Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
IVAJlfUMIiS
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C. K.
Libris
OGDEN
WtRtVIS^ES
*ND
FOSSIL RESINS
I^INGMM CLM\K
IlkQlrateA by
F.L.S.,
James
F^&S.
^ 5^
c
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frc
CONTENTS
Part I. VARNISH.
Paintings at Thebes.
of protective Varnish.
artists.
Losses
to Art
Demand
created.
Growth
and commercial
extension.
Japanese Lacquer.
Material
employed.
Introduction
How
the
trade
of ware to Europe.
was
developed.
Antiquity
Law
relating
of this
art.
thereto.
Mr.
Transparent
in
its
S.
result
J.
juice.
yield.
for
in
Its
Amber
impracticable
for
Varnish purposes.
Its
early
commercial repute.
lost
art.
2008135
knowledge.
Probable
Cremona
transmission.
Difficulty
Varnish
successfully
An
Laboratory
imitated.
work.
Comparison
late
Reade's views.
still
in
abroad.
Comparison of
position with
Cremona Varnish.
Patents
or gas.
Patents
Opinions as
Review
for
of.
to merits.
High
Extracts
Scale of manufacture
Purchase
and preparation of
of.
myths and
theory.
sale.
sea.
qualities.
distillation.
Distinctive characteristics.
Animis
the new Gum.
" Gooseskin."
Zanzibar.
Field
How
gravity.
- Melting
Tree
yielding same.
of supply. Where,
caused.
Cleaning
point.
gravity.
distillation.
gravity.
to
botanical source.
West Coast.
Native
names.
districts.
alteration.
digitata).
tribution.
Probable
sale.
at
dis-
Size.
is
in
of.
in
acter.
First
district.
trees.
tree.
of.
in
for
fields
its
fields.
Difficulties
in
soft
varieties.
in distillation.
sales.
districts.
to.
fields.
trees,
tax.
this
in
forests.
in
in
in
in
Size of pieces. Comparison with early shipments. The Gum digging The old Maori collectors. The Whites now engaged.- Method of collection.
Transportation. Cost. Sorting, packing and branding. Tenure of Maori lands.
Royalty exacted. Auctions of leases of Government lands. Principal supplying
Ground which different qualities are found. Annual value of collection.
found.
industry.
districts.
Universal
exports.
in
use.
This
America
distillation.
explained.
principal
Practical
market.
Range
reason
of
therefor.
specific
Quantity
gravity.
Loss
Damar. The
Gi"M
of collecting.
Mastic-
several
varieties.
The
most
Botanical
Use
source.
Native
Turkey.
and
why.
Method
uses.
origin. How
gathered. Best
Producing
Other sources of supply. Quality. Employment Picture
Botanical
in
valuable,
Black Damar.
qualities.-
for
Fault with
shipments
Suggestions. Analyses of Fossil Resins. Unverdorben's
Ure's ultimate constituents. Kane's three degrees. Dr. Edmund
The Potash absorption of Resins. Conclusions.
Bastard Animis and Copals.
Reasons.
of
in
-Melting point.
Botanical source.
country.
demand
the
first
of
Resin.
researches.
J. Mills' formula;.
t^B)
'Jin)
Varnish,
is
The etymology of
obscure,
to glaze,
ros,
and Vitrum
some
glass
difficult
is
became a known
article
in
Europe,
is
is
hence
the
when
period
commerce, although
The manufacture,
of comparatively modern
somewhat
it
trace
to
derive
word
the
date
it
as
but
is
Vermis
Vermis.
Varnish
is
first
of necessity
now understood
a
crude know-
ledge of the article must have been existent at a very early period, for
been
from
taken
wrappers
the
Egyptian
of
Mummies, though
these
Even
balsams.
as the
the
as early
walls
Ezekiel
(who
paintings
in
prophesied
Jerusalem
600 years
about
"after the
b.c.)
also
refers
to
by some
substance of
the
character of Varnish.
The
the
in
classic
first
was
painted the Lesche or Public Hall
to prefer the
Schools
great artist
Polygnotus
of
were
era
Corinth, Athens
Sicyon,
The
chief
those
of
and Rhodes.
known
of
Painting
to history
Athens,
who
yet
350
who
b.c.)
coloring
of
the
accurate drawing
united
the
fine
Ionian
with
the
of
the
schools,
and
paintings
were placed
some
Sicyonic
of
whose
in
Diana's
Temple
Ephesus.
at
known only
The Ruins
doubt as
to the
in
is
also
centuries
part
known
of Pompeii remove
made
it
many
for
and
to himself;
of
oil
all
painting for
decorative purposes.
The works
disappeared
and
there
solve
the
coloring
table
It
is,
with
is
to
no
Varnish
however,
or
substance
acknowledged
to
produced,
enable
preservation
the
by these early
any
generally
existence
whether
to
employed
in
them
saw
which
period
monument
as
and of those
Apelles
the
question
matter
of
that
of
to
the
was
attribu-
similar
nature.
painters
of
us
the
majority
of
(Tabula) and
of distemper on boards
with
fixed
These
lustre
artists,
age
the
to
Socrates,
great
who added
and
Pericles
of
which
although
mitted
to
the losses
us,
to
may
It
be
readily
believed that
of repeated
who made
trials,
had continually
it
in
their
was
still
tained
a motive wanting
demand
created
nations
that of sus-
taste
for
luxury,
and
The Japanese,
are
celebrated
Enamel ^Varnish
as
for
so
is
well-known,
the
peculiar
largely
used
--_
'.
in
and
is
it
brought
over by the
15th
the
or
There
a
<
entury,
make attempts
artists to
from
i6th
Jesuit
fact,
^s."'^
^^p**
European
induced
W^'
it.
is
very
period
early
Japan,
in
W_
Ni
Missionaries of
to imitate
work
to
Rhus
vernicifera
of which were
tree, plantations
officially
or lacquer
established
Japan
in
Mommu
edict
was
a.d.
to
701
704.
