2007

List of Tables

Chapter Table Subject Page No.

No. No.
1. Environment and Environment Degradation 3-12
1.1 Some impacts of Development Activities on Environment 6
1.2 Local, Regional and Global Effects of Pollution 7
1.3 Some Major Pollutants and Their Sources 8
1.4 Pollutants and Their Related Health Hazards 8
1.5 Water born diseases and their causative factors 9

2. Development of Environment Statistics in India 15-19

3. Biodiversity 23-75

Flora

3.1.1 Number and Status of Plant Species in India 26

3.1.2 Rare and Threatened Species (Vascular Plants) 27
3.1.3 Reference Collections of Flora 28
3.1.4 Conservation Measures 28
3.1.5 Biosphere Reserves Set up in India 29
3.1.6 Status of EX-Situ Conservation (Base Collection) of Orthodox Seeds 30
at -200C
3.1.7 Status of In-Vitro Conservation 31
3.1.8 Status of Germplasm at National Cryobank 32
3.1.9 Status of Cryopreservation of Pollen 32

Forest

3.2.1 State/UT Wise Forest Area 33

3.2.2 Forest Cover in India 35
3.2.3(a) Forest Area by Ownership (during 2001-02) 36
3.2.3(b) Forest Area by Composition (during 2001-02) 37
3.2.4(a) Comparative Situation of Forest Cover in India 38
3.2.4(b) Changes in Forest Cover of the North-Eastern Region 39
3.2.5 State-wise Production of Forest Produce 40
3.2.6 (a) Physiographic Zone Wise Tree Cover Estimates 42
3.2.6 (b) Physiographic Zone Wise Volume of Growing Stock 43
3.2.7 State/UT Wise Tree Cover Estimates 44
3.2.8 Forest Cover in States/UTs in India 45
3.2.9 State/UT Wise Forest Cover in Hill Districts 46

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 3.2.10 State/UT wise Forest Cover in Tribal Districts 47
3.2.11(a) State/UT wise Mangrove Cover assessment 48
3.2.11(b) State/UT wise Mangrove Cover, 2005 48
3.2.11(c) State wise list of Mangroves Areas 48
3.2.12 State wise Waste Lands of India 49
3.2.13 State wise and Category wise ‘Wastelands of India’ 50
3.2.14 Diversion of Forest Land for Non Forest Use Since the Enforcement 53
of Forest Conservation Act, 1980
3.2.15 Progress of Joint Forest Management in India 55

Fauna

3.3.1 India’s Major Bio-geographic Habitats 56

3.3.2 Estimated Number of Species 57
3.3.3(a) Rare and Threatened Species (Vertebrates) 58
3.3.3(b) Recent Addition in the List of Threatened/Endangered Species 59
3.3.3(c ) Globally Threatened Animals Occurring in India by Status Category 60
3.3.4 Estimated Number/Percentage of Endemic Species in India 61
3.3.5 National Parks and Wild Life Sanctuaries of India 62
3.3.6 (a) All India Tiger Population In Tiger Reserves 63
3.3.6 (b) Population Of Tigers In States 64
3.3.7 Area of Tiger Reserves in Tiger Range States 65
3.3.8 Designated elephant reserves in India (Revised Network-2005) 66
3.3.9 Location of Major Zoos 67
3.3.10 India’s Livestock Population 69
3.3.11 Livestock Population as per 2003 Census 71
3.3.12 Fish Production 72
3.3.13 Marine Fishery Resources of India 72
3.3.14 State-wise Fish Production 73
3.3.15 Inland Fishery Water Resources of India 74
3.3.16 Incidence of Livestock and Poultry Diseases in India 75

4. Atmosphere 77- 173

Air & Transport

4.1.1 Average Gaseous Composition of Dry Air in the Troposphere 90

4.1.2 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) 91
4.1.3 Ambient Air Quality Status in Some Cities/Towns during 2006 92
4.1.4(a) Annual Mean Concentrations of Suspended Particulate Matter 95
(<10um) (SPM10) in Ambient Air
4.1.4(b) Annual Mean Concentrations of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) in Ambient 103
Air.
4.1.4(c) Annual Mean Concentrations of Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) in Ambient 114
Air.

