1.

B
[1]

2.

C
[1]

3.

(a)

(i)

electrons (1)
charge (1)
square brackets not essential
Mark independently
Ignore (labelling of) nucleus unless incorrect

(ii)

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

Allow electron number as sub script

Allow orbitals as capital letters
+

Allow TE from (a) (i) if Ca atom or Ca ion

(iii)

Smaller
Because it has one less (sub) shell of electrons / orbital / energy level /
less shielding (1)
And the ratio of protons : electrons has increased / more protons
than electrons / greater net force on remaining electrons (so remainder
of electrons held more closely) / greater effective nuclear charge (1)

bigger scores zero

greater nuclear charge /positive charge

Al khor International School

(iv)

Any two from:

Strong (electrostatic) forces / attractions / bonds (between ions) (1)
(ions) held in giant lattice / many (ionic) attractions / forces / bonds (1)
So large amount of energy needed (to break apart ions) (1)

Any mention of covalent or metallic bonds or atoms or

molecules scores zero
High temperature
(b)

(i)

Because the ions are free to move (when a potential difference is applied) 1
Electrons / particles are free to move

(ii)

The cations / barium and calcium (ions) are different sizes

Ignore any discussion of reasons
(could select either the calcium ion because it has more water
molecules associated with it OR the barium ion because it has
more shells of electrons and so larger)

Atoms are different sizes

(iii)

Mass of calcium ions in 1 kg = 0.100 40 (= 4.0) (g) (1)

If mass quoted must be correct to score first mark
Hence 4.0 g per 1000 g of solution
So ppm = (4.0/1000) 1000000
= 4000 (ppm) (1)
OR
Mass of calcium ions in 1 kg = 0.100 40.1
(= 4.01) (g) (1)
Hence 4.01 g per 1000 g of solution
So ppm = (4.01/1000) 1000000
= 4010 (ppm) (1)
Correct answer alone = 2 marks
Allow TE for second mark from incorrect mass

Al khor International School

(c)

(Sulfur / nitrogen oxides) form when (fossil) fuels are burnt

/ when petrol or diesel burn in vehicle engines / emissions from
vehicle (engines)
/ volcanoes
/ lightning (1)
They (react with water to) form sulfuric / sulfurous acid /nitric acid
/acid rain / gases are acidic (1)
Which reacts with limestone (to form soluble compounds) / limestone
and acid take part in neutralisation / dissolves building / corrodes building (1)
Allow correct equation for third mark but Ignore equations if mark already
awarded.
Ignore comments regarding erosion

from factories alone

(d)

Either
Yes, as the values match closely (so little deviation from ionic model)
Or
no, as the values are (slightly) different so a degree of covalency / not
fully ionic

100% ionic
covalent
[15]

4.

C
[1]

5.

D
[1]

6.

(a)

(b)

(c)

1
[3]

Al khor International School

7.

D
[1]

8.

A
[1]

9.

B
[1]

10.

A
[1]

11.

C
[1]

12.

C
[1]

Al khor International School

13.

(a)
element

structure

bonding

sodium

Giant

metallic

silicon

Giant
(atomic)
/
macrom
olecular
/
giant
molecul
ar

covalent

simple / small
molecul
es
OR
sulfur

(simple)
molecul
ar
OR
S8
molecul
es

covalent or
van
der
Waals
forces/
London
forces/
intermol
ecular
forces/di
spersion
forces/in
duceddipole
forces

IGNORE the word lattice OR crystalline

6 boxes correct (3)
5,4 boxes correct (2)
3,2 boxes correct (1)
1,0 boxes correct (0)
(b)

Si : covalent bonds / many bonds/

strong bonds (between atoms) (1)
S : weak forces /van der Waals
forces/London forces/dispersion
forces/intermolecular
forces/induced-dipole forces (1)
(need to be overcome)

any reference to intermolecular forces in Si

suggestion that covalent bonds are broken

Al khor International School

(c)

QWC
+

3+

Cations/ions decrease in size (from Na to Al )

