Factors Effecting Performance

10-06-2014
Chapter title
FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE
By Bert van Gent
Dredging and Marine Contractors

1
Dredging?

2
Double production!

3
10-06-2014
Equipment
Breakdown of the dredging process
Overview of dredgers
Cutter suction dredger
Trailing suction hopper dredger
Backhoe dredger
Grab dredger
Other equipment
Environmental dredgers

4
Breakdown of the Dredging Process

1. Loosening the material (and/or dislodging)
2. Picking up the loosened material
3. Transport
through the primary dredger
further transport
4. Disposal of the material

under water
on shore

5
Means to realise the partial processes

Hydraulic (erosion, discharge pipe, etc.)
Mechanical (cutter, conveyor belt, etc.)
Remark
The different sub-processes may require different types of
dredging equipment

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Overview of dredgers
1. Hydraulic/mechanical dredgers (CSD)

2. Hydraulic dredgers (TSHD)
3. Mechanical dredgers (Backhoe, Grab)
4. Environmental dredgers

7
Hydraulic/Mechanical Dredgers
Cutter Suction Dredger (CSD)

8
Cutter Suction Dredgers

Cutter power
Small < 600 kW
Large, 1500-3000 kW
Mid-size, 600-1500 kW

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10-06-2014

Cutter power
Heavy Duty, 3000-5500 kW
Mega, 5500-7500 kW

10
Main characteristics
Most important parts of the dredger
Working principle
Production limiting factors
Some characteristic figures

11

Nearly all kinds of soils (sand, clay, rock)
Stationary dredger:
vulnerable to shipping
sensitive to wave conditions
Some are self-propelled for mobilisation

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Cutter Suction Dredgers - Parts

13

Most important parts, machinery
Cutter head and cutter drive
Dredge pump(s)
(Side-) Winches and sheaves for the side
wires for swinging

14

Working principle
Cutter disintegrates or dislodges the material
mechanically by rotating cutter head
Material sucked up and transported through pipeline
by use of centrifugal dredge pumps
Pontoon movement by:
- swinging around working spud
- progress by successive steps (stepping)
and spuds (spudding)

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CSD WORK METHOD (1)
Swing
to SB

16
CSD WORK METHOD (2)

Stop at SB,
Push
dredger
forward

17
CSD WORK METHOD (3)
Start swing
to PS

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CSD WORK METHOD (4)
Continue
swing
to PS

19
CSD WORK METHOD (5)
Stop at PS,
Push dredger
forward

20
CSD WORK METHOD (6)
Start
swing to
SB

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CSD WORK METHOD (7)
Stop in
Centre Line

22
CSD WORK METHOD (8)
Aux. spud
down

23
CSD WORK METHOD (9)
Main spud
up

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CSD WORK METHOD (10)
Main spud
forward

25
Main spud
down

26
Aux. spud
up

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Start
swing
to SB

28
Continue
swing
to SB

29
Cutter Suction Dredger

Process topics
Over-cutting versus under-cutting
Spill
Cutter heads
Anchors

30
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undercutting
overcutting
spillage
(cutting deeper than design level)
31

Cutter head
Back ring - arms - hub
Blades - teeth: chisels / pick points
Cutter with chisels
Various shapes
Dredging
and
Marine
Contractors
Dredging
and
Marine
Contractors
32
Sand/clay cutter head

Rock cutter head
33
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Anchors
Depending on soil type
Flipper Delta
Stevshark

34

Anchors
Anchor islands

35

Soil characteristics
Available power on cutter
Side winches (max. power and velocity)
Thickness and width of the layer to be dredged
Dredging depth (ladder angle, spuds, cavitation)
Pumping distance
(pump- and pump drive characteristics)
Shipping
Waves and currents
Dirt and debris

