Charu Kandpal Final Report On HEP

TEHRI HYDRO POWER PLANT
CHARU KANDPAL
THDC INSTITUTE OF HYDROPOWER
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Summer Training Report
Table of Contents
Serial
Number
Topics
Page Number
Submission Details
Acknowledgement
Introduction
Energy Scenario In India
Types of Power plants
Features of Tehri Dam
Components of Tehri HEP
11
Power Generation
15
Excitation System
16
Braking System
18
Governor System
19
Gas Insulated Switchyard
21
Computerized Control Room
23
References
25
Epilogue
26
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Charu Kandpal
THDC Institute of Hydropower Engineering and Technology
2014-15
Submission Details
Name of the organization-
Tehri Hydro Development Corporation
Location of Power House-
Bhagirathi Puram, Tehri Garhwal
Duration of Training-
July 23rd, 2014 to august 2nd, 2014
Title of Report-
Tehri Hydro Power Plant
Submitted To-
Er. S.K. Arya
Name-
Charu Kandpal
CollegeUniversityBranchRoll No. -
THDC Institute of Hydr0power Engineering and Technology

Uttarakhand Technical University
Electrical Engineering
110970105019
Guides:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Er. D. P. Kothiyal
Er. P. C. Pandey
Er. Rakesh Panwar
Er. Sachin Vyas
Er. Arpan Kumar
6) Er. Shrikant Pant

7) Er. Rahul Joshi
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Acknowledgement
I would like to sincerely thank Mr. Seemant Pant, Deputy General

Manager THDC India Limited, for his immense support that has
made this training possible. I would also like to thank Mr. S.K.Arya,
Senior Manager (O&M) for their great supervision as a mentor.
I would like to whole heartedly thank all the guides for their true
effort they put in to make us understand principles behind working
of all sections in brief.
Charu Kandpal
Uttarakhand Technical University
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ntroduction
THDCTEHRI HYDRO DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, or THDC, is

a joint venture of the Central Government and Uttar Pradesh State
Government.
Tehri DamThe Tehri Dam is a multi-purpose rock and earth-fill embankment dam at
the confluence of Bhagirathi and Bhilangna River at Tehri in Uttarakhand, India. Tehri Hydro
Power Projects comprises of three phases.
Phase 1.
Tehri HEP (4X250MW) was completed in 2006.
Phase 2.
Koteshwar HEP (4X100MW) was completed in 2012.
Phase 3. (4X250MW) Pumped storage Plant of hydroelectricity generation is under

construction.
This dam is Asias largest & worlds 3rd. largest rock fill dam. The area of the
reservoir is around 44 km2 and the catchment area expands to over 7511
km2 The complex will afford irrigation to an area of 270,000 hectares
(670,000acres), irrigation stabilization to an area of 600,000 hectares
(1,500,000acres). and a supply of 270 million gallons of drinking water per day
to the industrialized areas of Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand ,
thereby supplying drinking water to over ten million people
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nergy Scenario in India
Coal dominates the energy mix in India, contributing to 55% of the total primary energy
production. Over the years, there has been a marked increase in the share of natural gas in
primary energy production from 10% in 1994 to 13% in 1999. There has been a decline in the
share of oil in primary energy production from 20% to 17% during the same period.
Coal Power:
India has huge coal reserves, at least 84,396 million tons of proven recoverable reserves
(at the end of 2003). These amounts to almost 8.6% of the world reserves and it may last for
about 230 years at the current Reserve to Production (R/P) ratio. In contrast, the world's
proven coal reserves are expected to last only for 192 years at the current R/P ratio.
Natural Gas:
Natural gas accounts for about 8.9 per cent of energy consumption in the
country. The current demand for natural gas is about 96 million cubic meters per day (mcmd) as
against availability of 67 mcmd. By 2007, the demand is expected to be around 200 mcmd.
Natural gas reserves are estimated at 660 billion cubic meters.
Hydro Power:
India is endowed with a vast and viable hydro potential for power generation of
which only 15% has been harnessed so far. The share of hydropower in the country's total
generated units has steadily decreased and it presently stands at 25% as on 31st May 2004. It is
assessed that exploitable potential at 60% load factor is 84,000 MW.
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Nuclear Power:
Nuclear Power contributes to about 2.4 per cent of electricity generated in India.
India has ten nuclear power reactors at five different nuclear power stations. More nuclear
reactors have also been approved for construction.
Figure 1: Energy Production by Different Sectors in India
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ypes of Power Plants
Power Plant:
A power plant or a power generating station is basically an industrial location
that is utilized for the generation and distribution of electric power in mass scale. Since for the
purpose of bulk power generation, only thermal, nuclear and hydro power comes handy,
therefore a power generating station can be broadly classified in the 3 below mentioned types.
Thermal Power Station:

