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Deflection
W
L
S = W.L2
2E
Will be 0 at support and
Max at load end
W must be in Newtons
= W.L3
3E
S = .L3
6E
UDL of N/m
= .L4
8E
L
Will be 0 at support and
Max at load end
UDL of N/m
Simply Supported with Load at centre
W
S = W.L2
16E
= W.L3
48.E
L
RA
RB
W must be in Newtons
S = .L3
24E
UDL of N/m
= 5. .L4
384.E
L
RA
RB
UDL of N/m
S = 0
W
L
= __W.L3
192.E
W must be in Newtons
Built in with UDL
S = 0
UDL of N/m
L
UDL of N/m
= _ .L4
384.E
Worked Examples
A cantilever is made from 43 grade structural steel and is 3m long and made of 120mm tube
with a wall thickness of 20mm ( 80mm bore ). It carries a load of 500kg at the end.
Calculate1) The deflection
2) Stress
3) The stiffness
4) The natural frequency
_________________
This is the case belowCantilever with Point Load
S = W.L2
2E
= W.L3
3E
L
W must be in Newtons
Will be Max at B
Will be Max at B
For grade 43 steel, which is the normal Black Bar or hot rolled section, E will be 205GN/m 2 ( 205
x 109 ) with a yield stress of 275MN/m2.
W is 500kg = 500 x 9.81 = 4905N
The first step is to calculate the second moment of areaI = (D4 d4) = 3.142 ( 0.124 - 0.084 ) = 3.142 ( 0.0002074 0.00004096)
64
64
64
I = 3.142 ( 0.0001665 )
64
I = 0.00000817m4 or 8.17 x 10-6
1) For deflection
Deflection
= - W.L3
3E
Deflection
Deflection
2) Stress
Stress = M.y
= ( W x L ). R
= 4905 x 3 x 0.06
8.17 x 10-6
3) Stiffness
The Stiffness is given by the formulaStiffness = __Load__
Deflection
= 4905N
0.026m
= 188634N/m or 188.6kN/m
Stiffness is the theoretical load to cause a deflection of 1m. The reason I say theoretical is that
the material will fail long before it can deflect by that amount.
4) Natural frequency
The natural frequency of any beam is given by the formulaNatural Frequency
= 1
__9.81___
2 deflection
Natural Frequency
= ___1____
__9.81_
2 x 3.142 0.026m
Natural Frequency
= __1__ x 377.3
6.284
= 19.42
6.284
Natural Frequency
Example 2
A beam is 4m long and carries a point load in the centre of 2 Tonne and a UDL of
0.5Tonne/m. The beam is grade 43 steel and I section and 100mm wide at top, 160mm deep
and 10mm thick. Calculatea) Deflection
b) Natural frequency.
In this case, the loads are 2 Tonne = 2 x 1000 x 9.81 = 19620N
0.5 T/m = 0.5 x 1000 x 9.81 = 4905N/m
The first step is the second moment of area
I = BD3 bd3) = 0.1 x 0.163 - 0.09 x 0.143 ) = 0.0004096 - 0.0002469
12
12
12
I = 0.0001627
12
I = 0.0000135m4 or 13.6 x 10-6 m4
We can now divide it into two sections1) The point load
2) The UDL
Work out the deflections and add them together to give the total deflectionFor Point Load
Deflection
= - W.L3
48E
Deflection
Deflection
Deflection
For UDL
Deflection
Deflection
Beam =
Point Load
Beam =
UDL
= 9.4mm + 5.9mm
15.3mm
Natural frequency
The natural frequency of any beam is given by the formulaNatural Frequency
= 1
__9.81___
2 deflection
Natural Frequency
= ___1____
__9.81_
2 x 3.142 0.0153m
Natural Frequency
= __1__ x 641.2
6.285
Natural Frequency
= 25.32
6.284
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