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Wellbore Storage
Occurs in both oil and
gas wells.
Valve
Suppose
Well is perforated
Packered
Shut-in at surface
High pressure at well
head.
Perforations are
plugged.
Gas
Oil
Gas Well
The tubing string acts like a very large tank of highpressure gas
When the surface valve is opened, gas in the tubing
expands and escapes through the valve
Production may occur for a very long time several
hours to several days.
Gas is very compressible
The tubing string is very long
Large volume of gas stored.
Sucker Rod
DD
Static Fluid Level
pressure, pwf
Time, t
qsc
qsf
0
6
C cw Vw
Compressibility
of wellbore fluid, 1/psi
DD
Static Fluid Level
h
9
Example (Contd)
Sucker Rod
7.625 2 1
Ac
2 2 144
0.295 ft 2
2
DD
Static Fluid Level
144 Ac
144 0.295
C
Example 2
Suppose now that we have a 1000 ft deep well with positive
pressure at well head. The fluid is stored in a 7-5/8 inch ID
casing. The density and compressibility of wellbore fluid are:
58 lbm/ft3 and co = 1.5x10-5 psi-1 . Calculate C.
7.625 2 1000 1
Vw
2 144 5.615
56.5 bbl
C cwVw 1.5 105 56.5 8.5 104 bbl / psi
If we had gas instead of liquid, how would the value of C
change?
11
101
100
+1 slope line
(wellbore storage)
10-1 -4
10
10-3
10-2
10-1
Time (h)
100
101
102
12
t p ( t )
dt
24C
qsc B
logp(t ) 1 log(t ) log
24C
qsc B
p(t )
t
24C
qsc B
24C
14
Determination of C and pi
A Cartesian plot of pwf vs t
pi
pwf
qsc B
pwf (t ) pi
t
24C
qsc B
slope mw
24C
qsc B
C
24 mw
15
16
Some Examples
Oil Well
drawdown
Oil Well
buildup
17
Skin
In practice, skin may be due to a variety of factors
Damage to formation due to invasion of mud filtrate and
mud solids
Partial penetration
Migration of fines
Asphaltenes
18
ks < k
Note on Skin
Simulated
permeability
Undamaged case
Damaged zone
Undamaged case
pwf
ps<0
ps>0
pwf
rw
ks > k
rs
s>0
rw
khps
s
141.2qsc B
rs
s<0
19
ks k if
s0
rw rw exp s
s0
if
rw rw
ks k if
s0
s0
if
rw rw
20
22
khp
pD
141.2qsc B
tD
kh t
0.000295
CD
C
5.615C
CD
2ct hrw2
CDe
2.64 104 kt
tD
ct rw2
2S
23
24
pD M
kh 141.2qsc B
p M
kh t M
C 0.000295
t D / CD M
25
5.615C
CD
2ct hrw2
Step 4: Finally compute skin from
2S
CD e
1
s ln
2 CD
26
p S
s
D0
p
D
s 1 sCD p D 0 S
5.615C
CD
2 ct hrw2
S skin
p L p
Other Models
28
29
p and p'
1000
Pressure-Derivative
100
Hemi-spherical
10
Spherical
1E-3
1E-2
1E-1
1E+0
t, hour
Late-radial
1E+1
1E+2
30
bk
1226.5qsc B ct 1
p
ks3 / 2
t
mk
(Cartesian plot)
ks k k k
3
2
h v
3/ 2
s
kh kv
2 kv
0.5 0.5 1 2rw / hw
kh
rs hw ln
2 kv
0
.
5
0
.
