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What is climate?

Global climate change

Climate average weather of an area

over a long period at least 30 years
General weather conditions and seasonal
variations
The climate of the world is changed by
- green house effect

Effect of Climate change

Good!

Winds

Bad!

and ocean currents are disturbed

Upsets

hydrological cycle

Disturbs

agriculture

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Green house gases

CAUSING GLOBAL
WARMING
Carbon

dioxide (52%)
Methane (18%)
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) (24%)
Nitrous oxide (6%)

2007 Temperature Changes Compared to

1951-1980

Bad Effects of Global warming

Land and ocean temperatures rise

North and south pole (Artic and Antarctic)

Glaciers melt

Sea levels rise

Ocean currents change

Weather patterns change

Ecological disturbance
Reduction in biodiversity
Effect on Agriculture
Effect on human health

-3

-2.5 -1.5

-1

-.5

-.1

.1

.5

1.5

2.5

3.4

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How Much is the Temperature

Increase?

Changes in Antarctica Ice Mass

1000

Some models propose up to 9C increase this

century
Two studies put the minimum at 1.5C and
maximum at 6.2C
Another study puts the minimum at 2.5C

Ice Mass (km3)

800
600
400
200
0
-200
-400
-600

2003

2004
Year

2005

Warming could significantly exacerbate existing water scarcity in many regions

Disasters in the making: Global warming effects to unfold faster

as world inches towards 4 degree temperature rise

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Extreme heat waves and drought on the rise due to melting ice
Agriculture production would be hit because of temperature rise and flooding

Wildlife is Effected
Polar Bears
Require ice to live
Might eventually go extinct

Sea turtles
Breed on the same islands as
their birth
Could go extinct as some islands
as beaches are flooded

Effect on Humans
Sunstroke many people will die
Since more mosquitoes, snails and insects can
grow (as more fish which eat them die due to
increase in temperature of the water)
diseases like malaria will be on high
Higher temperature and humidity increase
sweating and cause skin diseases and
Respiratory diseases

Other species may go extinct as rainfall

patterns change throughout the world

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Steps to Prevent Global Warming

Plant more trees

Control population growth
Cut down rate of CFCs and fossil fuels
Use non-conventional (renewable) sources of
energy
Shift from coal to natural gas
Reduce carbon dioxide from smoke
Adopt sustainable agriculture grow heat
resistant crops

Kyoto Protocol
Cut emissions of not only carbon dioxide, but of also
other greenhouse gases, like, Methane (CH4), Nitrous
oxide (N2O), Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and Sulphur hexafluoride
(SF6)
Reducing emissions of greenhouse gases by 5.2%
below the emission levels of 1990. This goal is to be
achieved by the year 2012
Individual countries were assigned higher or lower
targets and some countries were permitted increases

Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement
linked to the United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change (UNFCCC ) that aims at reduction
of Green House Gases
The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11
December 1997 and entered into force on 16
February 2005
192 Parties (191 States and 1 regional economic
integration organization) to the Kyoto Protocol to the
UNFCCC

Carbon Credits
During Kyoto protocol, allocation of carbon credits or
Kyoto credits was made to different countries
Each credit gives the owner the right to emit one
metric tonne of carbon dioxide or other equivalent
greenhouse gas
If a country exceeds its emission quota, it has to pay
for it in three possible mechanisms to get back the
credits, and thus GHG emissions become expensive
for the emitters

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Clean development mechanism

Mechanims I Emission Trading: Countries that have
not used up their quotas can sell their unused
allowances as carbon credits, while others that are
about to exceed their quotas can buy them.
Mechanism II - Clean Development Mechanism:
Developed countries (responsible for high GHG
emissions, listed as Annex I countries) can start GHG
reduction projects in relatively un-developed country
(listed as non-annex countries).
Mechanism III Joint Implementation Mechanism:
A developed country with relatively high cost of
setting up of GHG reduction project, will set it in
some other developed country. At present Russia and
Ukraine are having highest number of JI projects.