It uses coal as the primary fuel to boil the water available to superheated steam
for driving the steam turbine. The steam turbine is then mechanically coupled to
an alternator rotor, the rotation of which results in the generation of electric power.
Nuclear Power Station:

In nuclear power plant, the radioactive fuels are made to undergo fission
reaction within the nuclear reactors. The fission reaction propagates like a controlled chain
reaction and is accompanied by unprecedented amount of energy produced, which is
manifested in the form of heat. This heat is then transferred to the water present in the heat
exchanger tubes. As a result, super-heated steam at very high temperature is produced.
Hydro-Electric Power Station:

In Hydro-electric plants the energy of the falling water is utilized to drive the
turbine which in turn runs the generator to produce electricity. Rain falling upon the earths
surface has potential energy relative to the oceans towards which it flows. This energy is
converted to shaft work where the water falls through an appreciable vertical distance. The
hydraulic power is therefore a naturally available renewable energy given by the equation:
Where g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/sec 2
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= density of water = 1000 kg/m 3

H = height of fall of water i.e. gross head
This power is utilized for rotating the alternator shaft, to convert it to equivalent electrical
energy.
An important point to be noted is that, the hydro-electric plants are of much lower capacity
compared to their thermal or nuclear counterpart. For this reason hydro plants are generally
used in scheduling with thermal stations, to serve the load during peak hours. They in a way
assist the thermal or the nuclear plant to deliver power efficiently during periods of peak hours.
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eatures of Tehri Dam
Reservoir
Full Reservoir Level (F.R.L)
Maximum Level During Design Flood
Dead Storage Level (D.S.L)
Water Spread at F.R.L
Water Spread at D.S.L
Dam
Type
Top Level
Height
Width at Riverbed
Length at Top
Spillway
Chute Spillway
Crest Level
Waterways
Type and No. Of Gates
Right Bank Shaft Spillway
Type and No. of Gates
Crest Level
Diameter of Shaft
Left Bank Shaft Spillway
Type and No. Of Gates
Crest Level
Diameter of Shaft
Intermediate Level Outlet
Number
Size (Diameter)
EL 830 M
EL 835 M
EL 740 M
42 Sq. KM
18 Sq. KM
Earth and Rock Fill Dam
839.5 M
260.5 M
1125 M
592 M
EL 815 M
3 bays of 10.5 M each
Radial Gates, 3 Nos
Ungated, 2 Nos
830.2 M
12 M
Radial Gated, 2 Nos
EL 815 M
12 M
One
8.5 M
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Penstocks
Numbers
Size
Total Length
Power House
Machine Hall
Type
Location
Number & Units
Head
Transformer Hall
Type
Size
Step Up Transformer
Capacity
Number
Voltage Ratio
Switchyard
Type
Tail Race Works
Number and Size of Tail Race Tunnel
Length of Tunnels
Insert Level of Outlet
Installed Capacity
Total
Tehri- I
Tehri- II
Koteshwar
4
5.75 M dia. Each
1040 M
Underground
Left Bank, Underground
4, 250 MW each
Maximum: 231.5 M
Minimum: 127.5 M
Designed: 188.0 M
Underground
16118.529 M
306 MVA
4
15.75/420 KV
Indoor SF-6 Switchgear
2 Nos, 9.0 M dia. Each
862.5 M, 747.5 M
EL 598 M
2400 MW
1000 MW
1000 MW
400 MW
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omponents of Tehri HEP
Earth and Rock Fill Dam:

The dam is earth and rock fill type & its height is 260.5m. The length at the top is 592 m &
width is 25.5 m. The elevation of the top of the dam is 842 m.
Figure 2: Tehri Earth and Rock Fill Dam
Head Race TunnelThere are 04 Numbers of HRTs on the Right Bank of the reservoir having
circular shape, 8.5 m diameter. The lengths of HRTs are 779 m, 855 m, 997 m &1033 m. It takes
water from reservoir and supplies it to power house machines for generation. HRT-1 and
HRT-2 carry the later to Hydro power plant (HPP). HRT-3 and HRT-4 carry the water to the
pump storage plant (PSP) which is still an ongoing project and is not functional right now.
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Figure 3: Head Race Tunnel
Penstocks:
Water enters through the different penstocks to the different generating units.
Each penstock comprises upper horizontal, vertical & lower horizontal reach including upper &
lower bend. The diameter of penstock is 5.75 m.
Inlet Valves:
One Butterfly Inlet Valve (BIV) at mouth of the each penstock and one machine inlet
valve (MIV) before the spiral casing are installed. The valve remains close in case of unit
shutdown.
When the unit is started then after sensing the starting command, MIV opens first to build up
the pressure in spiral casing and roll the turbine.
Figure 4: Butterfly Inlet Valve

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Figure 5: Main Inlet Valve
Turbine:
Four Vertical Francis turbines are installed having net head of 188 meter.
Water from the spiral casing enters through the 28 guide vanes and strikes the 14 blades of the
runner, which is coupled to the main shaft. The shaft is coupled to the rotor of the generator at
the other end. The opening of guide vanes depends upon the generation requirement. Water
strikes the blades of the runner and fall axially in the draft tube. For keeping shaft vertically,
Turbine guide bearing is installed which is of rotating sump self-cooled type.
Generator:
It is 278 MVA, 0.9pf, 50HZ, 3 Phase generator which generates power at a
voltage of 15.75 KV. A generator has two parts, Stator and Rotor. Power generated is
transmitted through isolated phase bus duct to transformer gallery from where it is stepped up
to 400 KV by GSU transformers. Two bearings named as Thrust bearing and upper guide
bearing are installed for sustaining the outward thrust of rotor and keeping shaft verticality.
Both the bearings are of water cooled type. The direction of rotation is anticlockwise when
viewed from the top.
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Figure 6: Turbine and Generator in a HPP
Transformer Gallery:
Eight in numbers, 306 MVA, 15.75/ 400KV GSU 3 Phase transformers are
installed in transformer gallery (TG) for the four units. Other four set of transformers are
installed for upcoming Pumped Storage Plant (PSP). 15.75 KV is generated from the each unit
and this power is stepped up to 400 KV here and sent to switchyard through oil filled cables.
These generating transformers are provided with makeup valve which is filled with water that
cools the oil that is being used to cool the transformer. These transformers are also equipped
with micro wave detector which detects the microwave that generated In case of some spark
and raises the alarm. Transformer oil conditioner is used to purify the oil which is used to cool
the transformer and eliminates different gases from the oil that got mixed during the cooling
process.
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ower Generation
Water enters from reservoir through HRT-1 and HRT-2. Each HRT further divides
into two penstocks which are equipped with a butterfly valve. Hence four penstocks
lead to four turbines. This water rotates the turbine blades and turbine rotates the
excited rotor. This leads to change in flux and according to faradays law electricity is
generated.
Water from turbine enters the draft tubes and there after tail race tunnel TRT-1
and TRT-2. These TRTs takes the water to mainstream.
Figure 7: Tehri HPP and PSP power generation scheme
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xcitation System
The basic principle of power generation is when a magnetic field is moved across a
stationary conductor, voltage is induced in the conductor. Voltage will be induced even if
conductor is rotated and magnetic field is kept stationary, Generators consist of two circuits an
electric circuit and a magnetic circuit; one is rotating with respect to other. The magnetic circuit
of a generator is called exciter.
In modern generators magnetic field is produced by an electromagnet. The
intensity of magnetic field can be varied by varying the amount of DC current
applied to electromagnet. Generator output voltage is affected by the following
factors:
1) Intensity of the flux in the rotating magnetic excitation field. This can be
varied by varying the DC current applied to the electromagnets.
2) Rate at which flux lines cut by the conductor. This is not variable since the
generators operator at the rated constant speed.
3) Length of the conductor (Not variable).
The excitation system is intended for providing the following functions:
Start up, field flashing and switching to the system by precise synchronizing.
Operation of the generator at loads varying from no load to maximum load for the
generator.
Operation in the synchronous condenser mode both with inductive and capacitive load.
Field forcing at the set voltage response and de excitation at disturbances in the power
grid causing voltage rise or drop in the system.
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Rotor field suppression by the field circuit breaker at protection operation with
simultaneous inversion of the rectifying unit.
Operation on joint control maintaining even distribution of the reactive load between
machines.
Limiting the ratio of ceiling field current to nominal field current by two (2) per unit
without time delay as well limiting of over load by the time-inverse characteristics.
Limiting minimum field current with set point depending on generator active power in
the mode of VAR load demand from the grid.
Protection of the generator for loss of excitation/asynchronous run.
Protection of generator transformer from damage at frequency drops under no load
conditions by lowering the voltage regulator setting suitably.
Compensation for step-up transformer impedance.
Startup of pumped storage units by back-to-back method and for electrical braking
operation of the units.
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raking System
1) To stop the machine, first wicket gates are closed.