5
1
2
r
/
h
w
w
kh
Spherical permeability
Effective spherical
radius
32
hw = 3.2 ft
100
10
1
1E-3
1E-2
1E-1
1E+0
1E+1
1E+2
1E+3
33
bk
divide mk by 2
kh
2453qsc B ct
kv
mk
k
kv
kh
slope= mk
3/ 2
s
3/ 2
s
1
t
hw kh bk
1
s
2 70.6qsc B rs
34
pwf, psi
5000
4500
4000
p1hr
slope, mr
3500
3000
1E-5
1E-4
1E-3
1E-2
1E-1
1E+0
t, hour
1E+1
1E+2
35
kh
162.6qsc B
logt log
3.23 0.87st
p pi pwf
2
kh h
r
t w
162.6qsc B
kh h 162.6qsc
mr slope
kh h
mrg
p1hr
kh
3.23
st 1.151
log
2
ct rw
mr
p1hr pi p1hr
36
Pseud Skin, sp
We can compute damage skin s if the computed value of
total skin st after computing pseudo-skin due to limitedentry geometry:
h
st s s p
hw
h
h
s p 1 ln
hw 2rw
hw
st sp
s
h
hw
kh h h
ln
kv hw 2 hw
h
zw hw / 4 h zw hw / 4
zw hw / 4 h zw hw / 4
Papatzacos formula
37
Radial Flow
Channel
L1
L2
No flow boundary
Linear flow
Channel
No flow boundary
38
Linear Flow
Pressure during linear flow is described by
p ml t bl
ml
8.133qsc B
h L1 L2
k ct
141.2qsc B
s sch
bl
kh
L1
L1 L2
lnsin
ssc ln
2rw
L1 L2
40
dp
p
ml t
d lnt
8.133qsc B
ml
h L1 L2
kct
Presurederivative
42
8.133qsc B
L1 L2
h ml
kct
slope = ml
kh bl
sch
s
141.2qsc B
L1 L2
L1
1
arcsin
exp sch
L1 L2
2rw
bl
0
43
44
Fault Problem
It is solved using the method of superposition in space.
45
radial
Hemi-radial
46
Semil-log Analysis
Hemi-radial
radial
t* (Intersection time)
47
k
162.6qsc B
logt log
pi
3
.
23
0
.
87
s
2
c r
kh
t w
162.6qsc B
kh 162.6qsc
mr slope
kh
mr
p1hr
k
3.23
s 1.151
log
2
r
t w
r
48
2 162.6qsc B
pi
kh
k 1
1
k
logt log
log
1.62 0.435s
2
2
r
2
4
L
t
w
t
162.6qsc B
kh 162.6qsc
mr slope
kh
mr
kt *
L 0.01217
ct
aquifer zone
Impermeable layer
FcD
k f wf
kL
100
50
Flow Regimes
Pressure-derivative
51
k m1 h
L 0.00194
qsc Bct
1
p m1
t
Cartesian plot
1
t
52
Well
53
Productivity Increase
A vertical fracture increases a well's
productivity in two ways:
It allows the reservoir fluids to bypass a nearwellbore damaged zone and enter the wellbore via
the fracture system
it increases the wellbore area open to flow,
which in turn reduces the pressure drawdown on
the reservoir for a specified production rate.
54
55
56
Fracture Geometry
57
Lxf
Vertical fracture
p ml t bl
p
ml
t
2
58
Pressure Behavior
Infinite-Conductivity Fractured Well
p and p'
10.00
p
p'=constant
1.00
Pseudo-radial flow
0.10
0.01
0.10
1.00
10.00
100.00
1000.00
time
59
slope = ml
ct k
p ml t bl
bl
0
Cartesian plot
t
60
C fD
k f wf
kLxf
p formation
p fracture
C fD 300 nfinite-conductivity
61
Pressure Behavior
Finite Conductivity Fractured Well
Pressure derivative
63
Effect of Conductivity
pD an d pD'
101
C fD
k f wf
Slope zero (Radial)
kLxf
1
10-1
10
Slope 1/2 (linear)
100
10-4
tD 10-2
100
64
1/ 4
bil
dp mil 1/ 4
p t
t
dt
4
qsc B
mil 44.11
h k f w f 4 ctk
65
1 qsc B
k f w f 1945.7
ctk h mil
C fD 1.6
C fD 1.6
p mil 4 t bil
bil
0
Cartesian plot
t
66
Review-Model Identification
Well with skin and storage
67
Model Identification
Vertically Fractured Well
68
Model Identification
Dual Porosity Reservoir
69
Model Identification
Composite Reservoir
1
1
1
k / inner
mr
k / outer
1
70
Model Identification
Sealing Fault
71
Model Identification
Constant Pressure Boundary
72