Carbon Credits Indian Scenario

India has generated approximately 30 Million carbon
credits and approximately 140 million in run, the
second highest transacted volumes in the world.
Indias carbon market is growing faster than even
information technology, bio technology and BPO
sectors as 850 projects with a huge investment of Rs
650,000 million are in pipeline.
As per the Prime Minister's Council on Climate
Change, the revenue from 200 projects is estimated
at Rs. 97 billion till 2012.

The actual value of each

Carbon credit
may vary, subject to the market
position.
Currently its value is about 12-20
Euros

What is Ozone? Ozone Layer?

Ozone (O3) is a highly-reactive form of oxygen.
Ozone exists within both the tropospheric and
stratospheric zones of the Earths atmosphere
It is formed by the interaction of oxygen with UV
radiation
O2 + hn O* + O*
O* + O2 O3
In the troposphere, ground level ozone is a major air
pollutant and primary constituent of photochemical
smog
In the stratosphere, the ozone layer is an essential
protector of life on earth as it absorbs harmful UV
radiation before it reaches the earth

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Ozone layer depletion

Ozone is naturally found in stratosphere
which occurs 30 km above the ground level
It has a normal thickness of 3mm
In the past 4-5 decades a progressive
decrease in ozone layer thickness is observed.
It is more prominent over Antarctic region
In fact a hole is formed in the ozone layer
over the Antarctic region.

Ozone layer is being destroyed

due to chemicals like
CFC: Chlorofluorocarbons:
CFC -11 is trichlorofluoromethane CCl3F
CFC-12 is dichlorodifluromethane, CCl2F2
CFC-13 is chlorotrifluoromethane, CClF3
There are others like,
CFC-14, chlorotetrafluoroehtane

The reactions are

CFCl3 + hn CFCl2 + Cl*
Cl* + O3 ClO + O2
ClO + O3 Cl* +2O2
These reactions are catalyzed by Br and
I radicals also.

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CFCs and ozone depletion

Chlorofluorocarbons are created
and used in refrigerators and air
conditioners

These chlorofluorocarbons are

not harmful to humans and have
been a benefit to us. Once
released into the atmosphere,
chlorofluorocarbons are
bombarded and destroyed by
ultraviolet rays
In the process chlorine is
released to destroy the ozone
molecules

Polar Stratospheric Clouds

Facts about ozone depletion

A single chlorine keeps on destroying for two years before
it is converted to HCl or ClONO2
Nitrogen oxides can trap the chlorine free radicals and
stop ozone depletion
All the CFCs are released in northern hemisphere, but
Ozone layer depletion is more over Antarctic
This is because of the so called Polar Stratospheric clouds
formed there in winters (-90oC)
CFCs accumulate in these clouds in winter and in summer,
when sunlight returns, form a platform for ozone depletion

Effects of ozone layer depletion

UV radiation causes sunburns, skin cancer
UV radiation absorbed by cornea in the eye leads to
cataracts
Loss of phyto and zooplankton in lakes and ponds
phytoplankton in oceans reduces CO2 levels their
decrease increases global warming
Yields of food other crops reduced
Greater evaporation of surface water
Destroys fibres, paints and other materials

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Montreal Protocol
The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty
designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out
the production of substances believed to be
responsible for ozone depletion
Opened for signature on September 16, 1987, and
entered into force on January 1, 1989, followed by a
first meeting in Helsinki, May 1989- CFC emission
should be cut by 35% by year 2000
after hearing more bad news about seasonal thinning
of ozone layer above Antarctica in 1989, it had
undergone several revisions later, in 1990 (London),
1991 (Nairobi), 1992 (Copenhagen), 1993 (Bangkok),
1995 (Vienna), 1997 (Montreal), and 1999 (Beijing)

Montreal Protocol
36 countries signed the treaty first in 1987
At present it has been ratified by 196 states
If the international agreement is adhered
to, the ozone layer is expected to recover
to 1980 levels by 2050
"perhaps the single most successful
international agreement to date has been the
Montreal Protocol" - Kofi Annan

The largest Antarctic ozone hole recorded as of September 2006