442 SlalslicalProcess

Conlrol

a
r Appendix
K Glossary
0llerms
andsymbols

control procedur to decc !l

of the specification.

,4 Constants used in the calculation of the control line for mean, moving mean, median and mid'rang contol chart, with vadous suffixes.

Causeand 4Jcctdias
-. rt
tionshipbehveenan end:: d

Accrldcy

CenLrcltendency The J-.!-r

value,

Associated with the nearnes6oI a processto the tatget value.

Action Limit (line) Line on a conhol chaft bevond which the Drobabilily of tinding an observationis such that it indicatesthat a changeha'
occurred to the prccess and that action should be taken to investigate
and /or correct for the change.
Aclion zoke The zones outside the action limits/lines on a control
chart where a result is a clear indication of the need for action.
,4RL The average run lentth to detection of a change in a process.
Assigtlableca ses Sourcesof va-riatiorifor which an explicit reasonexist6.
Attrib teclhlts Control drarb used to assessthe caDabilitv and monitor
the performance of parameters a666sedas attdbutes or discrete data,
Attribute doto DiscEte data which can be counted or classified in some
meaningful way which doeBnot include measurement.

&ntre line (CL) A lin .r r,r

Cft?c&lisl Alist used ro rEcl
Comftoncauses SeaRani.c!,a
Conhtfting

Tota y ul.agtrq'

Conlifiuousilata Quantt-lE,
all measuredvaluesare F<Edl
Corrhol The ability or nGi
data observed, interpret d.E.ltif justified.

ALErage SeeMearr,

Conholchtrt Agraphicat d
ily distinguish between rar6

B Corutants used in the calculation of conEol chart Iines for standard

deviation charts.

Cantrcllimits(lines) Lim'E* f
the zonesof stability (no acu
and the ned to sek addibfld

Bar A bar placed above any mathematicalsymbol indicatesthat it is

the mean value,

Coufitableilata A lorm oi fuc

can only b counted (s.,.r:i- {,t

Bal chart Adiagtarnwhich represents the lelative frequency oI data.

Cp A processcapabilih irrial
quency distribution to the b).1!

Binomkl distribution A prcbability distribution for 6amplesof attributes which applies when both the number of conforming and nonconJormingitems is known,
Braiflstormi g An activity, normally carded out in groups, in which the
participants are mcouraged to allow their experince and imagination
to run wild, while centred around specific aspectsof a problem or effect.
c crrll
A control chart used for attributes when the sample is constant
and only the number of non-conformances is l<nowni c is the symbol
which rpresents the number of non"conJormancespresent in samples
oIa conslantsize.c-bar(-) reprcsentsthe averagevalue of a seriesof
Copable A, process which is in statistical conhol and for which dre
combination of &e degree of random variation and the ability of the

Cp* A processcapabilih it*

quency digtribution and tl| rifi
width of the specification

Cusuft chart A graphic pr!:{d

chart is particularly sensiEr?
cnanges,
Cusurftscole The cumuianre *
of observed valus and a prl.d6
d, or d2 Symbols which .epre
between the standard deliatiE
D Symbol rr'hich rcpresnG d
trol limits on a range chart, rr:d

APPend
ces 443 I
control procedure to detect change is consistent with the requirements
of the specification.
Atuseand effectdiagram A Braphicdisplay which illustratsthe relationship betwenan effectand its contributorycauses.
Centrallcwlency Th clustrin8of a population about someprefered
Centn:line (CL) A line on a control chart at the value of the process
Creclllsl A list used to ensurthat all stepsin a prccdur are caftied ou t.
CommoncausesS??Randomcauses,
Confotrting Totally )^ ageemmt with the specificafion or rquircments.
Continuausdata Quantitative data conccming a parameter in which
all measuredvaluesarc possible,even if limited to a specificrange.
Corflol The ability or need to observe/monitor a process,record thc
data obsewcd, in terpret the data rccorded and take action on the process
ifjustified.
Conlralchart Agraphical method ol recordingresultsin order toreadily distinguishbetweenrandom and assignablecauscsof variation.
Conlrcllinlits(line Limits or linesston controlchartswhic:hscparate
the zonesof stability (no action required).wahing (possibleproblems
and the need to seekadditional informaiion) and action.
Countabledafi A form of discretedata where occu[ences or evcnts
can only be counted (scedlsoAttdbute data).
Cp A processcapabilityindex basedon the ratio of the spreadof a frequencydistribution to the width of the spccification.
Cpt A processcapability indcx basedon both thc ccntring of a frcquencydistribution and the ratio of the spreadof thc distribution b the
width of the spcification.
Cusuntchdrt A graphic pesentation of the cusum scorc.The cusum
chart is parti.ularly sensitive to the detction of small sustained
chanSes.
C suntscore The cumulativc sum of the differenccsbetweena series
ofobserved valusand a predeterminedtargt or averagevalu.
d, or d2 Symbolswhich representHarttey's constant,rhe relarionship
betweenthe standarddeviation (d) and ihe mean range (R).
D Symbol which represents the constant used to determinc the control limits on a rangc chart,with various suffixes.