An
'jl^W
j
^^ffllr '^%
his grounds,
hands
t ^ie
70,
and so
on,
in lacquer.
every
treatise
upon
founding of plantations
village.
RHUS VERNICIFERA.
Mr.
J.
J.
2th,
1880, which
is
to
be found
Crawford
&
Co.
Yokohama by
Transactions of
Messrs.
Lane,
An
lacquer
the
account
exhaustive
there
making of
is
some
give a brief
to
upon
formation
states that
it
is
of
it
the
of interest
of his
As
J&M$
in-
lie
question.
if
the
ot^j
the
Emperor Jimmu,
i.e.
mentioned
in
B.C.
560-581,
on
B.c.
whom
unfortunately not
The next
Ko-toku
the
a.d.
known what
Government
is
Emperor
articles
it
were manufactured.
is in
in lieu
it
but
named Mitsu-ne-
392, a person
of the
procuring
in
may be
doubtful
descriptions
of
sundry recipes
now
summary
whole history
the
detailed
difficulty
with
together
industry,
given
is
Emperor
were received by
in future the
4>
:*:
of
joints
the
Imperial
coffins
this
reign
too,
rules
were
cere-
respecting
established
is
made
of the
invented the
manufacture of
red
preserved,
lacquer and
&;
\J^
a.d. 782
the Lacquer
Department
Takumiriyd,
which
On
persons
and
admirers
Kioto workmen to
the
of
settle
artistic
in
their
furniture,
provinces,
ment of the
industry.
such,
induced
the
still
that
wealthy
numbers of
results
of this
further develop-
During
extremely expert
in
own manufacture
their
Between
family
built
greatly
castles
makers
is
two
retainers
which
locality
lacquer
in
of
the
Ashikaga
prospered
were
attracted
high reputation.
About
became
there,
Sakai,
at
it
officials
considerable quantities.
in
1368- 1392
a.d.
numerous
/HP*
J^\
lS
MKlU'&M
their
in
lacquers.
During the
first
which
naturally
caused
civil
commerce
to
six
[^
l&i
jk
JH
s'
ful
15 87-16
=
%?f that
1,
date
and from
until
now
seems
from
the
that
young
It
continued to prosper
||j
It
peace-
in
The
the
trees
is
for
the
first
applications,
The manner
which
we should
by
however,
say,
probably
is
it
transparent
oxygen
and
process
air,
it is
vogue
in
properly
in
the open
requiring
air,
damp
close
used
their
in
appli-
m)
cation,
together
with
partly
finished
and
finished
examples of work
are
No.
exhibited
i
in the
Kew.
in
Museum
Royal Gardens,
This collection
was
Ouin
Kew,
and
expressly
for
Report
to the
Foreign Office.
9
is
A-
ls
in
not divulged
accomplished
on exposure to the
the
it
filtration
tion of
that
make
either
composition
of these
lacquers,
He
who embodied
lacquer, which
is
Urushic Acid
Gum
Arabic
Nitrogenous Matter
Water and
85-15
...
3*15
Volatile Matter
2-28
9/4 2
IOO'OO
Mr.
J.
result, as
Urushic Acid
Gum
Arabic
under
at
Tokio gives,
64-07
Nitrogenous Matter
Oil
Water and
Volatile Matter
IOO'OO
It is
mean
Carbon
is
Dried
the quality.
result of
no
C.
77'05
------
Hydrogen
at
g'oi
Oxygen
3'94
iocroo
The
and November
sides, are
made
in
is
which
it is
The mode
"
To
tree
much depend
tapped.
of preparation
is
thus described
"Afterwards
it
is
get
rid
of bark,
thoroughly stirred
is
first
strained
" placed in the sun for several days, to remove superfluous moisture.
"
The
"
refined juice
The
is
it is
dusts,
to the
intended."
&c, according
fineer,
while
description of
are necessary.
1
to
be elaborately
for
even
the
by
commonest
The extraordinary
used
tor
European work
of time,
both
it
and
it
not at
is
will
will
ever be
all
European Varnishes.
The
art of
in
Europe, consists of
ol
When
brilliancy, transparency
manufacturer
accomplished
this
has
successfully
is
durability.
and
secret.
thoroughly practical
workshop recipes
etc., that
sought
the
in
present
is
and Semi-fossil
Resins,
which
form
its
base,
are
of
consumed
portion of this
of
New
the trade
in
England
Gum
Zealand.
Ijp
Kauri
3.000 tons
alone.
comes
The remainder
''^--
about
By
shipped
Copal.
