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While these are elements that although most (except plugs pre-heating and
nozzles) are common components with gasoline engines can be of different
design and features:
injection pump
ducts
injectors
Transfer pump
nozzles
Glow Plug
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
A diesel engine operates by ignition (ignition) of fuel to be injected very
sprayed under high pressure in a chamber (or prechamber, in the case of
indirect injection) containing combustion air at a temperature higher than
the temperature of spontaneous combustion, without spark as in gasoline
engines. This is called spontaneous combustion.
Initiating temperature combustion has the increased pressure that occurs in
the second half of the engine compression. Fuel is injected at the top of the
combustion chamber at high pressure from very small holes having the
injector so that atomized and mixed with air at high temperature and
pressure (700 to 900 C). As a result, the mixture is ignited very quickly.
This combustion causes the gas in the chamber to expand, driving the
piston down.
This expansion, unlike the adiabatic gasoline engine is generating rectilinear
motion through the stroke. The connecting rod transmits this motion to the
crankshaft, which rotates, transforming the reciprocating rectilinear motion
of the piston into a rotational movement.
For auto-ignition occurs is necessary to reach the temperature of the
spontaneous combustion of diesel. Cold is necessary pre-heat the oil or use
heavier than those used in the gasoline engine fuels, using the oil distillation
fraction fluctuating between 220 C and 350 C, which is referred to as oil
or diesel in english.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Compared with gasoline engines, the main advantage of diesel engines is
their low operating cost due to the price of fuel it needs to function (DIESEL
2). There is a growing market demand for engines of this type, especially in
the area of tourism
(from the 1990s, in many European countries and more than half). Currently
in small vehicles are using the common-rail system. This system provides a
great advantage, since a lower fuel consumption is achieved by improving
the performance thereof; lower noise (typical of these engines) and reduced
greenhouse gas emissions. one
The initial disadvantages of these engines (mainly purchase price,
maintenance costs, noise and less benefits) are shrinking due to
technological improvements that have been made over time, in its original
design especially electronic fuel injection and improvements air supply
system forced with accessories like the turbocharger. Use of a prechamber
for automobile engines, similar to those of gasoline engines benefits are
achieved, but the drawback of increasing fuel consumption occurs, so that
the main advantage of these engines practically disappears. In recent years
the price of fuel has surpassed regular gasoline by the increased demand.
This has generated complaints from consumers of diesel, such as carriers,
farmers or fishermen.
OPERATION IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF ENGINES
On the negative side, the heat exchangers cause a pressure drop, so that
the air density is decreased, although in many cases it is necessary to install
one or autoignition avoid detonation.
There are three types of intercoolers:
Air / air: compressed air in these exchanges its heat with outside air.
Air / water: compressed air exchanges its heat with a liquid that can be
cooled by a radiator or, in some applications, with ice in a tank located
inside the car.
Cryogenic: the mixture is cooled by evaporation of a gas over an air / air
exchanger.
DELAY IN RESPONSE
The engines with turbocharger suffer a further delay in the disposition of the
power aspirated engines (NA Normal Aspiration Aspiration or Normal) or
mechanical compressor, because the turbocharger performance depends on
the pressure exerted by it. This delay inertia influence group (its diameter
and weight) and the manifold volume between the turbine and output
exhaust gas from the cylinder.
A turbocharger does not work the same way in different engine speeds. At
low revs, the turbocharger does not lobby because the small amount of gas
does not push hard enough. A smaller turbocharger avoids the delay in
responding, but exerts less force at high rpm. Various engine manufacturers
have designed solutions to this problem.
A "biturbo" is a system with two turbochargers of different sizes. At low revs
works only small, due to its faster response, and large works only at high
revs, and exerting greater pressure.
A "biturbo parallel" or "twin turbo" is a system with two small turbochargers
of identical size. Being smaller as if it were a single turbocharger, have less
rotational inertia, so begin to generate pressure at lower rpm and response
delay is decreased.
An "asymmetric turbocharger" is to put one small turbocharger on a bench
(the lead in the V6 engine placed transversely) leaving the other free. The
idea is not to get a great power, but the response is quick. This system was
invented by the Swedish manufacturer Saab and used in the Saab 9-5 V6.
A "sequential twin turbo" consists of two identical turbochargers. When
there is little volume exhaust all this volume is sent to a turbocharger, and
when volume increases, is divided between the two turbochargers for
greater power and a shorter response time. This system is used in the
Wankel engine of the Mazda RX-7.