I
I

lqq

Statstica process
Control

Data FacE.
DeJecl A fa'Jlt or flaw which is not permitted by rhe specification
requirements.

aPr

D$ectiLv An ltem vthich contains one or morc defecb and/or is judged

to be non-conforming.
Defeclio, The act of discovering.
De?latio, The dispersionbetwem two or mor data.
DifeNnce chart A control chart for differences fiom a target value.
Discrct?data Data not available on a continuous scale(9ee4lsoAttribute
data).

Mod.

byr
step

Dispelsio, The spread or scatter about a cmtral tendency,

DM,4IC Six sigma improvemmt model - Define, Measure, Analyse,
Improve, Conhol.

by*
step

Frequency Ho\\t olte samething occurs,

Mu(
ofaf

Frcquency
distributio.a A tableor graph which displayshow frequently
some valuesoccur by comparisonwith others,Common distributions
include normal, binomial and Poisson.

nn

Gnnil mean The mean of either a whole population or the mean of a

series of samples taken from the population. The grand mean is an estimate ofthe true mean (sseMu).
Histografi

A diagram which represents the relative frequncy of data.

ment

requn

Individual

An isolated,result or observation.
IndfuAuolsplot A graph showing a set of individual results.
L,4L Lower action limit or line.

The n,
popt!r
value
and 99

LCL Lower control limit or line.

LSL Lowff specificationlimit.
LWI

asam

Lower warning limit or line.

&R Median of the sample mid-ranges.

Meaa The average of a set oI individual results, calculated by adding
together all the individual rcsults and dividinS by the number o]
iesults. Means arc rpresented by a series of symbols and often carry a
bar above the symbol which indicates ihat it is a mea]l value.

items a

Appendices445 I
Mun chatt Agtaphwith conrrollinesused to monitor the accuracvof
a procss/being assessed
by a ptotofsample mans.
M.ar?r'dr.qe The mean ofa seriesof sampleranges.
Mu

satnplesizt The averageor meanof rh samplesizes.

Mcdid, The centralvalue within n poputationaboveand bIow which

thereare an equal number of member; of the popularion.
Mode The most frequcntly occurringvatue within a population.
MaDi gt ean Am!'anvatue calculatedfrom a sedesof individuaI vatues
by moving the samplfor calcuiationof the man through the seriesin
sicps ofone individual value and without changingtheiample size.
MooittgranY A range vatue calculr tcd from a serisof individ uai values
by moving ihe sampleforcatcuhtion of the ranSethrouSh the scriesin
stepsof one individual value and wiihour chan;ing the'samplesize.
Mll (/i) The Grcekletter usedas the symbol to represcntthe true mcan
oi a population as opposedto the variousestimntesof this value whjch
measLrrement
and calculationmake possjble.
, The numberof indivjdualswithin a samplcof sizerr.,_bar(n) is
th averate sizeofa seriesof sarhples,
Nan-conf)tnifig Not in conformancewith the specification/require_
Non-conl,rmititi Defects,etort faultswith respectto thespccification
/
Nor wl dislribution Also known as theGaussiandistributionof a coniin_
uous variableand sometimesreferredto as the ,bellshaped,djstribution.
The normal disdiblrrionhas the characteristic
rhat 68.2; per ceni of thc
populationjs containedwithin 1 one standarddeviationfrom thc mean
value, 95.45 per cent within a hvo standard deviations from the mean
and 99.73per cent withhin 1 thrle standard deviations ftom rhe mean.
l]/ .rali A controi chart used for attdbutes when the sample siz is
constanl and the number of conforming and non-conJormingitems wthin
a sampleare bothknown. /r is th samptesizeand pis the proportion of
non-contormtngrtems.
p':rdlt A control chaft used for attribursshowing the proporrion oI
non{onformins item. in d sample.p L the proporrion,rfnon_conJormin!
rtem,.rndp-bJrrt) r,.pre,enr.theavcrrgeof d serie\of vdtuc.ot p.
Parctaana.lysis.A technique of ranking data in order to disthguish
btween the vital few and the trivial many.

