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The work output of a motor is called torque. It is the turning force on the drive shaft of the motor. Torque is
a measure of force times distance; it does not involve speed. The torque output of a motor is determined by
the maximum pressure available and the volume of fluid it can displace with each cycle. The speed of a motor is
determined by the amount of input flow. The greater the flow rate, the faster the speed.
Torque is the turning force on the motor driven shaft. Torque equals force x distance (as in kg/m).
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VALVE CLASSIFICATION
What are Valves?
Valves act as controls in a hydraulic system. These valves control pressure, direction of flow and volume of flow
in the hydraulic system.
The three major types of valves are :
1. Pressure control valves
2. Directional control valves
3. Volume control valves
In the illustrations below you can see quite clearly how these valves work.
Pressure Control Valves
These valves are used to limit the pressure in a hydraulic system, unload a pump, or adjust the pressure of oil
entering a circuit. There are several types of pressure control valves; some of these are relief valves, pressure
reducing valves and unloading valves.
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RELIEF VALVES
Relief valves are sometimes called safety valves because they release the excess oil when pressure reaches the
set amount . They prevent system components from damage due to overloading
2.
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SPOOL VALVES
CHECK VALVES
Check valves are very simple they are called one way valves. This means that they open to let oil flow in one
direction but close to prevent oil from flowing in the opposite direction
This is in line check valve which is designed for straight through flow with pipe connections in line. The poppet of
the valve opens when pressure on the inlet side is greater than outlet side. While it is open the oil can flow through
the opening freely. The poppet closes when pressure on the inlet side drops. The valve start reverse flow & traps
oil under pressure on the outlet side.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS
In this text you have seen many simple drawings and illustrations to help you understand hydraulic systems and
their parts and principles. We have tried to show you construction in many cases, however, aside from such
illustrations, we almost always use a different kind of drawings. The drawings we use are called graphical
diagrams. Each part of the system and each line is represented by a graphical symbol and You can see some
good examples in the graphical diagrams below.
You must remember when you look at these graphical diagrams that their purpose is not to show how the parts
are constructed. Graphical diagrams are used to show functions and connections only.
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4.Simplicity
5.Compactness
6.Economy Safety
1. FLEXIBLITY -Confined liquid is the most flexible source of power and has excellent properties of force transfer.
Use of pipe and hoses in place of mechanical elements eliminates location problems.
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2. FORCE MULTIPLICATION -Very small forces can move and control much larger ones.
3. SMOOTHNESS -Hydraulic systems are smooth and quiet in operation. Vibration is kept to a minimum.
4. SIMPLICITY -There are few moving parts and fewer points of wear in such systems, and the system lubricates
itself.
5. COMPACTNESS -Design of components is much simpler, when compared with complicated mechanical
devices. For example, the size of a hydraulic motor is far smaller than an electric motor that produces equal
power.
6. ECONOMY -Simplicity and compactness make such systems economical, while they lose little power in use.
7. SAFETY -Relief valves protect the system against breakdowns from overloading.
.
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FUNDAMENTALS OF HYDRAULICS
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HYDRAULIC MOTOR
VALVES
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ZX: ZAXIS
200: Operating weight range Approx. 20,000 kg
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