12
from
being
names
NIL
jiy
=rr
Of
these
all
^now constitute
they
although
products,
17th Century,
Notwithstanding the
and practical
scientific
Varnish
market
On
in
for
it
fact,
admitted that
is
it
in
the manufacture of
no
Amber
it
Electrum, or
has a
Amber
name
one
Amber being
Greek.
in
in
most
our own
Certain
the
it
is
Amber was
that
it
was used
collected in sufficient
fact,
Sea
for a
in
that
of ornamentation.
supposed
secret
lost
which,
of
is
so
often
pathetically deplored.
Most
if
not
all,
finished
which,
in
there
alcohol,
the
in
never was
and we think
that
rightly,
preparation
nor
Gum
ever
will
of
be,
Some
experts hold,
the
use of spirit
sounding properties.
their
It
is
possible too
influence in producing
by the Violins
of Italian Varnishes
"
"After
" for
it
To account
1760,
for its
was quite
sufficient to
"The problem
of
its
composed of a
all
trace of
total loss
is
it
is
obliterated.
it
The demand
been possible.
bounds of
peculiar
Gum
possibility,
quite
14
common
if
we suppose
in
that
for,
the Varnish
"thereby caused
be a marketable
to
"Suddenly, we
article.
suppose,
will
the
demand
for
its
"supply ceased, and the commercial world troubled no more about the matter;
" the natural consequence would be non-production.
"
It
is
well-known
that
there
We
now
are
entirely obsolete
and extinct."
think that the foregoing speculations upon the loss of the art,
Knowing, as we
do,
is
that
the
not only
melting of
difficult
Amber Gum
in
either
it
can be readily understood how the secret died with each master, who
had personally
to
The
formula [more or
was proba-
less correct)
we have
that
is
it
different results in
simply dissolved
A
and
Gum
or Resin
in alcohol.
their build,
in
Violins
and
after considerable
Amber
we succeeded
difficulty
in
Cremona Varnish,
producing a pure
following
is
The
much
very
011
'eeks since.
for the
have tried
it
compared
in every
is
way most
satisfactory.
iolin
f
it
Stradivarius,
think
it
I,
as well as a friend
who
is
an excellent
on
struments named.
"
the
Cremona
masters.
is
Amber
spirit
will
not
Varnish."
"
shall bring
friend
who has
"others,
pro-
"nounces
this
"
the in-trument
^i^"
"
Amber
" to
Varnish)
much
be
"superior to
"the
fej<0
'
/OT\vra i
English
"makers,
y
'
every
way
all
and
to
in
that
of
^^^^^^{'^Jf/
"makers by Vuillaume."
'"'
many
any attempt
making
of
Gum
to fire
under heat,
experience
the
difficulties
con-
least of
which
is
effectually preclude
to
Amber
Varnish
troublesome
too
for
anyone
but
an
The
late
Mr.
Charles
Reade
an
Mall
Amber
too dear a
is
used
fire,
"fusing of Amber;
in Italy.
is,
Gum, and
came
out
of
their
17
Gazelle,
Till fused
acknowledged authority on
by dry heat
Copal
it ?
tried
is
it
is
no more soluble
hands a dark
brown opaque
in
Amber
in
substai
the
knew
never
When
really Fused
man who
but one
down
at
it
is
a dark olive
could bring
in
to
it
gnen
as clear as crystal
spite
this,
house
one day."
This
the
it,
it
extract
Amber
really
theory; there
views
summarises
Mr.
Reade's
however
little
difficulty
is
in
against
refuting- his
propositions
As
Gum
market.
lot
less,
of
a drug
in
the
Amber, about 50
this
Gum
sale at
is
of
Varnish purposes
employment
its
in
anything
like
is
for
com-
mercial quantities.
With reference
ment, as there
in
this
Resin,
is
no color approaching
we may
safely
it
assume that
of,
resulted
used
it
Gum, upon
may be added
to
a novice.
Kauri or Copal
much higher
in
its
rates.
It
is
adoption as a
Q
/.i
o
'-
h' s
'Vc^SV*--'?
oil
..
qP)
-^j
^-A-
we
that
of
insurmountable
difficulty,
it.
by
we
freely admit,
and
to this alone,
curious
how
history repeats
Even
itself.
some
an operation ot
is
siderable danger,
speak with
^kl~G"t (^'Q
is
in
this point
accomplished
repeatedly
J~^.
can be melted
self
<Q
to
we
the attempt,
by heat; and on
we claim
'Jri'^jyct?
in
Amber
maintain that
>
it
individual
muiviuuai
^""" C'vJ
CVTc5^\ Q^~Cil
and
the
me
that
mac
iNoiwunsuinuing
Notwithstanding
pj
important
part
in
pulation of
some
special
matter
much
so,
so
produced
in
all
manufactures,
in
the
successful
mani-
that
it
super-excellence
is
by certain
whose long
individuals,
acquaintance with
the material with which they have to deal, quite on a par with that particular
This
is
old.
Such
is
the
difficulty
to
wit
its
discontinued.
19
in
in
some
obtaining
countries
No
element
stronger confirmation
in
of our contention
of the
personal
is
an absolute necessity
in
may
world,
easily
The making
its
all
laboratory experi-
production
in perfection, that
Some
or
jumped
15 or
and
it
was generally
The
in
recipe
connection,
this
one of Cremona,
is
with
the
lost
and when
experience,
as
the
Amber by
of dissolving
fire
heat
in oil, far
away
in
the top garret (as they did of yore) where there will
be plenty of
fumes, and
Tom.