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4.1.5 (a) Number of Motor Vehicles Registered in India (Taxed and Tax- 124
Exempted)
4.1.5 (b) Total Registered Motor Vehicles in India by States/UTs 125
4.1.5 (c ) Total Registered Motor Vehicles In India By States/UTs 127
4.1.6 (a) Total Registered Motor Vehicles in Metropolitan Cities of India 129
4.1.6 (b) Total Registered Motor Vehicles in Metropolitan Cities of India (As 131
on 31st March, 2003)
4.1.7 Working of State Transport Undertakings 133
4.1.8 Ambient Air Quality in Major Cities 134
4.1.9 Phased Tightening of Exhaust Emission Standards for Indian 135
Automobiles
4.1.10(a) Production of Ozone Depleting Substances In India 136
4.1.10(b) Total Consumption of Ozone Depleting Substances 136

Energy

4.2.1 Installed Capacity of Power Utilities on 31-3-2007 137

4.2.2 (a) Generating Capacity and Electricity Generation 138
4.2.2 (b) Growth of Installed Generating Capacity in India 138
4.2.3 Cumulative Comparison of Power Supply Position 139
4.2.4 (a) Annual Gross Generation of Power by Source 141
4.2.4 (b) Plan Wise Growth of Electricity Sector In India 142
4.2.5 Number of Towns and Villages Electrified in India 143
4.2.6 State wise Production of Coal and Lignite 144
4.2.7 Production of Coal from Opencast Working by Mechanisation and 145
Overburden Removed during the Year 2005
4.2.8 Productivity in Coal Mines in the year 2005 146
4.2.9 State-wise Inventory of Geological Reserves of Coal 147
4.2.10 Inventory of Geological Reserves of Coal by Type 149
4.2.11 Estimated Potential for Renewable Energy Technologies in India 149
4.2.12(a) State wise Wind Power Cumulative Installed Capacity 150
4.2.12(b) Estimated Potential and Cumulative Achievements as on 31.1.2007 151
4.2.12(c) Statewise Grid-Interactive Biomass Power Installed Capacity 152
4.2.12 (d) State Wise Details Of Small Hydro Power Projects (Upto 25 MW) 152
Setup and Under Implementation (as on 31.12.2006)
4.2.13 Domestic Production of Petroleum Products in India 153
4.2.14 Availability of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products in India 155
4.2.15 Gross and Net Production and Utilization of Natural Gas in India 156
4.2.16 Industry-wise Off-take of Natural Gas in India 157
4.2.17 The Status of Biomass Projects 158
4.2.18 State-wise and Year wise Composition of Commissioned Biomass 159
Power Projects
4.2.19 Distribution of Family-Type Biogas Plants (Number of Installations) 160
4.2.20 (a) State-wise Break-up of The Energy Parks 161
4.2.20 (b) State wise Renewable Energy Clubs 162

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 Industries

4.3.1 Number of Registered Factories by Manufacturing Industries 163

4.3.2 State-Wise Summary Status of The Pollution Control In Medium 164
and Large Scale Units of 17 Categories of Industries
4.3.3 Summary Status of Pollution Control in Grossly Polluting Industries 165
Discharging Their Effluents into Rivers and Lakes
4.3.4 Maximum Permissible Limits for Industrial Effluent Discharges 166
4.3.5 Effluent Standards for Sugar Industry 167
4.3.6 Effluent Standards for Large Pulp and Paper Industries 167
4.3.7 Effluent Standards for Oil Refineries 167
4.3.8 Effluent Standards for Aluminium Industry 168
4.3.9 Effluent Standards for Petro-Chemical (Basic & Intermediates) 168
Industry