36
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10-06-2014

Characteristic Figures
cutter suction dredger
small
mid-size
large
dimensions
(L*W*Dr)
65 * 10 * 2 m
70 * 16 * 4 m
120 * 20 * 5 m
total power
< 3,000 kW
< 9,000 kW
< 13,000 kW
cutter power
< 600 kW
< 1,500 kW
< 3,000 kW
max. swing speed
19 m / min
32 m / min
32 m / min
max. dredging depth
15-20 m
25 m
25 - 30 m
discharge diameter
0.35 - 0.70 m
0.65 - 0.85 m
0.75 - 0.85 m

37

cutter suction dredger
heavy duty
mega
dimensions
(L*W*Dr)
125 * 22 * 5 m
140 * 24 * 6.5 m
total power
< 23,000 kW
< 28,000 kW
cutter power
< 5,500 kW
< 7,000 kW
max. swing speed
32 m / min
32 m / min
max. dredging depth
25 - 35 m
30 - 35 m
discharge diameter
0.80 - 0.90 m
0.90 - 1.00 m

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Hydraulic Dredgers
Suction dredgers
Trailing Suction Hopper Dredger (TSHD)
Plain suction dredger
Barge unloading dredger
Water Injection Dredger (WID)

ing and Marine Contractors
40
Trailing Suction Hopper Dredger

41
Small, 4000 m3
Mid-Size 8,800 m3
Large 13,500 m3
42
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Jumbo 18,000 22,000m3
Mega 37,000 m3
43

Most important parts of the dredger
Process description

44

Free sailing
Self-propelled
Self-loading when trailing
Self-unloading or -discharging
Seagoing or inland waterway vessel
All soils (also weak rock!)
Relatively insensitive for waves
Not vulnerable for shipping

45
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wheel house
swell compensator
service
crane
propulsion
engine room
hopper
suction pipe
draghead
- 70m
pump room
bow-coupling for
pumping ashore or
rainbowing

46

Most important parts
Dragheads
Dredge pump(s)
Hopper, loading and unloading system

47
TSHD Process Description

Dredging cycle
Loading at the dredging- or sand borrow area
Sailing (loaded) to the unloading area
Unloading (dumping or pumping)
Sailing (empty) to the dredging area

48
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Excavation (Erosion & Cutting)

49

Suction

50

Loading
Loading (overflow)

51
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Loading: Basic Principle
Top view hopper
Longitudinal section

52

Full Load: Basic Principle
Top view hopper
Longitudinal section

53
Text (full)
Hopper loading (mud)
Total Volume [m3]

Max. volume
Draught [m] (=tons)

Max.
draught
Mud [m3]

54
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Text (full)
Hopper loading (sand)
Total Volume [m3]

Max.`volume
Draught [m] (=tons)

Max.
draught
Sand [m3]
Overflow losses

55

Sailing loaded

56

Discharge

57
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Hopper Self-discharge: rainbow
Rainbowing
DDredging and Marine Contractors

ng and Marine Contractors
58

Hopper Self-discharge: Pump ashore

59
Text (full)
Hopper Self-discharge: system
Water
Sand
Jets Jets
Jets
Discharge
Water inlet
Dredge pump

60
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10-06-2014
Text (full)
Jets Jets
Jets
Discharge
Water inlet
Dredge pump

61
Text (full)
Jets Jets
Jets
Discharge
Water inlet

Dredge pump
62
Text (full)
Jets
Jets
Discharge
Jets
Water inlet

Dredge pump
63
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Sailing empty

64
TSHD Load Graph

(emptying by bottom door disposal)
DRAUGHT (m)
TOTAL LOAD (ton)
start overflow
sailing
loaded
emptying hopper
stop
loading
next
trip
VOLUME SAND (m3)
sailing
empty
TIME IN MINUTES
Cycle-time per trip
start
dredging
TSHD Load Graph

(discharging to shore)
DRAUGHT (m)
start overflow
sailing
loaded
stop
loading
VOLUME SAND (m3)
unloading
hopper
next trip
sailing
empty
TIME IN MINUTES
start
dredging
Cycle-time per trip
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Process related topics
The hull
The hopper
Dragheads, suction pipes and belongings
Centrifugal pumps

67

The hull
Sailing characteristics
Resistance
Small keel clearance
Maximum carrying capacity versus draft, length and width