In
the
latter
part
of
last
century
some
system
for
the use of
Amber
in
the preparation
fell,
much
(
handled.
to
special
be subjected
to
before
was
it
in the
manu-
from
the
Atir
making centres
violin
"This
treatment,
wSM&&z^.
ira^'H^
'
j%
"I must
this process,
insist
in
"
| */#"
laboratory.
Another contributor
p^\\\^.
;
to the literature
same
period, says, in a
" This
Art
(Varnish
Making)
abounds
These
if
sage reflection
He
,,,7kV^- 4m
M
P-
artists
adds
pretended
with
secrets, if
(/4'P
this
report
Geneva
upon
good, retard
means of improving
at present are
much
superior to those
which require
long and
artists,
21
for delicate
" articles.
This ancient
may
nation
boast
of expert and
patient hands,
but
the
much
argument
truth in this
stronger
at the
time
it
was
how much
written, but
is
In 1772,
"
lished by the celebrated Watin, called
L'Art de /aire
making
for
rate
work
composition des
le
known
in
of
in Paris
"Le parfait
good,
J'emisseur"
different varieties
in
Vernis"
scale.
les
was pub-
bad and
to Varnishes,
et
Metiers"
indifferent.
ones
patience to
is
is
dated
practical
some of the
require
of which
much
early
considerable
The
read.
first
Way
of an
21st,
and
*'
ordinary character
"For paying
ships' sides,
preserving timber
taken out
1754,
in
"
;
and
but one
June. 1763, by
Schmidt,
worth
is
reprinting.
worded as under
"
oil,
Poppy
half-a-pint
quarts
pound;
spirits
Gum
oil,
ten
ounces
The
oil,
nutt
oil,
two quarts
two quarts
riebensaat
Gum
Gum
baum
Composition and
Gum
elimy,
saffron,
mixed
neats-foot
spirits of wine,
three
Copal,
two
one
Gum
ounces;
two pounds
mastiek,
one quart
oil,
one pint
oil,
sandrick,
"a
called
is
one gallon
linseed
made
It
bernstein,
one ounce.
together
and boiled
to
proper
consistency."
"
are
unknown
was
to the craft in
fit
for
when
the
Sir
Henry Bessemer,
in
Varnish which became well known, and had considerable success under
the
name
of
'
by John Webster
Gum
melting
in
by steam vapour or
we never heard
gas," but
"For
1853
of this
necessary
to
and
costly
recent
trials,
effects professed to
In
the
in
be produced.
years
some
firms
have adopted
manufacture of Varnish
in
the
thickened
by
by which process
less
artificially
is
LINSEED.
blowing
air
through
Resin
Fossil
production.
it,
at certain temperatures,
required
is
is
of
the cost
achieved, however,
entirely at the
had reputation
to lose
compelled,
were
with
some
precipitation,
return
to
to
the
old
methods of making.
It
is
extraordinary the
last
immense
30 or 40 years,
art of
have
manufacturing
"English Varnish''
civilised world,
"make"
of this
is
advance by laying
Some
before
24
may be
reader a
idea
the
-j/r^rr.
"a communication
~= ri-'
of
awarded the
Isis
He
gold medal.
"Everyone intending
J.
to manufacture
spirit
Wilson Neil,
advises that
Vamish on
to
whom
18
by 16
feet,
Then
and
building should
Runs or meltings of
then
The
this business
at
and
the Society
" suitable premises out of town of sufficient area fora large business.
"be
on the Art'
lbs.
sales in lots of
2 cwt.,
it
" 8
open
in.
fix
at
on to
front,
long by
it
6 in.
broad and
in.
assorted
" likewise a
Gums
in the
as follows
of Copal
Gums which
small
hammer
require
with
the
breaking,
procure
end reversing,
25
sit
"left
hand drag
hit
ium
is
It
Gum
to
Gum
the piece of
on the
thumb of the
anil
one steady
lead,
Gum
left
and cut
strike
it
flat
the
in
The
is
all
the chopping, in
is
then gives a few recipes, and suggests tanking in 150 gallon cisterns.
now
applicable
"
flutter,
as then,
Maker ought
is
to be clone
is
to
do
it
quickly
wanted or
always be cool, collected and firm, and to insure against accidents be prepared
The
greatest
either through
important
We
before
now
his
than
in
eyes daily.
They
importance
of
profitable scale
the
trade
then
it
anything,
more
if
1832.
contrast
the
above
are,
may judge by
since
in
enormous extension
that
and
To manufacture on
time.
to
have an output
of mere specialties
*
An
Illustrated
may
is
increased
required.
a
ot
like a similar
Manufacturers
possibly be exceptions.
largest
26
lie
an
se,
years,
scientific
instruction,
is
know-
being
a matter of necessity
not generations
and then
assiduity,
only possible of
and precision
manufacture.
Of
the
ingredients used
in
Varnish,
it
is
acquaintance
intimate
an
with what has been aptly described as the " virtues, vices and
idiosyncracies " of these peculiar vegetable substances
many
The
is
re-exported
nearly
total
amount
two- thirds
Gum
Kauri
of
being
New
to
400
adjacent
various
to
by
represented
Zealand
the
of
and the
the
world,
remainder
principally
fromj||l
that
The
of which
Islands,
parts
part
27
"'Ss^
for all
of
commerce was
first
their
for greater
by
known
class
them
their familiar
in the
In giving a slight
in
our markets,
we
names,
their scientific
denom-
viz.:
/&
$m^&&^:
*tfl.
