September 30, 2013

Dispatches from the frontier of wireless research

THE DOT ITS COOL AS SH&#!

www.signalsresearch.com

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Ericsson just announced the Radio Dot System to address the indoor coverage and capacity issues that plague all
mobile networks. With the first release, the system more closely resembles a hybrid active DAS solution but the
implied product roadmap suggests that the system will evolve to more closely resemble a small cell architecture
with centralized baseband processing. We attended the coming-out party on the 25th in San Jose and we offer
our initial thoughts in this mini Signals Flash! report.

KEY HIGHLIGHTS
The

Dot is one of three components that comprise the Radio Dot System. There is also the Digital Unit (DU)
and the Indoor Radio Unit (IRU). The system is scalable up to 12 IRUs per DU and up to 8 Dots per IRU to
provide coverage and capacity to a 48,000m2 to 76,800m2 building or venue.

The

initial release will support up to 2x20 MHz of spectrum with both UMTS/HSPA+ and LTE in Band 2 and
Band 12 (presumably LTE only). Field trials will occur in Q3/14 with General Availability in Q4/14.

Given

AT&Ts participation at the event and the supported bands, it is clear that AT&T will be one of the first
customers. Multiple operator customers are likely to follow.

Although details about the product roadmap are a bit vague, in particular regarding the timing of new features

and functionalities, what we know/believe is encouraging. We discuss.

Overnight,

Ericsson went from being a laggard to a leader in the market that is traditionally served by small
cells, DAS, or something that falls somewhere in-between.

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2 | SignalsFlash February 21, 2013

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THE RADIO DOT SYSTEM

Last week we attended Ericssons North America Analyst event in San Jose, California. Timed with
this event was the companys product announcement for the Radio Dot System. In addition to
issuing the press release, Ericsson held a mini launch party which is highly uncharacteristic of
the generally conservative company and their Swedish culture. None of the speakers sported a
black turtleneck and jeans while they were on the stage.
Most interestingly, the Senior VP of Networks and Product Planning from AT&T made an unannounced cameo appearance at the event, playing the role of herself. Although AT&Ts comments
focused on the overall importance of small cells and in-building coverage, and there wasnt a
ringing endorsement of the Radio Dot System, it wasnt hard to connect the dots regarding the
operators plans for the product, no pun intended. It is a rare occasion to see a major operator
stand on the stage when one of its vendors makes a product announcement, and it is even rarer
for AT&T to do so. It was also more than a bit ironic that we couldnt buy a bar of cellular coverage
in the hotels conference room and that our operator of choice and the vendor providing macro
infrastructure in the Bay Area for this operator were also in the room and largely to blame for
our misfortunes.

We couldnt buy a bar of

cellular coverage in the
hotels conference room.

Following the event, the senior executive from Ericsson that was largely responsible for the
product asked us what we thought about the product. We paused for a moment to collect our
thoughts and then responded by saying, its cool as Sh&#! We have probably made more politically correct statements in the past but 48 hours later we still stand by our statement.
The cool part of the Radio Dot System is the Dot itself. Seeing pictures of the Dot or watching
it on TV dont do it justice. Tipping the scale at only 10 ounces, the Dot has a sleek form factor
that is somewhat bigger than a hockey puck. However, unlike a hockey puck the Dot is comprised
of two parts that are held together with magnets along with an Ethernet port that is visible
in the back. Popping open the AMU (Antenna Mounting Unit) from the AAU (Active Antenna
Unit) reveals the sophisticated active antenna solution, including a software component that can
address pathloss and interference due to the Ethernet backhaul. Given the product roadmap, the
sophistication of the Dot will need to scale considerably.

3 | Signals Flash September 30, 2013

Seeing pictures of the Dot or

watching it on TV dont do it
justice.