Strength
Stability

68

The hopper
Carrying capacity
Volume
Weight
Filling system
Overflow system
Bottom door disposal system
Self-discharge system

69
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Hopper: carrying capacity

Restriction by
volume (full hopper)
Restriction by weight
(max. draught)
MUD
5,000 m3
6,000 ton
SAND
3,500 m3
HOPPER
7,000 ton
HULL
HOPPER
HULL
Low density soils

e.g.: Mud - 1.2 ton/m3
High density soils
5,000 x 1.2 = 6,000 ton
e.g.: Sand - 2.0 ton/m3

3,500 x 2.0 = 7,000 ton
Hopper: loading & dumping facilities
Overflow System
Bottom-doors
Conical bottom-valves
Dragheads
DDredging and Marine Contractors

ing and Marine Contractors
72
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Sand Draghead

73
Different dragheads

74
Suction Pipe

75
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Workability Weather Delay
DrDredging and Marine Contractors

edging and Marine Contractors
76
Swell Compensator
Swell
Compensator
Draghead Winch
Oil
Pressure
Jar
Draghead
Seabottom
Centrifugal Pumps
Hardware
Types & sizes
Basic parts
inboard pump
under water pump
Dredging
Dredging and
and Marine
Marine Contractors
Contractors
78
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Centrifugal Pumps
Working principle
Energy Distribution
Propulsion
Pumps
Boardnet
Centrifugal pump

79
Centrifugal Pumps
Density & velocity meter
Engine-room with 2 pumps in line

80

Soil characteristics
Available propulsion power
Drag head size and weight
Keel clearance when loaded
Dredging depth
Pumping distance (pump- and pump drive characteristics)
Waves and currents
Dirt and debris
Production may vary a lot due to these factors

81
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10-06-2014
Limiting factors
A drag head grid damaged by boulders
Dredging and
and Marine
Marine Contractors
Contractors
Dredging
82
Limiting factors
Dirt and debris

83

trailing suction
hopper dredger
dimensions
(L*W*Dr)
max. dredging
depth
hopper capacity
small
mid-size
large
55*10*4 m 90*18*7 m 130*23*9 m

10-35 m
25-55 m
25-75 m
<4,000 m3 <8,000 m3 <15,000 m3
sailing speed
8 knots
12 knots
14 knots
propulsion power
400 kW
3,500 kW
8,000 kW
diam. suction-pipe
0.35-0.9 m
0.80 m
0.90-1.00 m

84
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10-06-2014

trailing suction
hopper dredger
jumbo
mega
dimensions
(L*W*Dr)
180*32*13 m
225 x 38 x 12 15.5 m
max. dredging
depth
50-120 m
55 - 155 m
hopper capacity
<30,000 m3
30,000 - 46,000 m3
sailing speed
17 knots
16 - 18 knots
propulsion power
(while dredging)
18,000 kW
26,000 kW
diam. suction-pipe
1.20 m
1.2 - 1.4 m

85
86
Other Hydraulic Dredgers

Suction Dredgers
Plain Suction Dredger
Barge unloading dredger
Water Injection Dredger (WID)

87
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10-06-2014
Plain suction dredger

Suction of free running material (sand)
Jet water for dislodging and fluidising material
Deep suction pit necessary
Stationary dredger, not swinging, only intermittently moving forward

88
Barge Unloading Dredger

Unloading of barges by suction
Jets for dislodging and fluidising
Barge to be shifted alongside the dredger during suction

89
Water Injection Dredger

Injection of water into bottom
Low pressure and high capacity
Fine sand and silt
Movement of material due to gravity forces (density current)

90
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91
Backhoe Dredger

92
Backhoe Dredger
Mega backhoe Simson, 3460 kW

93
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10-06-2014
Backhoe or Hydraulic Excavator
Typical parts
Dredging cycle

94
Backhoe
Normal backhoe/front-shovel on pontoon or
Specially built pontoon (with spuds) with backhoe on
rotating table
Dredged material is loaded into barges
Reasonable cutting force can be generated
Suitable for:
Non-rock type soils with stones
Blasted rock
Precision dredging