Mexico
ination
in
is
it
name
28
*T^&j9^JjJjuSX*Jf+*A+*Js^^
W^
'
^Ai/
any other
kind.
Many
persons
in
Amber
originated from the earth, and did not depend upon any particular
organization, but
many
vegetable
to
hardened
of
by
unknown,
this
was
generally
under
Amber
is
the
in
autumnal
cold.
analysis
was
the
part
latter
William,
chemist
King of
Tree,
brated
Frederick
was the
it
accepted.
cele-
Prussia,
declaring
though erroneous,
idea,
Hoffman, a
it
Pine
the
comparative
then
of
by
origin
Resin
be
As
assigned to
of his day,
of
in
Antediluvian
nearly
all
Coniferae.
30
it
Germany and on
is
the
rocks
its
foaming
sea,
Gum
is
as
associated
for the
and
in
Hukung,
The Amber
visit the
thrown up.
difficulties,
such
Upper Burmah.
etc.,
is
found
with
in
iron,
lignite.
at prices
varying from
is.
per
lb.
some places
this
Resin occurs
31
in
the
adhering
to
the
is
it
not
uncommon
to
trunks
The
of trees.
still
larger
sufficiently attests
doubt as
all
to
its
vegetable origin.
Being
come
present
in
liquid, all
in contact,
this
Amber.
is
Although science
period of these
insects,
Bernard
noticeable
in
unable to
fix
is
de Jussieu has
era
shores
of the
estuaries
where
lower
the
Amber may
^/@\
it
rubbed
JMM**^
Being
igfthard
be described as a bituminous
is
on
soft
_ properties, hence
32
its
body
it
exhibits
when
electric
name
for
it
refer to
its
modern
in
times,
is
poetically
many supposed
qualities
described as a
concretion
it
and
of
birds' tears.
"Around
Amber
(Tom
It
it
heavier than
fluid
its
use
in
.V,
and a
making.
but a
prevent
water,
practical Varnish
Of
the Animis,
from Zanzibar.
that
is
exported
now proved
to the
to
is
is
closely allied
genus Hymenaa.
Gum, and
all
it
old kind, called " Sandarusi " by the natives of the Coast, was the
product of extinct
species
that
trees,
afford
"
or
new Resin
it
to the
same
the interior.
The
fields
30 miles inland
Delgado,
in
from
Ras Gomani,
in
collected
south latitude 30
the Gum
34
is
is
lie
to
some
Ras
usually
The
finest quality is
dug up by
name;
its
the
surface
some
soil.
Wawandi
is
indentations and elevations, giving rise to the trade term of " goose
skin," an
Gum
the term
internal
caused
is
The whole
to
^"350 per
taste;
the specific
gravity
dull
is
In
the
who
London
ton.
fracture,
ro68:
the melting
point
Madagascar Animi,
Mozambique.
They
i
mixed
are
in
quality
03
much lower
value,
although the melting point and specific gravity are almost identical.
Of
same species of
considerable shipments
late years
from Demerara.
This
roots
exudation
the
^A ( 4>k
of
Courbaril of British
is
and trunks of
When
period.
and
Resin,
Hymenaa
Guiana,
Fossil
trees.
appearance
has
it
dirt
handsome
very
lumps of io or
earlier
from
cleaned
well
oxidation
much
trees of a
12 lbs. brilli-
met
are frequently
BRANCH OF HYMEN** COURBARIL WITH ENLARGED*
POD .ABOUT ONE-FIFTH NATURAL SIZE).
with.
The
mass of
embedded
in
it
of
it
these
fallen
by
it is
insects
many bubbles
silver.
These
piece of Animi
its
sold at from
200
to
ants, there
peculiarities
Gum
is
and the
yet discovered
unique.
gradually declining.
lbs.,
this
is
command
therefore
240 per
36
same
qualities
would
sell
at
very
little
more than
half these
Gum
breaks up
figures.
The reason
into
is,
light spirits
As might be expected
viz.,
that
"030.
it is
The melting
a weak
that larger
it
Gum, we
solid
in
think well of
is
its
about 450
and excepting
practical utility,
37
and regret
all
as already mentioned,
Fossil Resins,
is
the generic
name given
of
jgi
3.
the
Animis
of the East
Coast.
the Portuguese Colonies of these names, are the most valuable of the
AYest
Coast varieties.
is
still
it.
There
is
very
little
38
doubt,
however,
matter of
to
trace
to
Districts,
in
whence
region
this
Tropical
of
Africa,
ground
gradually
a range of
the
the
interior,
"^^
It
is
curious
littoral
alone,
but
nevertheless
to 50 or
true,
hilly tract of
that Copal
The
the coast.
reached a
littoral
the
fairly parallel to
is
country occurs.
found
in
this
immediately west of
north,
to
Cunene on
the
it
line.
we have seen
it
is
to
as
clearly
rich
hardier
members
is
rivers, is in fact,
good reason
flora similar to
The whole
to
suppose
and
contrive
to
this
so,
but that
out through the indrifting, by the wind, of sand from the sea shore.
This work of extinction has also doubtless been largely assisted by the
excessive drought
little
for
soil
fruit,
is
capable of retaining
many
and therefore
lose
their
power of re-production.