With the forthcoming release, the Dot up-bands the intermediate frequency that is used over
the Ethernet to the desired RF frequency with simultaneous support for UMTS/HSPA+ and LTE.
The Dot is limited to a single frequency band and 2x20 MHz of spectrum. With a transmit power
of 2x100mW with MIMO, the anticipated coverage area per Dot is 500m2 to 800m2. Ericsson is
initially focused on Band 2 (~1900 MHz) and Band 12 (~700 MHz) with AT&T [and other operators]
having spectrum in both bands. Presumably, the Band 12 Dot will only support LTE since Band 12
is only being used for LTE services. We assume our operator recognizes that LTE data coverage
without 3G voice coverage is not acceptable to us. Our suspicion is that the Band 12 Dot will be
deployed in venues where pre-existing in-building solutions, such as DAS, that offer 3G coverage
already exist or in venues where 3G coverage is adequate but additional data capacity is required.

We assume our operator

recognizes that LTE data
coverage without 3G voice
coverage is not acceptable
to us.

There is a natural tendency to compare the Dot with the lightRadio Cube since both products
have great marketing names, they are small, and they require a fair amount of additional equipment to make them work. In the case of the Dot, there is the baseband unit (DU = Digital Unit)
and the radio unit (IRU = Indoor Radio Unit). In their totality, the DU + IRU + Dot = traditional
macro base station functionality, but it is the smaller scale of these components, along with
how their functionality is distributed and then connected together that makes it a compelling
indoor solution.

The DU + IRU + Dot =

traditional macro base
station functionality.

Figure 1 shows several possible deployment scenarios. For each Dot, there needs to be a DU and
an IRU. However, there can be multiple IRUs (12) per DU and multiple Dots (8) per IRU, or up to
96 Dots per system. Ericsson claims that each Dot has an effective coverage range of 500m2 to
800m2. Doing the math, the Radio Dot system with a single DU should be able to cover 48,000m2
to 76,800m2. Clearly, deploying a single Dot wouldnt be economical but it wasnt clear to us at
what point the Radio Dot System becomes more economical than a traditional small cell solution
and at what point a typical DAS solution makes sense. For that matter, it isnt entirely clear to us
that the traditional DAS solution as we know it will ever make as much sense in the future with
the exception being its ability to support a neutral hosted solution.
The DU, which is about the size of a stereo DVD player, connects to the IRUs via fiber cable using the
CPRI interface. The IRUs connect to the Dots via dedicated Ethernet wires. It is, however, possible
to multiplex the IF signals over an Ethernet wire and provide service to two collocated Dots for
example, if supporting the needs of two operators or a single operator with two frequency bands.
Depending on the deployment scenario, the IRUs and DU could be collocated or they could be
located in separate buildings. In the Subtending Nearby RBS scenario, the DU functionality is
provided by a nearby macro base station that happens to have an available CPRI port.
All of the dots that are connected to a single IRU appear as a single cell/sector so there isnt
any interference generated between each Dot that is attached to the same IRU. We believe
there could still be mobility issues and interference at the boundaries between Dot clusters
serving different IRUs that need to be addressed. The IRU can get information from each Dot
and each Dot has its own unique signature which the IRU recognizes. Further, the Dots/IRU can
make adjustments for interference and pathloss in the Ethernet cable. However, it isnt entirely
clear how, or if, inter-IRU interference is addressed. For example, the furthest out Radio Dot
could experience interference that the other Radio Dots dont experience, and there should be
a mechanism to make adjustments without impacting all of the Radio Dots in the system. It is
unclear to us whether or not this capability exists or if it will be introduced at some point in the
future. The Dot currently contains an Active Antenna system but we dont know exactly what
this means or how effective it is in dealing with these issues. Only time will tell.

4 | Signals Flash September 30, 2013

Figure 1 Possible Radio Dot System Deployment Scenarios

Medium to Large Building

Subtending Nearby RBS

Large to Very Large Building

Campus or Large Venue

DU

IRU

Radio Dot (AMU/AAU)

Source: Ericsson (recreated by SRG)

Given the Radio Dot architecture, we feel sorry for anyone that is responsible for forecasting
or tracking the small cell market since the Radio Dot System is not comparable to a small cell,
regardless of how the small cell is defined. Our best definition of the Radio Dot system is that it
is the result of unintended consequences when a small cell and active DAS have a Friends with
Benefits relationship. It is comparable to active DAS because the IRU capacity is distributed
with geographically separated drops (Dots) where the RF energy is released. It differs from active
DAS in that Ethernet is used instead of fiber (except between the DU and IRU) and a full macro
base station does not have to sit in front of the head end unit. DAS has the advantage that it can