I
I

446 Stalisticat
Process
Conlroi
Poisson
distib tion A probability diBtributionfor samplesoI attributes
which applieswhn only ihe number of non-confomities is known.
Pop latiotl The tullset of data from which samplesmay be taken.
P/ecision Associatedwith the scatterabouta centraltmdency.

Sahple
is often
of the w

Samples
or the si

Prcpention The actof seekint to stop somethint occurrint.

Scattet

Probability A rneasweof the lilelihood of an occturenceol incident.

Scatterd

P/ocess Any actjvity which convertsinputs into outputs.

Prccess
capability A measureof the capabilityof a proc$s achievdby
assessing
the statisticalstateof control of theprocessand the amountof
randomvariation ptesent.It rnay alsorefer to the toleranceallowed by
thespecification,
Prccess
c,pabilityindet An index of capability (seeCpa A Cpkr.
Process
control Themanagementof a proce66by observatio&analysis.
interprtation and actiondesignedto limit variation.
Process
mean The avetate value of an attribute or a variablewithin a
prccess.
Ptoportionthf?ctive The ratio of the defective! to the sample size,
rc,presented
by the symbolp. p-bar(p) rcpresenistheaverageoJa sericu
or valuesotp,
Qlrlliy Meetingthecustomerrequirements.
R Therangeofvaluesin a sample.
R-rar(R) Thesymbolfor ihemeanof a seriesof sampleranges.
F Themedianof sampleranges.
Randoficauses The contributions to vadation which are random in
j.e.not structuredor assitnable.
theirbehaviour,
Range(R) Thedifferencebetweenthe largestand the smallestresultin
a Eampleof individuals- an approximateandeasymeasuroI thede$ee
oI scatter.
Rafigechort A gaph\Njth control lines usedto monitor ihe precision
of a process,being assessed
by a plot of sampleranges.
Rm A stof resultswhich appea$ to lie in an orderdseries.
R

cirl,

A graph wirh contlol lines usedto plot individuat iesulrs.

the other

Shewha
posed by

Sigmalo
a popula

Six sigtt
focussin

Stuwed
di
aboutth

Specialca

SpeciJico
inputs or

Spnlad R

SQC Sta
on produ(
Stuble n

Stablezon
chartand

Standadd
deviation

Standa el
ure of th
rePresente

Statisticalcr

the origin (

Append
ces 447 T
SdrTph A group of individunl rcsults,obsenations or data. sample
is oftcn used for assessmnt
with a licw to determining the properties
of thc whole population or univcrbc from which it is drawn.
Sn rylcsize(n) The number of indiv ualresults includedin a sarnple,
or thc sizc of the sampletaken.
S.iitfcr Rcfersto the dispersionof a distribution.
ScattrtLliagrnm Th picturc {,hich results*'hen simultancousresulis
for h\rc varyint paramtcrsare plotted together/one on thc r axis and
the other on the v axis.
Sh.lrlhart(hltts The controlchnrtsfor attributesand varhb lcs first pro
posedby Shewhart.ThcscinclLrdemeanand range,,p, p,. and r/ charts.
sn,'d (d) The Creek leitr used k) signify the standard dcviati()nof
-SijrsLg , A disciplined approach for improving performance bv
focussinSon producingbetterproductsnnd soviccs fasterand chcnp.'r.
Skttrcddislribuliott A frcquencydistribution r41ichis not symmerrical
aboutthc mc.rnv.lue.
SPC SccStntisticalprocesscoitrol.
Sfr0nl fnrs(N SccAssignablccauscs.
Sl)cct1.'rtuirrThc relluirement against which thf acceptabilityof thc
inputs or ouiputs of a processaro k) b(' judgod.
Spard lt{rfcrsto the dispersionofn distribution.
SQC Statisticalqualitycontrol - similar to SPCbut with an emphasis
on product qu.ility and lessmphasison proccssonirol.
St,b/. The term usediodescribca proccsswhen noeviLlenceoa.ssign
ablc causesis present.
Stdbl.'rott' The centralzone betweentho warning limiis on a control
chart and within which most of ihc rcsultsare expectedto fallStnru1afl1
df i|tion (o) A measufeof thc spreador scatterof a population around its central tendency.Various cstimatesof the standard
deviationair ropresentedby symbolssuch as d, diri r) and s.
Standdlel )r The standarddeviationofsample meanvtrlues-a mcasurc oi their spread or scatter around the grand or process mcan,
rcpresentedby the symbol SE (or di).
Statisti?l canttol A condition des{dbing a prGess for which th observed
valuesare scattefedabout a mean value in such a way as to imply that
theoriBinofthe variaiionsis entirely random with no assignablecauses
ol variation an.l no runs or trends.