OR
charge increases/charge density on (cat)ions increases/ effective
+
3+
nuclear charge increases (from Na to Al ) (1)

more e (per atom in sea of delocalized electrons) / more delocalized

electrons
OR
(force of) attraction between (cat)ions/nucleus and (delocalised) electrons
increases (from Na to Al) (1)
IGNORE nuclear charge increases/ increasing no. of protons

atoms decrease in size

any mention of molecules/
covalent bonds/
van der Waals forces/
ionic bonds (0) overall
(d)

(i)

Add MgO to acid/react MgO with acid/dissolve MgO in acid (1)

[NOTE: mention of heating not required. IGNORE water bath/reflux]

Filter (1)

Heat/boil filtrate /MgSO4 solution (until volume reduced

by half) (1)

Leave to cool/leave to crystallise/evaporate slowly/leave

to evaporate (1)

(decant / filter / pick out crystals, then)

Leave to dry/pat dry/dry between filter papers/put in an
oven/put in a desiccator/dry the crystals (1)

IGNORE any washing of crystals immediately prior to drying them

Just warm the filtrate/MgSO4 solution
Use of a desiccant (added to crystals)
(ii)

Rinse with (plenty of) water /use a damp cloth or damp (paper) towel /
add a (named) weak alkali (e.g. solid or aqueous sodium
hydrogencarbonate)

Any named strong alkali/just strong alkali

(e)

(i)

Insoluble strontium
sulfate/insoluble SrSO4
(forms on the strontium carbonate)

Al khor International School

(ii)

Sr +(aq) + SO4 (aq) SrSO4(s) species (1)

state symbols (1)
2nd mark is cq on first mark
2+

Sr (aq) + 2Cl (aq) + 2Na (aq) + SO4 (aq) SrSO4(s)

+

+ 2Cl(aq) + 2Na (aq)

scores (1)
SrCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq)

SrSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

scores (1)

2
[16]

14.

C
[1]

15.

C
[1]

16.

(a)

(i)

(1s )2s 2p 3s

ALLOW subscripts
IGNORE capital letters
ALLOW 2p as px py pz with two e- in each

Noble gas core

(ii)

(1s )2s 2p 3s 3p

ALLOW subscripts
IGNORE capital letters
ALLOW 2p as px py pz with two e- in each
ALLOW 3p as px py pz with two, two, one ein
each

Noble gas core

(b)

(i)

Mg(s) + Cl2(g)

MgCl2(s)

Species and balancing (1)

State symbols CQ on correct species (1)
NOTE
Mg(s) + 2Cl(g)

Al khor International School

MgCl2(s) scores (1)

(ii)

Ionic / electrovalent
IGNORE lattice/bonding/giant

(iii)

Correct number of electrons on each ion (1)

Correct charges and symbols for each ion (1)
Correct ratio of ions (1)

ALLOW all dots or all crosses

ALLOW correct charges shown outside the ions

ALLOW Cl correctly with 2 in front or after the Cl

Any covalency shown (0)

i.e. any overlap of circles (e.g. Mg with a Cl or a Cl with a Cl)
scores (0) overall, even if correct charges on ions and/or
ratio of ions has been shown
(c)

(Giant) metallic / metal

Al khor International School

(d)

QWC
Magnesium ion / Mg

2+

has a larger charge (density) (than the sodium ion / Na )

OR
Magnesium/Mg/Mg atom/Mg
(to the sea of electrons) (1)
magnesium ions / Mg

2+

2+

(ion) contributes two electrons/more electrons

smaller (than sodium ions) (1)

NOTE
2+
+
Mg is smaller than Na would score first 2 marks above
2+

magnesium ions / Mg have greater attraction for (sea of) electrons

+
(than sodium ions / Na )
OR
More energy/heat required to overcome (attractive) forces/bonds
(between cations and sea of electrons) in magnesium (compared
to sodium) (1)
Mark each point independently

Any references to the bonding being ionic scores (0) overall

Any references to molecules/intermolecular forces scores
(0) overall
JUST stronger bonds in Mg
JUST stronger bonds in Mg
[12]

17.