95
Backhoe
Dredging blasted rock

96
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10-06-2014
Backhoe - parts
Bucket
Spud
Stick
Boom

97
Backhoe
Different types and sizes to be fitted:
Sticks
Buckets
Booms
Positioning with spuds

98
Backhoe
Dredging cycle
Lowering bucket
Filling bucket by cutting and tilting
Hoisting bucket
Turning crane towards barge
Emptying bucket into barge
Turning back

99
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10-06-2014
Working Method Backhoe

Nett dredging width
overlap
Centre line
Preferred working direction:

backwards
Reach
=> Higher production

=> Less spill
Barge
But
Forward dredging is also possible

100
Production Limiting Factors

Work method
Excavation force at large depth
Slope dredging (bucket positioning)
Precision dredging along quay-walls
Soil and obstructions

Hard material (no rock)
Big boulders
Removal of debris or vegetation
Workability
Waves
Shipping

101
Backhoe
Backhoe
Small
Medium
Large
Mega
Length
m1
30
45
50
65
Draught
m1
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.5
Dredging Depth
m1
10-15
15 - 20
20 - 30
20 - 30
Bucket size
1-3
2-8
5 - 20
15-40
Power Installed
kW
500
< 1,000
< 2,000
< 4200

102
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Backhoe
103
Grab Dredger

104
Grab Dredger
Dredging characteristics
Typical parts
Dredging cycle

105
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10-06-2014
Grab Dredger
Can also be used for construction works

(shore & bank protection)
Normal grab-crane on pontoon
OR
Specially built pontoon (with spuds) with fixed grabcrane on rotating table
Small grab dredgers for difficult accessible areas

106
Grab Dredger
Dredging characteristics
Dredging up to large depths
Cannot create an even bottom
Dredged material is loaded into barges
Non-rock types of soil
Suitable for debris and vegetation

107
Grab Dredger
Areas with difficult access

108
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Grab Dredger
Groyne Construction
109
Grab Dredger
Typical parts
Different types and sizes to be fitted:
Grabs
Booms
Positioning with spuds or anchors

110
Grab Dredger
Standard grab (sand, clay, mud)
Cactus/Polyp grab (stones)

111
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10-06-2014
Grab Dredger
Dredging cycle
Lowering grab
Closing grab
Hoisting grab
Turning crane towards barge
Emptying grab into barge
Turning back

112
Grab Dredger
Hard material
Big boulders, blasted rock
Removal of debris or vegetation
Dredging depth
Waves and currents
Shipping

113
Grab Dredger
Grab Dredger
Small
Mid-size
L x Dr.
30 x 1.5
45 x 1.7
50 x 2
Dredging Depth
m1
25
40
50
Grab size
m3
2.5 - 5
5 - 15
15 - 50
Dimensions
Large

114
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10-06-2014
Other Mechanical Dredgers
Bucket ladder dredger (BLD)

Dipper dredger
Rock breaker
Plough or bottom leveller

115
Bucket Ladder Dredger
Revolving chain of buckets

Swinging like a cutter suction dredger
No spuds, position fixed by wires
Buckets turning upside down to empty
Discharge into barges

116
Bucket Ladder Dredger
Buckets are turning upside down to

discharge into barges

117
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10-06-2014
Bucket Ladder Dredger in Action

118
Rock Breaker
Hydraulic power to break rock
Assists dredger on small spots
Broken rock to be removed by excavator

119
Plough or Bottom Leveller
Towed by tug
Assisting TSHD with removal of ridges and high spots
Removal of soft material from small harbours
Low production
Cheap

120
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10-06-2014
Other Equipment
Water based
Barges
Work boats and launches
Anchor pontoons, floating line pontoons
Booster station

121
Multicat for handling and transport
A-frame for anchor handling
Survey launch
122
Floating pipeline pontoons
Use of floating pipeline
Rubber floating pipeline
Dredging
Dredging and
and Marine
Marine Contractors
Contractors
123
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10-06-2014
Female
Ball Joints
Floating cover
Male
Rubber Floating Line