I
I cla

Stalrstical
Process
Conlrot

Statisticalplaccsscontlal The us of sratisticallybased rechniquesfor

the control of a processfor hansfomint inputs into outputs.
Sfallsti.s The colleciionand use of data - methodsof distillin8 information from data.
f The valu of d statisticcalculatedto test the significanceof the djf_
frcncebetwenharomeans.

X
(r

T Asymbolused to represnta toterancelimit (1?).

,\:
X-r

Irl/ui4r4 A.implcto,,l for re(

e\(nts ds the) o.curortoe\fract
^rdLnF,
trcquencies
fr,)m\istintslisrsor data

ftrycf The objectivero be achivedand againsrwhich pcrformance

will be assessed,
often thc mid-point of a specification.

TbleranceThe d,lffercnce
betweenthe lowest and/or the highestvalue
statedin the specificationand the mid-point of the specification.

?erd

A seriesof rcsults which show an upward or downward tendency.

z.
ll crarf Acontrolchart used for attributeswhen the samplesizeis not
constantand only the number of non-conformitiesis kn;wn. ,1is the
symbol wfuch representsthe numbr of non-conformitiesfound in a
singlesampleand !-bar (t) rpresentsthe meanvaluc of r.
UAI Upper action limit or line.
IJCL Upper control lirhit or line.
llri.,e/se SrePopulation.
USL Upper specificationlimit.
UIVL Upper waming limit or line.
V-ftarft
device used in conjunctionwith a cusum chart to identify
_A
trendsof known significance.
Varitbledata Data which is assessed
by measurement.
Vatianca A measure of spread equal to the standard deviation
squarcd(d:).
Variatiotl The inevitable differences btweer ourpurs.
Waming Linit (liae) Lines on a control cha4 on each side of the cenhal
Iine- and within which most results are expected to fatl but beyond
which the probabiljty of finding anobseffation is such that it shouldbe
regardedas a waming of a possibleproblem

A pN ei drrs

i tJl t

l\ ' r r r , r , . r r r ,
I l r( /rn x ,s (rr .r .r!rl f,)l L rrrrt l r ct$1,fntl r. r' ,rr)rrr!.r rrl I l j (,
n. Lior r l, , iils , ) n l \ i tl ri n r\ l rl , h I r.\L ,l l { ri tg t\i \ t r,
l rN srl ri l l \ rn ,rL.h,Ir,{ ,

,\'r iftli\ i(lL / , r ! . r luf , ) l

I irr r\r

llx

\ /r,/, 1',r r\r

lr ( . , 1r \ . r ! ( , ( J l , . . , , I jlr t ( . , j) n r ( . t , , , , , \

lh|

llr.nr(\l

lhrg r,rrr,lor

, r \ , , ir . r ljl( .

r ; r . |r r i or l, r \ ( . r

r r i|.

tr...\jjrtrj

:(fI1.r1,,,,,. Ir.

\ l,,rl

r\r)jtrj

,, i\ , r Li, . , , r , i: , ||1, 1.
l, r \ t , s . . , , r . LI i, r I \ ilr ( . , il, r \ ir j r f t , .

,/
ll,(.:l,lrl.r,lr1t \ l
, i, , r i, r \ , i, . r t ( .
t r . ||n r l ! . , , , t
:t,r,rLi,rn,t,,\i,l
lrirrs l!,1s(r.I l h( nojr r . t , j ljjr l, jl Ll . .r I rI )I I Lj ( I I .I rI , I , l l j t t j ( . r , t ( r ! \ l
\,r1, 1 .,,!(I r, I lr f lr .
/irrrl

.\rtrrlf,, l( lr , r . t

( f . , L, I r ( l, lil( \ i( t jit , . r . l ( t - . l , i , n r , r t , , j . L \ , , t ( ( ,

i&