2) It is then left in the idle condition, so that the speed reduces to 50%.
3) Dynamic brakes: When the speed is reduced to 50% dynamic brakes are
applied. For this, first the
4) 11KV incomer line is stepped down to 230V which after passing through
circuit breakers followed by field breakers is supplied to the rotor in
opposite direction (opposite to the direction of excitation) and the 3
phase AC is shorted, which applies the force in opposite direction and
helps in reducing the speed.
5) Dynamic brakes are applied until machine reduces to 4 percent.
6) Mechanical brakes are applied when the speed reduces to 4% after application of
Dynamic brakes.
Figure 8: Mechanical
Brake
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overnor and oil pressure System
Governor System:
The main purpose of governor system is to maintain the rotational speed of the
rotor within permissible limits. It consist of Electrohydraulic Transducers, which takes
input from electronic transducers installed in unit control boards and performs desirable
action by sending it to servomotor. It also takes signals from servomotor and in case of
any malfunctioning, it sends signal to electronic transducer to take mandatory action
according to the scenario.
For controlling the speed of a turbine a signal proportional to the speed is to be fed to
the control system. The pressure is maintained constant by a separate unit called as oil
pressure unit.
For achieving automatic control, a portion of the system output is fed back to the
system and this signal is called feedback. The governor then automatically adjusts the
flow to control the prime movers power.
Oil Pressure Unit:

Application of oil pressure system:
1) The heat generated by the moving parts can be carried away
by the oil which can be transmitted to exchanger.
2) Various devices (big or small) like operating server motors for
the wicket gates and opening and closing of the spherical valve of MIV
(Main inlet valve) can be operated using a simple energy source.
3) The oil acts as a lubricant which can increase the component life and hydraulic
actuators have a good response.
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Figure 9: Oil and air pressure units
Figure 10: Oil pumping unit with motor
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as Insulated Switchyard
After generation of power at 15.75 KV it is stepped up to 400 KV by transformers installed at

elevation EL 605 M. Then it is passed through GIS before sending it to power grid. GIS needed
very less space for a switchyard than in comparison of building it in an open space.
a) 3 phase AC wave is first passed through the surge arrestors which arrests the
high peaks in the wave. Basically it is the capacitor which charges and discharges in
order to remove those high peaks.
b) Current transformers are there for the protection. Their rating is 500A/1A. c)
Isolators give option to switch between the bus bars.
d) Circuit breakers are also there, which contains Nitrogen gas to pressurize the
oil. Nitrogen pushes the piston as a result the circuit is completed and the conduction
starts. Circuit breakers here are hydraulic type. The pressure of SF6 in circuit breaker is
6.9MPa.
e) Bus Coupler: - It connects the power generated to the transfer line. B11 is
connected to B12 & B21 is connected to B22.
f) Insulation: - For insulation SF6 is used. AS soon as the line charges, spark is
generated, SF6 quenches the spark. SF6 is used because Fluorine ions have high electro
negativity which quickly recombines to form SF6.
g) L1 line trap is provided for the hotline communication.
h) Here capacitive voltage transformers are used because it works well on high
voltage and are economical.
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In GIS red cylinder contains Nitrogen whereas blue cylinders contain SF6. Nitrogen is used here
to take vacant space created by motor whenever breaks are applied. As breakers are removed or
applied by a motor and Nitrogen fills it very fast and it is cheap.
Figure 11: Gas Insulated Switchyard
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omputerized Control Room
It uses SCADA i.e. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition system. It has full control on
starting, running and stopping of a machine. Amount of energy produced, Shutdown of a
machine, starting of a machine etc. is ensured by SCADA system of ALSTOM installed in
CCR.
Start Sequence:
START
1) Check Start Condition