Only one
tree
the
Baobab {Adansonia
digitata)
appears
to
be
40
and
in
groups.
Its
presence under
these
conditions
most important,
is
for
it
seems that the geographical distribution of the Baobab marks out the
region within which these Copals occur; and this
altitude,
the Adaiisonia
Owing
is
feet,
true also as to
at
which height
source of these
is
is
it
remains an open
is
extinct
or not.
is
to
is
certain
that this
Order Leguminosce
is
which produces, or
in a past
genus
highly possible.
It
tree or shrub
Copaijera,
is
may be mentioned
Guibourtiana
species
that
named
after
Guibourtia copalli/era
is
M.
~\
^V
Phar-
Daniell as j^V
known
tm I
Copaifera
to the
to
that
be the
\V
Hymencea
Trachylobiam
verrucosum
yields
that
4i
much
kingdom as
the fans
et origo
The
of Copal.
these the
many
travellers
and
scientists,
and amongst
prominent.
Oliveira Pimental speaks of Hytnencea verrucosa
it
is
now known
Trachylobium
tree,
Magyar asserts
Ladislaus luagyar
Laaisiaus
name
or
Acacia
recent
nilotica
authorities
-which
the
most
at
most
cons
onsider
\\p>
(^&Sj%i
tt4j
^ ;^^
y v
,
^y
produces
Gum
Arabic.
Animi
is
bicense,
endeavours
Copal
is
to
to
prove that
be ascribed
Hornemanianum.
As
all
to this tree
African
or
T.
42
Animi
is
concerned, but as neither of these occur on the West Coast and as most
of the African
As has been
is
thus offered.
copallifera or Copaifera
in
is
it
Northern Guinea
is
Guibourliana, so
far at
the bark
of the tree at
first
" yellow.
state but
The nodules
and
finally
terminates in
and translucent
The
tree,
Copal, affords other inferior sorts gathered from the trunks and
may
not improbable
It is
which
" Considerable
is
if
" ground.
The
natives
also
is
for
no Copalliferous
trees
43
"
Pharmaceutical Journal,
While admitting
1857.
he can
indicate
that Daniell
no
Daniell's
'
Vol. XVI,
"
p. 423.
right
is
in
claiming that
Copaifera Guibouriiana,
to
source
botanical
for
these
microscopical
natives
the
any
evident
Angola and
his residence in
examination
Copal
find
is
it
Sierra
adherent,
tree
The
by certain
but that
trees,
during a period of
many
however,
and properties.
apparently succeeded
in
whom
believe
this
account
able
soil,
No traveller
securing
this hy-
of
some
show
any
Welwitsch investigated
this
to
On
two
occasions
local statement.
to a
group of
On
trees
the
first
even
resinous.
His
produced
is
characteristic appearance
has,
it
is still
conductors
gum not
however
44
to
acquire
its
much
out to be a
immediate
is
new
On
extremely improbable.
this occasion
vicinity.
Unable
particularly
in the
it
This
at another season.
Gum
to find
must be
It is
who had
g-atherers
it
time metamorphose
to
second venture.
then,
is
in
large
in
it is
littoral
where, as
we have
seen,
hi
t.
m*#
^ wedded
to the idea
Copal
J^s.
fillip
Copal producers
its
for ever
that
is
a verit-
able
Fossil
I,
Kesin,
main-
taining
the trees which were
is
source,
that
are, as
only
in
45
As
evidence of
Amber
Copals to
Gums, and
this,
He
several feet.
goes on
to say
Resin
is
all
along
" the Coast of Tropical West Africa, we are led naturally to the conclusion that the
it
if still
F.
well escape
Although
Copal
Soc. Vol.
found,
is
Resin
Observations
observation."
on
is
it
but
to
In
Copal.
at
first
sight
in
from
infer
Gum
IX.
this
very convincing,
in
this
that
the tree
is
extinct
is
obviously inadmissible.
For
ground,
of
all
this conclusion
to
in
that
it
may
sub-soil,
tree has
is
still
at
and
Very
its
drifts
is
Copal be maturing
The
geological
in the
pretty evident
in
" sequent upon that in-drifting of sea sand, which takes place along the greater part
46
" of the
West African
" Leone
district.
shore,
seem
to
It is
still
existed
is
Leone
earth,
and
or trees
tree,
may be
to this
still
Copals
altered
its
that
is
district."
when
Sierra
a Leguminous
in the
are
Resins originally
by long exposure
chemically
added, that
produced by
it is
in
the
producing tree
possible the
exist.
Gums
These
natives,
European
on
in
traders.
The work
a kind of partnership.
parties
provided with
and
implements,
is
carried
Prospecting
crude
sacks
to
digging
made
of
the
f^^t?*
M^f^^ mountain
?"^^7>??
feet, until
Copal
is
found
towards
the
to
depth
of
10
or
12
out
sometimes
___
set
picked up.
down
for days.
When
47
the
From
larger
to
coast,
this
than
one pound
weight are =
in
The Gum
is
pieces
very
equally
due
to oxidation
been embedded.
many
instances
soil
fiery red
is
so hard that
it
incrustation
in
probably
reminding
one of the
the coating
or sharp instrument.
We
all
in
They have
a high melting point, ranging from 425 to 475 Fahr., and a specific
gravity of
-068.