5 | Signals Flash September 30, 2013

The Radio Dot system is

the result of unintended
consequences when a small
cell and active DAS have
a Friends with Benefits
relationship.

support the needs of multiple operators assuming that each operator has its own macro base
station connected to the system.
Without an onsite centralized node/scheduler, small cells will not be able to scale to support the
needs of a medium or large enterprise. SON solutions can help mitigate interference between
uncoordinated small cells and/or with the macro cells but we are not convinced these solutions
are adequate to deal with rapidly changing RF conditions. If each small cell has its own termination point in the operators core network the complexity and cost associated with establishing
and maintaining all of the connections would also be costly and logistically problematic for the
operator. Conversely, no operator would ever consider deploying the Radio Dot System in a
building or venue that only required a few dots. The economics simply wouldnt work.

Without an onsite centralized

node/scheduler, small cells
will not be able to scale.

Ericsson provided some insight into its product roadmap. Overall, the potential features and
functionalities are intriguing but the devil is in the implementation details and when these
enhancements are introduced. Obviously, they also have to work well, but generally Ericsson
more than holds its own when it comes to radios.
In its press release Ericsson mentioned that the Radio Dot System supports integration with
Ericssons carrier Wi-Fi portfolio. While true, the statement is a bit misleading since Wi-Fi
isnt currently included in the Dot and it may never be included in a Dot that also supports
the licensed LTE/3G bands. At the moment, the Wi-Fi integration is done in the backend, for
example, assigning the mobile device to either the Radio Dot System or to Wi-Fi based on a set
of criteria. This capability also assumes that the operator has already deployed the carrier Wi-Fi
solution or that it has the ability to deploy it in the future. At some point in the product roadmap
it is conceivable that the carrier Wi-Fi solution has a Dot of its own and that this Dot is installed
alongside the cellular Dot using a new bracket or mount.
The DU only provides the baseband functionality and as we understand it all data sessions and
call flow will go into the operators core network with the first release. However, Ericsson did
discuss a separate blade that can sit alongside the DU and host various enterprise-specific applications. Ericsson is also introducing what it stressed is a prototype small cell gateway toward the
end of this year that at some point could be commercialized and provide local traffic breakout
functionality and other similar services. These capabilities, when they become available, are
important as a selling point to enterprises and to improve the economics associated with
deploying the solutions.

A separate blade can sit

alongside the DU and host
various enterprise-specific
applications while a
prototype small cell gateway
is in the works.

The downside of a small cell solution is that it is specific to a single operator unless two operators have a RAN sharing agreement. Most enterprises dont want to limit themselves to a single
operator and in venues, such as large stadiums, college campuses, and shopping malls, all operators [we hope] want to provide ample coverage and capacity. Turning the Radio Dot System into
a neutral hosted or at least a two operator system seems possible. The DU supports the same
functionality as a typical Ericsson RBS so this means that from a baseband perspective the Dot
Radio System can split the traffic and route it to the appropriate operators core network. The
operators need to be on board with this approach and in the US we havent seen any indication
of this event happening. Then again, it exists pretty much anywhere a DAS is deployed today.

The downside of a small cell

solution is that it is specific
to a single operator.

Meeting the neutral host requirements with the RF side (IRU + Dot) is a bit more convoluted
and we are not entirely sure what is possible. We know an individual IRU can support multiple
technologies, specifically UMTS/HSPA+ and LTE, but it is limited to a single band (e.g., 1900 MHz).