Greenhouse Gases

4.4.1 Contribution of Green House Gases to Atmosphere 169

4.4.2 (a) Total Absolute Emissions of CO2 From the Power Sector By Region 170
for 2000-01 to 2006-07
4.4.2 (b) Emission Factors of CO2 for 2006-07 170
4.4.2 (c ) Specific Emissions (Weighted Average for) of Co2 Fossil Fuel-Fired 170
Stations in 2006-07
4.4.3 Global Average Temperature And Atmospheric Concentrations of 171
CO2

Noise

4.5.1 Ambient Air Quality Standards in Respect of Noise 172

4.5.2 Average Noise Levels in Various Metropolitan Cities 173
4.5.3 Effects of Noise Pollution on Human Health 173

5. Land and Soil 174-220

Land Uses

5.1.1 Land Use Classification in India 178

5.1.2 Selected Categories of Land Use Classification 181
5.1.3 State wise information on soils of priority watersheds of river valley 182
projects/flood prone river catchments
5.1.4 (a) State wise information on degraded land of the districts 183
5.4.4 (b) State-Wise Extent of Alkali Area, Physical Progress of 185
Reclamation
5.1.5 State wise Coverage under detailed Soil Survey 186
5.1.6 State Wise Wastelands of India 186

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 Agriculture

5.2.1 Use of Agricultural Inputs 187

5.2.2 Performance of Crop Production 188
5.2.3 Area Under Principal Crops 189
5.2.4(a) Capacity and Production in the Chemical Industry (Insecticides) in 190
India
5.2.4(b) Capacity and Production in the Chemical Industry in India 191
5.2.5(a) State-wise Consumption of Pesticides 192
5.2.5 (b) State-Wise Demand of Pesticides 193

Natural Disasters

5.3.1 Frequently Occurring Natural Disasters in India 194

5.3.2 Major Earthquakes in India 195
5.3.3 List of Identified Drought Prone Districts in the Country 196
5.3.4 (a) Flood Affected Area and Flood Damages in India (Abstract for the 201
Period 1953 to 2002)
5.3.4(b) State wise details of Damage due to Heavy Rains/Floods Cyclonic 201
Storms and Landslides during 2005 in India
5.3.5 (a) State-wise Damage (Commulative) due to Heavy Rains, Flood, 202
Cyclone during South West Monsoon, 2007
5.3.5 (b) Statewise Extent Rescue And Relief Provided for Damage Due to 204
South West Monsoon-2007
5.3.6 Damage due to Tsunami/Tide Wave in the Bay of Bengal 205
5.3.7 Details of Assistance provided to Droughts for 2004-05 207
5.3.8 Assistance provided to states for Droughts of 2002-03,2003-04 & 207
2004-05
5.3.9 India's Major Natural Disasters Since 1980 208

Mining

5.4.1 Number of Reporting Mines in India 209

5.4.2 Production of Minerals 210
5.4.3 Information on Rehabilitation of Mining Land/Reclamation of 211
Abandoned Mines
5.4.4 Status of Afforestation in Metalliferrous Mines From 212
1989-90 To 2005-06
5.4.5 Minining Machinery In Metalliferrous Open Cast Mechanised 213
Mines During 2005-06
5.4.6 Consumption of Explosives for Mining, 2005-06 214
5.4.7 Mining Leases (By Principal States ) 215
5.4.8 Production of Coal 215

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 5.4.9 Production of Lignite 216
5.4.10 Consumption of Minerals in Iron & Steel Industry 216
5.4.11 Consumption of Minerals in Cement Industry 216
5.4.12 Consumption of Minerals in Refractory Industry 217
5.4.13 Number of Reporting Mines 217
5.4.14 Mineral Reserves and Resources 218
5.4.15 Number of Underground Mines -2005-06 220