48
by the most
the West Coast varieties was known as
Sierra
Leone Copal
far
far
was
in
it
wards, and
its
in
it
is
as "Ambergris."
limited use
important commercially, of
among some
8th century
it
purposes.
The
Sierra
after the
establishment of
their
factories
in
1794,
commenced
the
regular
jl
England
,^8>ar?
to 10 tons
,3
sal
per annum.
The
paratively
principal
a
limited
producing
one,
district
extending
Gums,
it
is
about
200
Unlike
is
now-s^
directly from
com-
*" r-=--,
Guibourtiana.
called
Kobo,"
natives
for sores
is
of
The
hilly
Resin,
districts
as a
remedy
Gum
of the crop or
&>&ik^.
extensively cut
50
and slashed
in.
new
March,
The bark
and the
is
Gum
is
afterwards collected.
Con-
siderable quantities are also taken from the base and roots of the trees.
setting up oxidation
cult to
is
Gum, and
is
extremely
diffi-
attempt
is
made
at cleaning,
by agitation
in
A
Copal,
rivers,
known here
the
Gum
being regularly
\ilk/g^
'
ports,
is
as Pebble
rains.
generally considered a
Gum,
is
as
have
stated,
we
before
they
now amount
be regretted that
fields
It
is
to
The melting
one, but from
Resin
It is
point
about
360 Fahr.
also useful
its
is
we do
at
some
in
The
120 per
60
to
ton.
West African
Besides the
already mentioned,
varieties
there
are other descriptions which reach England from time to time, such as
quently
difficult
is
Gums
to describe these
are
accurately,
and
caution
and
little
it is
or to
consetheir
fix
like precision.
districts
still
such
are so
in
untouched,
is
a fact beyond
doubt,
of
as
and opinion as
to their practical
utility
and
commercial value.
Alfred
Sir
Moloney,
the present
quantities
named Ogea.
>j
Yoruba use
fires
and
Fossil
The
Resin
natives of
it
sparingly for
lights,
and powdered,
52
Quantities
are
found
under
the
swamp
of
surface
probably
land,
the
accumulations
an
of
earlier age.
A
to
unknown
into the
hands of the
this
some
parcel of
writer.
Ogea Gum.
We
The consignment
question
in
the
Gum
is
and above
supplies,
it
Professor Oliver, of
this
Kew
at
remunerative prices.
fix
F.L.S.,
&c,"
roughly
the exact
it is
it
species, says
sifted, that
all,
was
such
arrived in
cleaned, sorted,
it
page 404,
there
is
F.R.S.,
some 200
James
body
communicated
H.M. Consul
what became of
it
certainly
it
for
this
June
ith,
Mozambique.
Gum,
but
we never heard
Copal,
may
but
possibly
Kew
Gardens
tests,
came
to a species of
also
the
at the
who
to the writer,
to the
time were
officially sent
them
after subjecting
Gum
is
would
from
to practical
allied
by
confirmed
Samples
familiar guise
the
authorities
Kew,
at
and
entire
the
characteristic
"goose
that the
From
the
leaves
and
different.
and
bark,
which
was enabled
We
Gorskiana.
about 337
The
made
melting
point
Fah.
native
name given
the
some ioo
it
Gum
to the
" Inthlaka."
miles inland,
midway between
in
and the
is
Unfortunately this
opened up.
54
field
of supply
to the coast
L"
it
at present
being
ayyjr,
-w.
<M[_Jf_Jt
Somh J\mlrican
(Tdp/iu;
**
#-*'*
In
some
undeveloped
parts
fields
of
South
America
of Fossil Resins,
there are
It is
much
in
is
irregular
and
quality.
if
true,
may
still
producing some
much more
large
as shipments of considerable
varies very
doubtless
to,
a very
probability be obtained.
all
it
is
H.
Courbaril
55
The above
Some
known.
other
includes
title
appearance or
in
all
New
character;
on
Zealand that
others
it is
contrary
the
are
do so by the
There are no Fossil Resins that require more care and experience
in
buying
the
and
using
Manila
than
all
Copals;
little
difficulty is
some
are
so
experienced
in
melting
to their
who melt
in
is
the
fact
of
no Copal produced
in
these Islands.
from Ternate.
56
The Gums
Germany.
The
Amsterdam, on
arrival of
with
sorted
Dutch
The Gums
considerable care
many grades
in
are
into
cane
in
mats
This
at the port of
shipment
can be desired
color
and
and
scheduled
size
is all
that
every variety
ot
being so classified
continuity
that
and
quality
in
and cleaning
sorting
accuracy
of
upon.
Notwithstanding the
Europe,
it
mation
concerning
collecting,
is
still
that
fact
extremely
the
difficult
producing
of
soil
New
viz.:
in
feet
obtain
districts
of,
are
Zealand.
Many
shipped
any accurate
or
we may assume
of
that the
to
infor-
method
the
These
to
sandy
large quantities
in
the Kauri
undoubtedly serviceable
Some
Gums,
for
cut, as is the
case
with
white
Daraars of
the
neighbouring
the
countries.
In
consequence of
'I
'
TJil
il l
point
the melting:
'
''''V*
'
technical
tions, these
are unfit
in
oil
use
Varnishes.