6 | Signals Flash September 30, 2013

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It isnt clear however, if the same IRU could support 2x10 MHz of LTE for one operator and 2x10
MHz of LTE for another operator. Part of the challenge is if the operators do not have adjacent
spectrum since that definitely limit the possibility of using a single Dot while it may introduce
unattainable filtering requirements in the IRU. Worst case, with todays solution there would
need to be two adjacent IRUs one for each operator and most likely separate Dots for each
operator. Aesthetically, two Dots would look OK but it would impact the economics and the
practicalities of deploying the solution with limited Ethernet wiring. If there was enough demand,
a multi-band IRU also makes sense and we see no reason why it wouldnt be technically possible
to achieve.
The last, and perhaps most interesting, step in the product roadmap is the transformation of
an individual Dot into its own cell with a unique PCI value. We dont know how or when this
transformation will take place but it means a major increase in overall system capacity. As previously noted, with todays implementation of the Radio Dot System all of the PCIs attached to
the same IRU have the same cell ID, meaning that the available capacity/network resources is
shared between them. Once this transformation takes place it will require a very sophisticated
and highly scalable mobility management/interference coordination/SON solution to deal with
the complexities of a large number of unique cells in a highly concentrated region. It is unclear
where this functionality will reside or if the existing hardware with new software will support
the feature.

FINAL THOUGHTS
At the moment we are 36,000 feet above sea level headed to the SON conference in Nice, France.
If we learn anything interesting well put out a SON report when we return. Until next time, be on
the lookout for the next Signals Ahead.

8 | Signals Flash September 30, 2013

The product roadmap

includes the transformation
of an individual Dot into its
own cell with a unique PCI
value.

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Signals Ahead

ON THE HORIZON: POTENTIAL SIGNALS AHEAD TOPICS

We have identified a list of pending research topics that we are currently considering or presently working on
completing. The topics at the top of the list are definitive with many of them already in the works. The topics
toward the bottom of the page are a bit more speculative. Obviously, this list is subject to change based on
various factors and market trends. As always, we welcome suggestions from our readers.

Over-the-air testing of leading smartphone platforms in an anechoic chamber

VoLTE versus OTT benchmark study (including chipset benchmark study to analyze vendor VoLTE client
implementations)

MIMO utilization and network loading/scheduling drive test

VoLTE drive test network evaluation

Software Defined Networking (SDN)

A-GNSS platform benchmark study (Round II)

Baseband chipset + application processor benchmark study

Smartphone signaling implications across operating systems

How network performance (throughput and latency) impacts the user experience

Smartphone signaling implications and LTE

LTE Chipset performance benchmark study, including carrier aggregation

HSPA+ (MIMO) network performance benchmark results

The challenges of delivering video in a mobile network

Cloud RAN and the use of a Distributed Network Architecture

LTE Chipset Landscape

10 | Signals Flash September 30, 2013

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IN CASE YOU MISSED IT: SIGNALS AHEAD BACK ISSUES

9/23/13 124.2 GB in a LTE TDD Network - been there,

done that, bought the [Helly Kitty] t-shirt Based on

extensive testing in Softbanks LTE TDD and LTE FDD networks
in Tokyo, Japan, we provide the results from the industrys first
extensive drive test of the two duplex options. In addition to
looking at the basic KPIs, like downlink and uplink throughput,
we analyze more important KPIs, such as RSRP, transmit power
and SINR to determine the important differences that inherently
exist when the two networks are deployed in different frequency
bands, with different cell site densities, and with different channel
bandwidths. We also look at the incremental benefit of Category
4 devices with 20 MHz of LTE TDD spectrum and the performance
of LTE TDD and LTE FDD with applications, such as Skype Video
and Skype Voice. This report is a must read for any operator
considering a dual network strategy with the two duplex schemes.

not yet fully adopted it, the capabilities by release, the inherent
challenges that exist, the business relationships that exist or at
least should exist, and the opportunities that could allow operators to beat the OTT providers at their own game. 2/25/13 Chips
and Salsa XVI: Sweet 16 and never been benchmarked This report
provides performance benchmark analysis of 8 LTE baseband
chipsets, including Altair, GCT, Intel, NVIDIA, Qualcomm, Renesas
Mobile, Samsung, Sequans. This benchmark study marks the 8th
time that we have collaborated with Spirent Communications to
leverage its 8100 test system and engineering support. All chipsets performed well under less challenging conditions but with
the more challenging conditions there was a wide variance in the
results with more than a 20% difference between the top- and
bottom-performing chipsets. Three chipsets vied for top honors
but ultimately we had to declare one the winner.