6. Water 221-263

Ground Water

6.1.1 Monsoon Performance 226

6.1.2 Sub-divisional Actual and Normal Rainfall 227
6.1.3 State wise Distribution of Number of Districts with Excess, Normal, 228
Deficient, Scanty and No Rainfall
6.1.4 List of Districts with Deficient or Scanty Rainfall during the Period 230
1.6.2004 to 30.9.2004
6.1.5 (a) Number of Meteorological Sub-Divisions with Excess/Normal and 234
Deficient/Scanty Rainfall (June-September)
6.1.5 (b) Percentage of Districts with Excess/Normal and Deficient/Scanty 234
Rainfall (June-September)
6.1.6 Water Flow in Stream for the Period 2002-03 to 2005-2006 236
6.1.7 State-wise Details of Inland Water Resources of Various Types 237
6.1.8 Navigable Waterways in India, 2004-05 238
6.1.9 Ground Water Resource Potential as per Basin (Prorate Basis) 241
6.1.10 Ground Water Resources 242
6.1.11 Projected Annual Requirement of Water (By Different Uses) 243
6.1.12 (a) Catchment Area of Major River Basins 243
6.1.12 (b) Water Resources Potential in River Basins of India 244
6.1.13 Primary Water Quality Criteria 245
6.1.14 Biological Water Quality Criteria (BWQC) 246
6.1.15 Physico-Chemical and Biological Water Quality of Polluted Stretch 246
of River Yamuna and Agra Canal
6.1.16 Waste Water Generation, Collection, Treatment in Metro Cities: 247
Status
6.1.17 (a) Water Quality in Indian Rivers-2002 248
6.1.17 (b) Water Quality in Indian Rivers-2003 249
6.1.18 (a) Water Quality in Major River Basins 251
6.1.18 (b) Water Discharge in Major River Basins 256
6.1.18 (c ) Sediment Load in Major River Basins 256
6.1.18 (d) Water Discharge at Monsoon and Non- Monsoon in Major River 257
Basins
6.1.19 River-Basin wise Distribution of Water Quality Monitoring Stations 258
6.1.20 Annual Internal Renewable Water Resources and Water 260

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 Withdrawals in Selected Countries of World

Marine water

6.2.1 Main Activities Along the Indian Coastal Zone 261

6.2.2 Pollutants and their Impacts on the Marine Environment 262
6.2.3 “Potential Hotspots” along the Indian Coast 262
6.2.4 Criteria for Classification of Inland Surface Water 263
7. Human Settlements

Population and Poverty 264-322

7.1.1 Population Totals – India and States 269

7.1.2 Infant Mortality Rate 271
7.1.3 Expectation of Life at Birth 273
7.1.4(a) State-wise Percentage of Population Below the Poverty Line –Rural 274
7.1.4(b) State-wise Percentage of Population Below the Poverty Line–Urban 275
7.1.4(c) State-wise Percentage of Population Below the Poverty Line – 276
Combined

Housing Slums and Basic Facilities

7.2.1 Urban-Rural Break-up of Total Population, Number of Households, 278

Houses and Average Size of Households, Average No. of
Households and Persons per House
7.2.2 Number of Households, Population and Occupied Residential and 279
Vacant Houses with Rural/Urban Break-up
7.2.3 Household by Number of Dwelling Rooms 280
7.2.4(a) State wise gap in Sewage Generation and Installed Treatment 281
Capacity in Class –1 Cities
7.2.4(b) State wise gap in Sewage Generation and Installed Treatment 282
Capacity in Class – II Towns
7.2.4(c) Sewage Generation and Treatment Capacity in Class-I and Class- II 283
Towns
7.2.5 Number of Homeless Households and Population 284
7.2.6 (a) Total Urban Population, Population of Cities/Town reporting Slums 285
and Slum Population in Slum Area- India, States, UTs-2001
7.2.6 (b) Total Population Slum and their Percentage in Municipal 286
Corporations with Population above one million -2001
7.2.6 ( c ) Population of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes living in Slum 287
Area and their Proportion to the total Slum Population- India,
State/UTs
7.2.6 (d) Population and Percentage of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled 288
Tribes Population Living in Slums in Million Plus Cities -2001
7.2.7 Slum Estimated Population in Metropolitan Cities 289