The
is
for
the manufacture
of
Resins
we
botanical
are inclined to
think that they are the exudations ot trees belonging to the Natural
to
in
some
species of
Dammara
58
much
purposes,
practical
was, for
There
picture,
it
sorting of
cannot
If
it
however,
we
is
and as
it
is
fear,
sometimes well
to anticipate disasters,
fields
stimulated
for the
for
very
many
would be inclined
still
exudes Resin,
proposition, one
place,
says
important
this
command
excessive production,
is,
therefore
it
will
demand,
Zealand
in so
and
cleaning,
collecting,
produce, as to
fc83ES3>
unknown
New
of
for the
Gum
Fifty years
Gum.
in
these
No
it
59
(entirely its
its
own) of
.-lustra/is/'
more
any other
Gum not
is
acids
and
objectionable
other
article,
and
substances,
all
manufactured
the
to
it
we have already
thereby upsetting
at
and
readily,
to
in
injury
those
who
of
New
employ them.
Kauri Resin
Zealand
originally
(Dammara
aits/ra/is),
province of Auckland,
in
and
is
the Coniferse
produce
tapped,
character,
pentine
still
exist,
sap
and the
of
trees,
when
spongy
soft,
a semi-matured
state,
in
The range
kind
of
Resin.
of
value in Kauri
The
quality
too
is
very
is
Gum
diversified
at that time
and
size
is
classified
61
in
any other
this,
thirty
being shipped
now every
varietv
mark
prices from
There
^20
to
is
from
or bush
fires
to
gone by
invaluable
white,
clear
Gum,
for
certain
descriptions
of Varnishes.
The Gum
is
found a few
vary
stones,
are found.
in
Diggers explore
from
size
under ground.
feet
small
of
that
three specimens,
pieces
to
large
pebbles
The
less rare,
to
50 pounds
probably the
largest ever
discovered.
of the Maoris,
who brought
and barter
for
their
engaged
in
this
occupation,
of Whites are
which,
in
fact,
Camps
broken down.
some half-dozen or
and bring
district
so,
who scour
particular field
\
is
till
the
exhausted, or change
62
the immediate
kept often
merchant
The
is
cost of carriage
is
some
store,
coast,
whence
to
it is
Gum
on the
Auckland.
sort their
Gum
in
a rough
way before
it is
made
of
and shipped
quality,
The Maoris
let
them
on the
to
still
Europeans
to
Gum
found
is
when they
fields,
States.
do, a royalty of
to
per ton
free,
or at least
is
advertised,
and the
title
highest bidder.
The most
what
varies,
poor weak
Gum
is
derived.
being found
in
The
quality some-
the swamps,
and the
in the
by
Gum
diggers
an approximate
Kauri
is
63
means
is
made.
manipulate
that
is.
it
we have already
contains acts
in
is
The
is
it
its
use, but
is
easier to
and
at a
lower
It is
by
alluded, that
hence
oil
less heat
the product.
exports from
New
is
consumed
in
the
The
specific gravity
distillation
per cent.
to
is
fairly high,
460 Fahr.
64
in
>.-.
.-.
i~T~
i3
in
The Batavian
\y~*\\
:W
of
perfect
its
color,
obtains the
and especially
its
(T'JHf
Thev
are
all
exudations of the
,','
fault inherent
there
are
and
dark
W^'^^r^m
these
several
black
descriptions
Damar
are
the
is
trees
about
8o.
Damars,
tapped
incisions in
of
collected
the producing
which
vertical
about
White
orientalis.
supplies.
specific gravity
India,
of
for
Dammar a
trees
by
the bark
tree,
to melt
and accumulate.
BRANCH OF SHOREA R06USTA.
65
Gums
These
obtained
are
tndica)
plants.
is
The Black
velly district,
the
allied
Vt>
the Tinni-
in
point,
turpentine,
ij|
Kola Damar
very low
All are of a
strictum.
for
or
collected chiefly
melting-
(Vateria
soluble
freely
in
manufacture
of
oil
Varnish
the value of
common
resin.
in
the
The
BRANCH OF
CANARIUM STRICTUM.
66
Strictly
in
the category of
Fossil
or Semi-Fossil
made
tears
Island of Chios.
consumed
for the
in the bark,
The
best
and palest
in
Gum.
in
a recent or crop
fact,
qualities
come from
in
the
in
is.
{Pistachia
it
is
used,
by mastication,
teeth.
this
is
yellowish.
It is in
limited
employed by
demand
artists to
in
preserve
Europe
oil
67
making a
paintings
for
its
dirt.
etc.,
colorless Varnish
is
facility-
small
Although
shipments of
manufacture of
The almost
description,
selves,
to the
list
of Resins used in
Gums,
The
is
first
ground.
making and
Fossil
than
five
is
always a demand.
Unverdorben professed
varieties
in
the
Kane,
in
many
to detect
whilst
the
less
English markets,
some few
soft
is
oil
and
new
districts
Animis
Bastard
so-called
no
and
in;
New Copal-
Fossilized Copal
Animi-
C40
68
O3
O
C40 H33 O
C40
H31
H32
A
who
more recent
states that
"
authority, however,
is
Dr.
Edmund
J.
Mills, F.R.S.,
In the
Journal of
the Society
experiments
in the
H30 O2
be,
they are in
some
interesting
of further research.
Generally,
we
\
W
?*
may be
all
in
estimating
it
We
more
fossilized
is
the
Gum.
re-
has
the
Royal Gardens,
kindly furnished
69
us
Museums
Kew, who
with
such
'Wjk
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-te^C&Sfc
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....
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