1

Lecture (1)
on
Concepts of Measurement

Fayoum University

By
Dr. Emad M. Saad
Industrial Engineering Dept.
Faculty of Engineering
Fayoum University

Faculty of Engineering
Industrial Engineering Dept.

2014 - 2015

Course Syllabus
3

Corse Name:

Mechanical Measurements 2nd year Industrial Dept.

Course Outline: 1. Engineering Measurements

2.

Linear measurements

3.

Measuring lengths

4.

Measuring angles

5.

Scale marginal

6.

Comparison

7.

Integrity and flatness tests and roughness and roundness

8.

Measuring screw and gear

9.

Overlap and optical devices overlap and its applications in metrology

10. Used in laser metrology

11. Three dimensions measurements

12. Measurement methods Computer Aided

Lecture (1) Mechanical Measurements 2nd year Industrial.

Course Syllabus
4

Course prerequisites:

1.
2.
3.

Mechanical Engineering Principles.

Physics Principles.
Statistics Principles.

Text Books:

Lectures notes

References:

Experimental Methods for Engineers - Eighth Edition - J.P. Holman

Evaluation:

1.
2.
3.

Professor:

Facebook:

DrEmad Elasid

Email:

ems03@fayoum.edu.eg

Office Hours:

Thursday 10:00 - 15:30

Wednesday 09:00 - 15:30 or by Appointment

Homework, attendance and assignments; equivalent 20%.

Mid exam; equivalent 20%.
Final exam; equivalent 60%.

Technical Terms
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Measurement
Measurement is the act, or the result, of a quantitative comparison
between a predetermined standard and an unknown magnitude.
Range
It represents the highest possible value that can be measured by an
Scale sensitivity
It is defined as the ratio of a change in scale reading to the
corresponding change in pointer deflection. It actually denotes the
smallest change in the measured variable to which an instrument
responds.
True or actual value
It is the actual magnitude of a signal input to a measuring system
which can only be approached and never evaluated.

Technical Terms
6

Accuracy
It is defined as the closeness with which the reading approaches an
accepted standard value or true value.
Precision
It is the degree of reproducibility among several independent
measurements of the same true value under specified conditions. It is
usually expressed in terms of deviation in measurement.
Repeatability
It is defined as the closeness of agreement among the number of
consecutive measurement of the output for the same value of input
under the same operating conditions. It may be specified in terms of
units for a given period of time.

Technical Terms
7

Reliability
It is the ability of a system to perform and maintain its function in routine
circumstances. Consistency of a set of measurements or measuring instrument
often used to describe a test.
Systematic Errors
A constant uniform deviation of the operation of an instrument is known as
systematic error. Instrumentational error, environmental error, Systematic error
and observation error are systematic errors.
Random Errors
Some errors result through the systematic and instrument errors are reduced or
at least accounted for. The causes of such errors are unknown and hence, the
errors are called random errors.
Calibration
Calibration is the process of determining and adjusting an instruments accuracy
to make sure its accuracy is within the manufacturers specifications.

Technical Terms
8

Reliability
It is the ability of a system to perform and maintain its function in routine
circumstances. Consistency of a set of measurements or measuring instrument
often used to describe a test.
Systematic Errors
A constant uniform deviation of the operation of an instrument is known as
systematic error. Instrumentational error, environmental error, Systematic error
and observation error are systematic errors.
Random Errors
Some errors result through the systematic and instrument errors are reduced or
at least accounted for. The causes of such errors are unknown and hence, the
errors are called random errors.
Calibration
Calibration is the process of determining and adjusting an instruments accuracy
to make sure its accuracy is within the manufacturers specifications.

Methods of Measurements
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1. Direct method
2. Indirect method
3. Absolute or Fundamental method

4. Comparative method
5. Transposition method
6. Coincidence method

7. Deflection method
8. Complementary method
9. Contact method

10. Contactless method

Generalized Measurement System

10

Measurement Standards
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1. Calibration standards: Working standards of

industrial or governmental laboratories.
1. Metrology standards: Reference standards
of industrial or Governmental laboratories.
1. National standards: It includes prototype
and natural phenomenon of SI (Systems
International),

Factors affecting the accuracy of the Measuring System

12

1. Standard
2. Work piece
3. The inherent characteristics of Instrument
4. Person
5. Environment