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16.06.2005
10 4
s
10 3
In
-K
HV
HH-ZSK
In max
K
-ZS
NH
Time
10
10 1
In:
Inmax:
Iinrush:
ISC:
HH-ZSK:
NH-ZSK:
HV-K:
ISC
10
10-1
Inrush
10-2
10 1
10 2
Current
10 3
The HH fuse is required to carry the nominal transformer current as well as its maximum permissible
overload. Given this, neither the values specified for the temperature rise nor the maximum permissible power consumption of the switchgear (if used) shall be exceeded.
Depending on its type and size, the inrush current of the transformer is between 6 and 20 times its
rated current over a duration of 0,1 s. The HH fuse has to withstand this inrush peak.
1
16.06.2005
When short-circuiting the three poles on the secondary, the sustained short-circuit current ISC on the
primary side is derived from the transformer impedance uk [%] of the transformer. ISC has to be interrupted by the HH fuse-link within a specified time interval so as to prevent the transformer from bursting.
In addition to that, the fuse protection strategy in its entirety has to take into account the discrimination
of the HH fuse-link with regard to primary or secondary protective devices. On the secondary side the
low-voltage fuses (NH fuses) have to be considered, whereas on the supply side it is protective devices such as primary fuses, relays etc. that have to be taken into account.
125
160
200
250
315
400
500
630
800
u2 = 4 %
1 000
u2 = 5 %
20 & 25
25 & 31,5
31,5 & 40
40 & 60
50 & 63
63 & 80
80 & 100
160
10/12
16
16
20 & 25
25 & 31,5
31,5 & 40
40 & 50
50 & 63
63 & 80
80 & 100
20/24
10
10
16
16
16 & 25
25
25 & 31,5
31,5 & 40
40 & 50
63 & 80
30/36
6,3
10
10
16
16 & 20
20 & 25
25
25 & 31,5
31,5 & 40
40 & 50
40 & 50
For further considerations it is important to distinguish between the following three cases of application since
this leads to a wider range for assigning the rated current of the fuse to the respective transformer. The three
possible configurations are shown in Figure 2.
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In order to give an example, the approach is described in the following for a mains transformer with 630 kVA
at 10 kV. The inrush current is set to be 12 times the nominal transformer current und the transformer impedance uk to be 4 % over a maximum duration of 2 s.
For this transformer, the fuses relevant to be considered according to VDE 0670 Part 402 have been presented in Case A in Figure 2. It is possible to use high-voltage fuses with rated currents of 80 A and 100 A
(see Table 1). On the secondary side transformer protection fuses gTr with 630 kVA (909 A) are used. For the
protection of the outgoing cables the use of low-voltage fuses of operating class gG with maximum 400 A is
permitted. As can be seen from the comparison of the relevant characteristics given in Figure 3, full discrimination as achieved. In case of a fault current, only the fuse-link upstream to the respective branch operates.
The protection on the busbar according to B in Figure 2 is taken over by low-voltage fuses of operating
class gG. The rated current is selected to be 800 A, which is the highest value below the nominal transformer
current. Due to the quicker reaction of these fuses it is possible to use HH fuses with rated currents of 80 A to
125 A. Thus, it can be seen that also in this case all of the three fuse assemblies concerned show a discriminative behaviour towards each other.
In accordance with C in Figure 2 there is no busbar protection provided on the low-voltage side. If the distance
between the characteristics of the high-voltage fuses and the inrush point of the transformer is sufficient, it is
now even possible to use HH fuses with rated currents of 63 A to 125 A.
10
10
10
A
400
gG
Melting time
In-transf
10
HH-100A
HH-80A
gTr A
kV
630
10
1,4xIn-transf
Ik-transf with uk = 4 %
-1
Inrush=12 x In
10
-2
10
10
10
Current
10
10
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The rated voltage UN of the HH fuse-link must always be greater than or equal to the maximum operating voltage Utrafo of the transformer. For the transformer used in the example a rated voltage of
12 kV would have to be applied.
The rated breaking capacity I1 of the fuse-link must be sufficiently high. A typical value for fuses within
the rated voltage range considered is 63 kA.
For the protection of transformers usually HH fuse-links of the backup type are used. These fuse-links
offer a protection ranging from their respective minimum breaking current Imin up to the aforementioned rated breaking capacity I1. HH fuse-links made by SIBA are manufactured to have an Imin as
low as 3.2 to 4 times the rated fuse current.