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7.2.8 Households Classified by Supply of Water and Toilet Installation By 290
Rural and Urban
7.2.9(a) Number of Household by Major Source of Drinking Water per 1000 291
Households for each State/UTs (Rural)
7.2.9(b) Number of Household by Major Source of Drinking Water per 1000 292
Households for each State/UTs (Urban)
7.2.9(c) Number of Household by Major Source of Drinking Water per 1000 293
Households for each State/UTs (Rural+ Urban)
7.2.10(a) Number of Households by Primary Source of Energy for Cooking 294
per 1000 Household for each State/UTs (Rural)
7.2.10(b) Number of Households by Primary Source of Energy for Cooking 295
per 1000 Household for each State/UTs (Urban)
7.2.10(c ) Number of Households by Primary Source of Energy for Cooking 296
per 1000 Household for each State/UTs (Rural+ Urban)
7.2.11(a) Number of Households by Primary Source of Lighting per 1000 297
Household for each State/UTs (Rural)
7.2.11(b) Number of Households by Primary Source of Lighting per 1000 298
Household for each State/UTs (Urban)
7.2.11(c ) Number of Households by Primary Source of Lighting per 1000 299
Household for each State/UTs (Rural+ Urban)
7.2.12 Number of Household by Arrangement of Garbage Disposal per 300
1000 Households living in a house for each State/UTs
7.2.13 State-wise Estimated Annual Requirement of Water for Domestic 301
Purpose including for cattle in different States

Waste Management

7.3.1 Hazardous Waste Regulatory Quantities 302

7.3.2 Quantities and Waste Generation Rates in 59 cities 303
7.3.3 Waste Characterization in 59 cities 304
7.3.4 Status of Landfill Sites in 59 cities 305
7.3.5 Consumption of Plastic in the World in 2000 306
7.3.6 Plastic Waste Management Status in India 307
7.3.7 Characteristic Land–Fill Leachates 307

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 List of charts
Chart 1 Rare and threatened plant species 27
Chart 2 Forest cover in different States as compared to total Geographic Area 34
Chart 3 Forest Cover of India 35
Chart 4 State-Wise wasteland as percentage to the total Geographical Area 52
Chart 5 Forest land diversion 54
Chart 6 India's livestock Population 70
Chart 7 All India installed generating capacity (mw) as on 31.03.2007 138
Chart 8 Plan-Wise growth of installed capacity in India 142
Chart 9 Contribution of green house gases to Atmosphere (%) 169
Chart 10 Land use in India 180
Chart 11 Monsoon performance (June September) 226
Chart 12 Number of metrological sub-divisions with excess/normal and 235
deficient/scanty rainfall (June September)
Chart 13 Percentage of districts with excess/normal and deficient/scanty 235
(June September)
Chart 14 Population of India 270
Chart 15 Infant Mortality Rate (per thousand live births) 272
Chart 16 Expectation of life at Birth 273
Chart 17 Percentage of Population below poverty line 277
Chart 18 Consumption of plastic in the World-2000 306