(a)

(i)

Idea of impact by electrons, with energy:

electron gun alone

fast electrons strike sample / high energy electrons /

accelerated electrons / electrons fired at sample/sample
bombarded with electrons/blasted with electrons
from electron gun (1)

Idea of electron removal:

removes an electron/knocks out electron(s)/X

X + e (1)

Mark each point independently

an incorrect equation negates second mark

(ii)

Electric field/electrostatic field / charged plates / voltage

differential across plates/negative field/negatively charged plates

Electric current/electric coil/magnetic field

Al khor International School

(iii)

Magnetic field / magnet / electromagnet / magnetic plates

Negative magnetic field

(b)

((50.0 4.3) + (52.0 83.8) + (53.0 9.5) + (54.0 2.4)) 100 (1)
= 52.1 (must be to 3 SF) (1)
NOTE: 52.057/52.06 scores (1) with or without any working
1

IGNORE g or g mol but wrong units lose a mark

Correct answer with no working (2) 2
(c)

Same electronic structures/same electronic configurations/same electronic

arrangements/same number of electrons/same total number of electrons
ALLOW same number of protons and same number of electrons

Just same number of outer electrons (0)

OR
Just same number of protons (0)
(d)

d (block)
ALLOW D (BLOCK)
IGNORE transition metal/element if d (block) stated in answer
IGNORE group

Just transition element(s) / transition metal(s)

[8]

18.

B
[1]

19.

C
[1]

20.

B
[1]

Al khor International School

10

 21. D
[1]

22.

B
[1]

23.

(a)

(b)

(c)

1
[3]

24.

(a)

CuCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) CO2(g) + CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l)

(b)

(c)

(i)

(0.025 123.5) 1.1 = (1)

3.396/ 3.40 / 3.4g (g) (1)
OR
0.025 mol copper carbonate = 3.087/3.09 (g)(1)
3.087 +10% = 3.396/ 3.40/ 3.4 (g)

(ii)

Full marks for correct answer with no working

No, as copper carbonate is in excess

Reject no, as molar mass is only to one decimal place

(d)

Filter to remove excess copper carbonate

(e)

(i)

249.6

Al khor International School

11

(ii)

Expected yield = 0.025 249.6 (1)

= 6.24g
% yield = (100 3.98/6.24 )= 63.8/63.78% (1)

2
[9]

25.

(a)

QWC (i) & (iii)

(Lattice of) positively charged ions/ ions with 2+charge (1)
held together by (electrostatic) attraction to delocalised electrons (1)
Delocalised electrons /free electrons/ electrons in sea of electrons
are free to move and carry charge / current (1)

Reject incorrect use of the terms atom or molecule for ion.

Reject incorrect descriptions of delocalised electrons.

(b)

(c)

2+

(i)

Mg

shown as 2,8 (1)

(ii)

F shown as 2,8 (1)

When molten/ when dissolved in water so that ions can move/

lattice breaks down (1)

Reject dissolved in other solvents.

Reject reference to atoms or molecules rather than ions.

(d)

(i)

(ii)

24

25

26

77% Mg, 10% Mg, 13% Mg (1)

Average atomic mass
((77 24) (10 25 13 26))
100
= 24.36 = 24.4 g (1)

Have same electron configuration

Reject same number of electrons in outer orbit

(e)

(i)

1.20 10 mol of Mg per dm (1)

9
3
(1.20 10 24.3 10 ) =
11
12
2.92 10 / 29.2 10 (g) (1)
max 1 for more/less than 3 significant figures eg 2.916

Al khor International School

12

(ii)

Hydrogen because it has the least number of electrons per atom

1
[12]

26.

