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TRANSFORMERS

Power Transformers-Indian
Standards

Insulating OilsIndian & IEC

standards

Internet site: MENU-DRIVEN

GRAPHICAL USER
INTERFACE (GUI)
OBJECTIVE
PROGRAMS-Performance
QUESTIONS
from Transformer equivalent
circuit

TYPE

HOME takes you to the start page after you have read these Topics. Start page has links to other topics.
MENU-DRIVEN GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) PROGRAMS- by Prof. H. Sadat. -The transformer program obtains the transformer equivalent circuit from open-circuit and short-circuit
tests. It also finds the transformer performance characteristics using the transformer parameters. In the induction motor program the parameters of the equivalent circuit can be entered on the circuit
diagram. The program draws the Thevenin's equivalent circuit. Performance characteristics are then obtained for the specified slip and the torque slip curve is plotted on the screen. The analysis can be
repeated for different slips. A GUI program deals with the design of a first-order controller in the forward path of a closed-loop control system. This GUI program designs the following controllers:
Proportional, phase-lag, phase-lead, PD,PI, and PID controllers. To run the controller design program at the MATLABprompt type>> rldesigngui
TRANSFORMERS -OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
1. For a delta-star 3-phase transformer the primary winding has N1 turns/phase and a secondary has N2 turns /phase. The single-phase equivalent circuit will have a turns ratio
a. N1/N2
b. N1/ 3/N2
c. N1/N2/ 3
Ans: (b)
2.

The use of higher flux density in transformer design

a)
b)
c)

reduces the transformer weight per kVA

increases the weight/kVA
increases the weight/kW

Ans. a
3.

The conservator is used in a transformer because

a)
b)
c)

it supplies oil to the transformer whenever needed

protects the transformer from damage when oil expands due to rise in temperature
it provides fresh air and cools down the oil.

Ans. b
4.

Which of the following has the highest efficiency?

a)
b)
c)
d)

dc shunt motor
transformer
induction motor
synchronous motor

Ans. b

Power Transformers-Indian Standards

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Power Transformers [ISD: 2026 (Part 1)-1977]
TYPE TESTS
S. No.
1
2
3

4
5
6
7
8

Type test
Measurement of winding resistance
Measurement of voltage ratio and check of
voltage vector relationship
Measurement of impedance voltage/ shortcircuit impedance (principal tapping) and load
loss
Measurement of no-load loss and current
Measurement of insulation resistance
Dielectric tests (Lightning impulse on line
terminals
Temperature rise test
Tests on on-load tap changer (where
appropriate)

Purpose
To know resistance of winding utilized
To know correct voltage ratio at each tap and to check
vector symbol (To ascertain phase displacement)
To know copper (load) loss and impedance voltage

To know core loss & excitation current

To check insulation strength
To verify impulse voltage withstand capacity of
insulation (Line terminal to earth & other winding)
To check temperature rise of transformer under
loading conditions
To ensure proper operation of OLTC

SPECIAL TESTS
S. No.
1

Special test
Dielectric test (Modified impulse test on
Neutral

Measurement of zero sequence impedance of

3-phase transformers
Short circuit test

Measurement of acoustic noise level

Measurement of harmonics of the no-load

current
Measurement of power taken by fans & oil
pumps

Purpose
To verify impulse voltage withstand capacity of
insulation (Neutral terminal to earth & other
winding)
To check zero sequence impedance of 3-phase
transformers
To ensure mechanical strength under short circuit
condition
To measure sound level produced by transformer
during rated excitation under no-load condition
To measure harmonics of the no-load current
To know power consumption of fans & oil pumps

ROUTINE TESTS

S. No.
Routine test
Purpose
Type Tests 1,2,3,4,5,6, and 9 will also be the Routine Tests. In addition, the following Dielectric tests will be
performed as a Routine test
Dielectric Tests
Separate AC source
To verify power frequency withstand capacity
Induced over voltage
of winding (winding to other winding and to
earth)
To verify power frequency withstand capacity
of winding (phases to earth and other winding)

ACCEPTANCE TESTS
The routine tests on each transformer are to be considered as acceptance tests
SAMPLE CRITERIA: Each power transformer to be tested

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Insulating Oils- Indian & IEC standards

INSULATING OILS [IS: 335-1983 OR IEC: 296-1982]

There are no specific lit of type/routine /acceptance tests to be performed on manufactured insulating oil. However, the manufacturer shall verify the following characteristics by carrying out relevant tests on the insulating oil.

S. No.

Property

As per IS: 335

(Un-inhibited)
Clear & transparent
and free from
suspended matter or
sediments

As per IEC: 296

Un-inhibited
Inhibited -IA
Clear & transparent and
Clear & transparent and
free from suspended
free from suspended
matter or sediments
matter or sediments

Appearance

Density
g/cm3
Kinematic viscosity at
270 Max.
Interfacial tension Min.

0.89 at 270C

< 0.895 at 200 C

< 0.895 at 200 C

27 cSt
at 270C

16.5 cSt
at 40 0C

16.5 cSt
at 40 0C

0.04 N/m at 270C

0.04 N/m at 250C

0.04 N/m at 250C

Flash point
Pansky-Marten (closed)
Min
Pour point
Max.
Neutralization value

Total acidity
Max.

Inorganic
acidity/alkalinity
Corrosive sulpher
Electric Strength
(Breakdown voltage)
Min.

New unfiltered oil

After filtration
Dielectric dissipation
factor( tand) at 900 Max.
Specific resistivity

At 900 Min.

At 27 0 Min.
Oxidation stability

Neutralization
value after
oxidation Max.

Total sludge
after oxidation
Max.

1400C

1400C

1400C

-90 C

-300 C

-300 C

0.03mg
KOH/g
Nil

0.03mg
KOH/g
Nil

0.03mg
KOH/g
Nil

Non-corrosive

Non-corrosive

Non-corrosive

30 kV (RMS)
50 kV (RMS)

30 kV (RMS)
50 kV (RMS)

30 kV (RMS)
50 kV (RMS)

0.005

0.005

0.005

0.40 mg
KOH/g

0.40 mg
KOH/g

No limit

0.10% by weight

0.10% by weight

3
4
5

6
7

8
9

10
11

12

30x 1018 ohm-cm

500x 1018 ohm-cm

SAMPLING CRITERIA
As per IS:6855-1973 OR relevant specification of equipment where oil is required.