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 Overview
The Compendium has been prepared under
the broad Framework for Development of
Environment Statistics provided by the
United Nations Statistics Division and
adopted by the Steering Committee on
Environment Statistics set up by CSO
during 1996. The five parameters of the
framework, namely, biodiversity,
atmosphere, land/soil, water, and human
settlements have been used in this
compendium. There are seven chapters,
further divided into various sections, the
details of which are given below. An
attempt has been made, wherever possible,
to elaborate the data in the tables with the
help of boxes below the table and suitable
graphs and charts for easy comprehension.
The first chapter on Environment and
Environment degradation gives a general
introduction of the concept of environment;
development versus environment
degradation; impact of development
activities on environment; emissions,
discharges and their sources; some major
pollutants, their sources and related health
hazards.
The second chapter on Development of
Environment Statistics in India summarises
the activities undertaken by the C.S.O. in
Ministry of Statistics and Programme
Implementation for the development of
environment statistics.
The third chapter on Biodiversity is divided
into three sections: Flora; Forests and
Fauna. The section on Flora contains some
statistics on plant species found in India,
species which are rare, vulnerable,
endangered and extinct. It also gives some
statistics on preservation measure of flora
like Biosphere reserves, Botanical gardens
and gene banks in India, including
information on agro biodiversity. The
section on Forests contains statistics on
Indian forests. It gives information on
xvii
percentage of forest area to total geographic
area (state-wise), wastelands and external
aids received for social forestry.The section
on Fauna gives the major bio-geographic
habitats in India, estimated number of
species, national parks and wildlife
sanctuaries, tiger reserves, livestock
population in India, fish production and
bovine population affected by drought.
The fourth chapter on Atmosphere is
divided into five sections: Air and
Transport; Energy; Industry, Greenhouse
Gases and Noise. The section on Air and
Transport gives the composition of the
troposphere; ambient air quality standards
and state of ambient air quality in some
selected cities and towns. Ambient air
quality in Delhi has also been given. The
section on Energy gives information on
installed capacity of utilities; electricity
generation and actual power supply
position, different fuels used for cooking;
coal resources in India as well as its
production; and renewable energy
resources. The section on Greenhouse Gases
gives information on the key greenhouse
gases and the effect of global warming. The
section on Industries gives information on
the number of registered industrial
establishments in India and the status of
pollution control in 17 categories of
industries. The section on Noise gives
information on the ambient noise standards;
average noise levels in various metropolitan
cities and effects of noise pollution on
human health.
The fifth chapter on Land and Soil is
divided into four sections: Land Uses,
Agriculture, Natural disasters and Mining.
The section on Land Uses contains nine fold
land classification followed in India, and
different land use patterns. The section on
Agriculture contains information on area
under principal crops; performance of crop
production; use of agricultural inputs;
consumption of pesticides statewise and
their effect on soil. The section on Natural
Disasters contains information on frequently
occurring natural disasters; recent natural
disasters in India; major earthquakes;
number of drought-prone districts and
damages due to droughts and supercyclonic
storm. The section on Mining gives data on
number of mines, production of minerals,
status of afforestation, mining machinery
and consumption of explosives in mining.
The sixth chapter on Water is divided into
two sections: Ground Water and Marine
Water. The section on Ground Water
contains information on rainfall
performance during the last 20 years; water
flow in streams and ground water resources;
water quality criteria and distribution of
water monitoring stations. The section on
Marine Water contains information on
coastline of India; main activities along the
coastal zones; industrial and sewage
discharges to coastal waters; pollutants and
their impacts on marine environment and
potential hot spots along the Indian coasts.
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The seventh chapter on Human Settlements
is divided into three sections: Population
and Poverty; Housing, Slums and Basic
Facilities; and Waste Management. Human
development is adversely affected by the
environmental degradation. Safe drinking
water and sanitation are closely linked with
two of the very important human
development indicators viz. infant mortality
and life expectancy. Under the section on
‘Population and Poverty’ information on
population size, infant mortality rate,
expectation of life at birth and population
below the poverty line have been given. The
section on Housing, Slums and Basic
Facilities contains estimates of population in
India, number of households, their size,
number of rooms per housing unit, water
supply system and toilet installation by
rural/urban, homeless population,
urbanization trends in India, slum
population, housing shortage projected,
percentage of population below poverty
line, medical facilities under allopathy and
Indian System of Medicine & Homeopathy.