124
Booster station

125
Other Equipment
Land based
Pipelines and valves
Bulldozers, shovels, etc.

126
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10-06-2014
Environmental Dredgers
Objective
Types
Typical Aspects

127
Objective:
Optimise precision
Accurately dredging of thin layer
Minimise disposal capacity by high concentration (minimisation of
dilution)
Minimise turbulence and turbidity
Safety: bring dredged bottom material via closed system to barge or
disposal area

128
Accuracy Aspects
Contaminated
Clean
H
Contaminated material is left behind, and falls in overdepth
Dredging
Dredgingand
and Marine
Marine Contractors
Contractors
129
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10-06-2014
Accuracy Aspects
H (contaminated) removed
D increased, H not removed

130
Typical aspects
Automation necessary
Maximising concentration
Controlling excavation level
Controlling layer thickness
Output level low due to:
High accuracy
Avoiding turbulence

131
Types
Environmental disc cutter dredger
Disc cutter head with closed bottom plate and shields
Environmental auger dredger
Dual active rotating auger in enclosed area
Horizontally closing grab
Grab sealed off when closed
Hydraulic excavator fitted with closed visor bucket
Encapsulated Bucket Ladder Dredger

132
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Disk bottom (cutter) dredger

disk cutterhead with closed bottom plate and shields
Dredging
Dredging and
and Marine
Marine Contractors
Contractors
133
Environmental Auger Dredger

Dredging
Dredging and
and Marine
Marine Contractors
Contractors
134
Grab is horizontally closing

Sealde off after closing

135
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Standard Grab

136
Horizontally Profiling Grab

137
Hydraulic excavator fitted with closed visor bucket

138
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10-06-2014
Bucket Ladder Dredger with encapsulated bucket line

139
THE END

140
47

Factors Effecting Performance

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Factors Effecting Performance

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10-06-2014

FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE

By Bert van Gent

Dredging and Marine Contractors

Dredging and Marine Contractors

Dredging and Marine Contractors

Dredging and Marine Contractors

Breakdown of the Dredging Process

4. Disposal of the material

Dredging and Marine Contractors

Means to realise the partial processes

Dredging and Marine Contractors

1. Hydraulic/mechanical dredgers (CSD)

Dredging and Marine Contractors

Dredging and Marine Contractors

Cutter Suction Dredgers

Small < 600 kW

Dredging and Marine Contractors

Cutter Suction Dredgers

Heavy Duty, 3000-5500 kW

Dredging and Marine Contractors

Cutter Suction Dredgers

Most important parts of the dredger

Production limiting factors

Some characteristic figures

Dredging and Marine Contractors

Cutter Suction Dredgers

Nearly all kinds of soils (sand, clay, rock)

Some are self-propelled for mobilisation

Dredging and Marine Contractors

Cutter Suction Dredgers - Parts

Dredging and Marine Contractors

Cutter Suction Dredgers

Dredging and Marine Contractors

Cutter Suction Dredgers

Dredging and Marine Contractors

CSD WORK METHOD (1)

Dredging and Marine Contractors

CSD WORK METHOD (2)

Dredging and Marine Contractors

CSD WORK METHOD (3)

Dredging and Marine Contractors

CSD WORK METHOD (4)

Dredging and Marine Contractors

CSD WORK METHOD (5)

Dredging and Marine Contractors

CSD WORK METHOD (6)

Dredging and Marine Contractors

CSD WORK METHOD (7)

Dredging and Marine Contractors

CSD WORK METHOD (8)

Dredging and Marine Contractors

CSD WORK METHOD (9)

Dredging and Marine Contractors

CSD WORK METHOD (10)

Dredging and Marine Contractors

CSD WORK METHOD (11)

Dredging and Marine Contractors

CSD WORK METHOD (12)

Dredging and Marine Contractors

CSD WORK METHOD (13)

Dredging and Marine Contractors

CSD WORK METHOD (14)