2) Open Start Page
3) TM START
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
MIV open
Gen. Cooling Water ON
Gen. Space Heaters OFF
Field Beaker ON
Governor Start
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If Speed> 95%
Excitation ON
If Voltage>80%
Spinning Mode
Check
Synchronization
and close circuit
breaker
END
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eferences
1) A report on Energy Scenario of India, Bureau of energy efficiency, India

(BEE)
2) Official Site of THDC, www.thdc.gov.in
3) Technical Directories of THDC India Limited
4) Official site of ALSTOM (www.alstom.com)
5) Wikipedia Tehri dam Portal
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pilogue
This industrial training has helped me in improving my practical knowledge about

electrical machines and electrical apparatus. With state of the art gigantic structure this
is a source of power for the country. I realized how it is easy to waste energy easily and
how difficult and costly it is to make. GIS, SCA Transformers was such an important part
of learning.
The ability of staff to let us understand the working principle of machines and
their familiar behavior was unforgettable. TEHRI HEP was a phenomenal experience for
me to get trained in such a place full of engineering and technology.
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Charu Kandpal Final Report On HEP

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TEHRI HYDRO POWER PLANT

TEHRI HYDRO POWER PLANT

Summer Training Report

Energy Scenario In India

Types of Power plants

Features of Tehri Dam

Components of Tehri HEP

Gas Insulated Switchyard

Computerized Control Room

TEHRI HYDRO POWER PLANT

Summer Training Report

Name of the organization-

Tehri Hydro Development Corporation

Location of Power House-

Bhagirathi Puram, Tehri Garhwal

July 23rd, 2014 to august 2nd, 2014

Tehri Hydro Power Plant

Er. S.K. Arya

THDC Institute of Hydr0power Engineering and Technology

6) Er. Shrikant Pant

TEHRI HYDRO POWER PLANT

Summer Training Report

I would like to sincerely thank Mr. Seemant Pant, Deputy General

TEHRI HYDRO POWER PLANT

Summer Training Report

THDCTEHRI HYDRO DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, or THDC, is

Tehri HEP (4X250MW) was completed in 2006.

Koteshwar HEP (4X100MW) was completed in 2012.

Phase 3. (4X250MW) Pumped storage Plant of hydroelectricity generation is under

TEHRI HYDRO POWER PLANT

Summer Training Report

nergy Scenario in India

TEHRI HYDRO POWER PLANT

Summer Training Report

Figure 1: Energy Production by Different Sectors in India

TEHRI HYDRO POWER PLANT

Summer Training Report

ypes of Power Plants

Thermal Power Station:

Nuclear Power Station:

Hydro-Electric Power Station:

Where g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/sec 2

TEHRI HYDRO POWER PLANT

Summer Training Report

= density of water = 1000 kg/m 3

TEHRI HYDRO POWER PLANT

Summer Training Report

eatures of Tehri Dam

TEHRI HYDRO POWER PLANT

Summer Training Report

TEHRI HYDRO POWER PLANT

Summer Training Report

omponents of Tehri HEP

Earth and Rock Fill Dam:

Figure 2: Tehri Earth and Rock Fill Dam

TEHRI HYDRO POWER PLANT

Summer Training Report

Figure 3: Head Race Tunnel

Figure 4: Butterfly Inlet Valve

TEHRI HYDRO POWER PLANT

Summer Training Report

Figure 5: Main Inlet Valve

TEHRI HYDRO POWER PLANT