Especially when using switchgear with a three-pole tripping mechanism it is highly recommended to
use a temperature-limiting striker. High temperatures that are likely to increase the loads acting on the
switchgear or the fuse are detected by the striker and cause him to respond. This in turn leads the
switchgear to trigger and to the interruption of the fault current. Up to a rated current of 160 A, the
HH fuses made by SIBA are by default equipped with such a striker system. [8]
The fuses are required to interrupt all fault currents greater than the transfer current. The short-circuit
current ISC derived from the transformer impedance shall also be interrupted by the HH fuses.
Currents of less than the transfer current of the fuses are interrupted by a combined action of the
switch and fuses. At the same time the striker of the fuse responding first actuates the three-pole tripping mechanism of the switchgear. Finally, the mains disconnection is carried out by the switch.
For the purpose of testing these dependencies, the switch manufacturer provides the rated transfer current of
the switch Itransfer and the opening time T0 taken by the switch in response to the striker operation. Also to be
used are the time/current characteristics of the preferential fuses obtained from the fuse manufacturer. In
order to continue the example, we began with, a rated transfer current of the switch of 1100 A and an opening
time of 45 ms.
The determination of the transfer current is the most extensive part in establishing the suitability of fuse-links.
At SIBA, this current is derived by means of the method Mathematical determination of T indicated in IEC
60271 Part 105, Annex B.2. Since the slopes of the characteristics of the HH fuses made by SIBA prove to be
constant within the time interval of the usual switch opening times, it is possible to considerably shorten this
otherwise rather extensive iterative procedure. The essential steps of calculating the transfer current are
represented in Figure 4.
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1. Determining the slope of the characteristic in
the range of the switch opening time T0
Minimum
curve
Time
Average
curve
Tm
3.
4. Reading out IT
5.
4.
I T Current
I Transfer
= 850 A
= 910 A
The next step is to compare the transfer current obtained for the fuse to the rated transfer current of the
switch:
Compliance
with IN = 80 A
By means of a second comparison it is to be checked whether the transfer current of the fuse is less than the
short-circuit current derived from the transformer impedance:
Compliance
with IN = 80 A
Thus, the fuse-link with a rated current of 80 A would comply with the requirements for transformer protection
with regard to the relevant state of standardization.
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Modifying the example set out above a fuse of 80 A-SSK is used with uK = 6 %:
Non-compliance
with IN = 80 A
Compliance
with IN = 80 A-SSK
In terms of the minimum and maximum breaking currents SSK fuses are comparable with the standard
HH fuses. While having the same dimensions their power dissipation is usually even lower. The fuses are also
equipped with a temperature-limiting striker and therefore fulfil all the requirements applying to modern
transformer protection.
These fuses have attracted international attention from the switch manufacturers. Fuses of type SSK were
taken for type-tests of the combination and are included in the lists of recommended products.
Summary
As far as the use of switch-fuse combinations according to IEC 60271 Part 105 is concerned, it has, at least in
the theoretical approach, become more difficult to establish whether a high-voltage fuse is suited to protect
the distribution transformers. Whereas, in most cases, the use of fuses that are proven to be suitable for many
years can be continued, it may in a few instances be necessary to introduce a change towards a lower rated
current or to another type of fuse in order to meet the specifications of this standard in full.
However, before replacing a fuse, the switchgear manufacturer or the fuse manufacturer, respectively, should
be consulted. Taking the practical aspects into account it is then necessary to consider as to how far the
technical data of the system allow for the specified values to be enhanced and thereby to decide whether it is
possible to continue the use of the previously employed fuses.
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Sources
[1]
www.SIBA.de
[2]
IEC 60787:1983-01 Application guide for the selection of fuse-links of high-voltage fuses for transformer
circuit application
[3]
DIN VDE 0670-402 (VDE 0670 Teil 402):1988-05 Wechselstromschaltgerte fr Spannungen ber
1 kV Auswahl von strombegrenzenden Sicherungseinstzen fr Transformatorstromkreise
[4]
IEC 61272-105:2002 High-voltage switchgear and controlgear Part 105: Alternating current switchfuse combinations
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
Haas, Heinz Ulrich: Thermal system protection of switchgear through high-voltage fuse-links with integrated temperature limiter under consideration of IEC 420:1990. Proceedings of the 5th International
Conference on Electrical Fuses and their Application (ICEFA), 25.27.09.1995, Technical University
Ilmenau
[9]
Lffler, Ralf and Haas, Heinz Ulrich: Hochspannungssicherungen fr Schalter-Sicherungs-Kombinationen. Etz, Elektrotechnik und Automation, VDE-Verlag 78/2001
of
the
research
and
development
department
of
Dipl.-Ing. Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing. Dirk Wilhelm (34) is technical project manager at SIBA GmbH & Co. KG in Luenen,
Germany.