8/12/13 Fifty Shades of MIMO (Quantifying the Impact

01/23/13 The Mother of all Network Benchmark

of MIMO in Commercial LTE Networks) We provide

test results and analysis that looks at the incremental impact of
Transmission Mode 3 (Open Loop MIMO) versus Transmission
Mode 2 (Receive Diversity) based on testing that we did in
specially-configured commercial LTE networks. The results that we
provide quantify how MIMO influences the downlink data rates as
a function of various KPIs, including RSRP and SINR. In summary,
we demonstrate that while MIMO can double the data rate, the
actual benefits are far more modest, and a negative benefit is even
possible. Further, we show that MIMO doesnt necessarily improve
the user experience in all cases, but there is still a benefit to the
operator in terms of increased network efficiency.
5/28/13 Whats the PSC, Kenneth? (Quantifying the

need and benefits of interference cancellation solutions in a 3G network) We provide insight into the amount
of interference that exists in a 3G network, its potential impact on
data rates and network efficiency, and how an advanced equalizer
can be used to maximize performance when these challenging
conditions exist. For purposes of this report, we used AT&Ts
HSPA+ network in San Francisco and the surrounding vicinity. This
report was done in collaboration with Accuver who provided us
with its XCAL and XCAP drive test solutions.
4/25/13 Everything under the SON We discuss the

background of SON, including discussions of work within NGMN,

3GPP and the SOCRATES/SEMAFOUR projects. We also cover
the basics of SON including the laundry list of SON-like features,
explain how they work, and what they mean for operators and
vendors. We then move on to discuss the present and future
requirements of SON, including what may be in store with Release
12 and beyond. Finally, we discuss the motivations and challenges
of SON, including multi-vendor integration, vaguely-defined use
cases, OSS limitations, 3G SON, and centralized versus decentralized architectures.
3/22/13 Rich Communication Services - reinventing

voice and messaging In this issue of Signals Ahead we provide

a detailed analysis of RCS. In addition to providing the history of
RCS since its introduction in 2008, we examine why operators have

Tests - On the Inside Looking Out: evaluating the

in-building performance capabilities of commercial
LTE networks (Band 4, Band 7, Band 13, and Band 17)
With the continued support of Accuver, we leveraged its XCAL-M
drive test solution and its enhanced support for in-building testing
to evaluate the performance of four LTE networks at Band 4, Band
7, Band 13 and Band 17. In this report we quantify the amount
of LTE network traffic that we observed in the outdoor macro
network and how it compares with our in-building testing. We
also demonstrate that 700 MHz isnt a panacea for in-building
coverage, that potential coverage problems are being masked
by ample capacity, and that some in-building networks may not
scale to support future traffic demands. Finally, we compare and
contrast the performance of the VZW and AT&T LTE networks.
12/5/12 LTE Band 7 versus LTE Band 4 - GAME ON! With

the support of Accuver, we used its XCAL-M and XCAP drive test
solutions to conduct a network benchmark study of LTE Band
7 and LTE Band 4. This benchmark study leveraged the Rogers
Wireless network in Vancouver, Canada where they have deployed
both frequency bands in virtually every single cell site. In addition to looking at basic throughput, we include a host of other
device-reported KPIs to analyze the downlink and uplink performance characteristics of the two frequency bands under identical
network conditions, including edge-of-of cell and in-building.
11/6/12 M2M toward the Internet of things We analyze

the M2M landscape and some of the key players involved in realizing this vision. The business models for M2M are still in flux and
eventually multiple business models will have to be implemented.
We look at the new business models being explored by mobile
operators and MVNOs. The global connectivity requirements of
M2M services make it natural fit for cloud services so there will
need to be new cloud platforms in both the operator networks
and enterprises to support M2M services. We also analyze the
requirements and vendors for such platforms. More importantly,
the radio and core networks will require enhancements to support
the deluge of new M2M connections. We discuss some of the
major issues and how the 3GPP standards body and operators are
planning to address these issues.

12 | Signals Flash September 30, 2013

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13 | Signals Flash September 30, 2013

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might have a conflict of interest that could affect the objectivity of this report. Additional information and disclosures can be found at our website at www.signalsresearch.com. This report may not be
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14 | SignalsFlash February 21, 2013