
of nouns, 499–500, G752
K compound, 256–57, G754
of pronouns, 342–47, 445, 501, G752
L double quotation marks to enclose, 474,
before a gerund, 260–61, 500
M 475
precede, proceed, proceeds, proceedings, procedure,
figurative, 140–41
N G739
infinitive, see infinitive phrases
predeterminers, 425–26, G763
O misused, 170
predicate, G763
P noun, see noun phrases
base or simple, G763
participle, see participle phrases
Q faulty predication, 259–60, G756
prepositional, G763
function of the, 247
R verb, see verb phrases
verb or verb phrase as part of, 248
S physics, documentation style for, 682
predicate adjective, 249, 497, G763
plagiarism, 571–73
T predicate noun, 249, G763
plays:
prefixes, 492, 498
U italics or underlining for titles of, 507
prepositional phrases, G763
V MLA parenthetical style for, 592
prepositions, 446, G763
plurals:
W adjectives phrases that begin with, 263
of abbreviations, 494, 495, 501
adverb phrases that begin with, 264–65
X apostrophes and, 499–501
idioms using, 143–44
Y of capitalized letters, 494, 501
object of, G761
Z
Index ambiguous, 332
-antecedent agreement, see pronoun-
A antecedent agreement
present perfect tense:
with antecedents, using, 330
B common, 367
without antecedents, using, 331
C forming the, 364
broad reference, 332
progressive form of, 367, 443
D case, 171, 342–47, G752
using the, 367, 371
clear use of, 331
E present tense:
defined, 330, 444
F common, 365–66, 370, 443
definite, G764
in direct reporting, 404
G faulty shifts in pronoun reference, 341
forming the, 363
fixed in number, 355
H of infinitives, 371
free-floating they and it, 333–34
I of participles, 371
function of, 252
progressive, 366, 442–43
J gender-inclusive, 129
subject-verb agreement in, 350
indefinite, see indefinite pronouns
K using the, 365–66
interrogative, G758, G764
L pretentious words, 146
modified, 357
M primary sources, 564, 660
muffled reference, 332–33
principal, principle, G739–40
N object case, 342–47
principal parts, G764
personal, case of, 342–47, G752
O irregular verbs, 363, 372–75 (table)
possessive case, see possessive case, of
P regular verbs, 363
pronouns
principle, principal, G739–40
Q reflexive/emphatic case, 342, 346–47
proceed, proceeds, proceedings, precede, procedure,
relative, see relative pronouns
R G739
remote reference, 334
S process, explaining a, see explaining a process
subject case, 342–47
progressive forms of verbs, 364, 442–43, G753
T unclear reference, 332–34, 336(box)
passive voice compared to, 389
variable in number, 354–356
U see also specific tenses, e.g. present tense,
who, whoever, use of, 345
V progressive form of
whom, whomever, use of, 345
pronoun-antecedent agreement, G750
W proofreading, spell checkers distinguished from,
in gender, 336
490
X in number, 337–39
proper nouns:
Y pronouns, 444–45, G764
capitalizing, 503–4
Z
Index prose, several lines of, 404
within quotations, 475
Z
Index secondary sources, 660, 661
semicolon, 465–66
Z
Index then, than, G744
there, their, they’re, G745
Z
Index agreement
subordinate, G768
A
wordiness, 413
B words:
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z