Fluid Mechanics

Chapter 8
Internal Incompressible
Viscous Flow

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Main Topics
Flow Measurement

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Flow Measurement

Now we know what Q or V is

But how do we measure them?
Flow meters
Choice of a flow meter?

Accuracy
Range
Cost
Ease of reading
Service life

The simplest and cheapest that give the desired

accuracy and range

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Flow Measurement
Direct Methods (amount, not rate)
Collect an amount of fluid in a container over a fixed time
period
It volume of fluid and time interval are known, Q, V can be
calculated
Compressible flows (or gas flows) are more difficult
Advantage? No calibration required
E.g.

Munson et al.

Water meter; or nutating disk flowmeter

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Flow Measurement
Direct Methods
o Bellow type flow meter or gas meter

Munson et al.

Contain bellows that fill and empty alternatively due to pressure of

gas and motion of valves
E.g., household gas meters

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Flow Measurement
Restriction Flow Meters for Internal Flows
Examples: Orifice Plate; Flow Nozzle; Venturi; Laminar Flow
Element

Orifice Plate

o Based on acceleration of fluid through an opening.

o Change in velocity results in change in pressure
o P is measured and flowrate inferred theoretically
or empirically
From Bernoulli and continuity

Flow Nozzle

Venturi

Theoretical and actual flowrates can be obtained

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Flow Measurement
Traversing Methods
Examples: Pitot (or Pitot Static) Tube

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Flow Measurement

Stagnation
(total)
pressure

Static
(thermodynamic)
pressure

Pitot (total head)

tube
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Flow Measurement
Linear Flow Meters
Examples: Float Meter (Rotameter)

o A float in a tapered tube

o It rises to an equilibrium height
which is a function of flowrate
o At that height, the net force on
float is zero, i.e., buoyancy, float
weight, fluid drag
o Calibration scale on tube gives
flowrate

Munson et al.
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Flow Measurement
Linear Flow Meters
Examples: Turbine-type

o The turbine rotates with an

angular velocity
o This is a function of the average
fluid velocity in the pipe.
o Magnetic sensor picks up the
velocity
o Its calibrated for flow rate.

Munson et al.

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Flow Measurement
Other Linear Flow Meters
Vortex; Electromagnetic; Magnetic; Ultrasonic

Others
Particle image velocimeters, hot-wire and Laser Doppler
Anemometer

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Velocity Measurements
HWA or HFA
Constant temperature (preferred)
Constant current

o The working principle is based on the cooling effect of a flow on a heated body.

Kings relation
Convective heat transfer Q from a wire
placed normal to the flow is a function of
the velocity U.

A & B = constants

Calibration required

Directional ambiguity

http://www.dantecdynamics.com/Default.aspx?ID=1057

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Velocity Measurements
LDA uses Doppler effect

Moving particle scatters light at different freq. origin

fD = n/U(l1-l2)

U = particle velocity
= wavelength of light
source
n = refractive index of
medium
No calibration required

http://www.dantecdynamics.com/Default.aspx?ID=1046

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Velocity Measurements
PIV Principles

Target area is subdivided

into smaller areas
interrogation areas
Correlation is applied to
obtain particle
displacement
A velocity vector is
determined for each
interrogation area

http://www.dantecdynamics.com/Default.aspx?ID=820
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Flow visualization

http://www.seriouswheels.com/2005/2005-Pagani-Zonda-FWind-Tunnel-1600x1200.htm

http://media.gm.com/content/media/us/en/news/
news_detail.brand_gm.html/content/Pages/news/us/
en/2010/Aug/0804_windtunnel

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References
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, B.R. Munson, T.H.
Okiishi, W.W. Huebsch, A.P. Rothmayer, 7th ed., Wiley, New
York (2013).
news_detail.brand_gm.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2010
/Aug/0804_windtunnel
http://www.seriouswheels.com/2005/2005-Pagani-Zonda-F http://www.dantecdynamics.com/Default.aspx?ID=820
http://www.dantecdynamics.com/Default.aspx?ID=1046
http://www.dantecdynamics.com/Default.aspx?ID=1057

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