(a)

Energy/Enthalpy/heat change per mole for the (1)

Accept required instead of change
Removal of one electron (per atom) (1)
From 1 mole of gaseous atoms (1)
If wrong equation given with a correct definition (max 2)
+

X(g) X (g) + e( ) can score last 2 marks

(b)

Increase in shielding/screening (1)

Increase in nuclear charge/more protons/atomic number (1)
Increase in distance (of outermost electron)/larger atomic radius
OR
(increase in) shielding outweighs nuclear charge (increase) (1)
Accept electron at higher energy level
Ignore references to: effective nuclear charge OR nuclear attraction

(c)

(i)

Na:Mg:Al
metallic (structure)
Si
giant atomic (structure)
P:S:Cl:Ar
simple molecular
All three correct 1 mark

(ii)

strong covalent bonds (1)

(throughout the lattice and lots of energy) need to
break many bonds (1)

Al khor International School

13

(iii)

Aluminium supplies more electrons (per atom)/Al ion is

more highly charged/Al ion is smaller/ Al ion has a higher
charge density (1)
Accept reverse for Na
The (attractive) forces between the aluminium ions and
the electrons are stronger/require more energy to break
than in the case of sodium. (1)

Reject any reference to bonding other than metallic bond/ sea

of electrons/ delocalised system
[11]

27.

(a)

79
35 Br

: 44 neutrons (1)

81
35 Br

: 35 protons (1)

81
35 Br :

(b)

36 electrons (1)
2

Na

2s 2p 3s (1)

Br

2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p (1)

Ignore repeat of 1s

10

Allow subscripts and ignore capital letters

2

10

Allow 4s 3d 4p

Allow p as pxpypz with 2 in each

(c)

They have the same (number of protons and) electron(ic) configuration

Same (number of protons and)electronic structure
Same (number of protons and)electron arrangement
same (number of protons and)number of electrons
MUST MENTION ELECTRONS

Reject just Same number of protons

Reject just same number of electron shells
Reject same number of outer electrons
Reject same number of electrons in outer shell
Reject correct answer followed by reference to outer shell
scores (0)
(d)

Mass spectrometer

Allow variations of spelling

Reject mass spec (1)

Al khor International School

14

(e)

(f)

(78.93 50.54) (80.91 49.46)

100
(1)
= 79.91(1)
nd
2 mark consequential on transcription error data used
Correct answer with no working scores 2
Answer to 4 S.F. with NO units but allow g/mol

Between the atoms: Covalent (1)

Between the molecules :Induced dipole-(induced) dipole
OR dispersion OR London OR van der Waals OR
instantaneous OR Temp dipole (1) (forces)

Accept variations on van der Waals such as de and walls, vdW

Reject dipole-dipole OR JUST intermolecular forces
Reject IDID
[11]

28.

(a)

(i)

Enthalpy/heat/ energy required/change to remove 1 electron (1)

from each of one mole (1)
of gaseous atoms (of an element) (1)
Ignore references to gaseous electrons

Accept X(g) X (g) + e

2 marks for the change and the state but not the mol
Accept isolated atoms in place of gaseous
If incorrect equation given after correct def 1 mark

(ii)

2+

()

O (g) O (g) + e
Or
+
()
2+
O (g) e O (g)
State symbols required

Reject E (for element) in place of O

(b)

(i)

There is a large increase after the removal of 6 electrons (1)

th

Accept large increase before removal of 7 electron

Accept (big) jump between 6 and 7
(Group) 6 (1) Stand alone
(Need to look at diagram for annotation)
(ii)

Sulphur / S / S8
Not CQ

Al khor International School

15

(c)

S8
1 mark S8
+

1 mark Stand alone

32

2
+

Accept S8

[9]

29.

(a)

Group 1 / alkali metals (1)

(Relatively) large jump / gap / difference between Em1 and Em2 (1)
nd

2 mark dependent on 1

st

2
st

Accept substantial drop for 1 ionisation energy from Q to R

(b)

69159000 (kJ mol ) (actual value: 7733 kJ mol ) (1)

1

(c)

500730 (kJ mol ) (actual value: 578 kJ mol ) (1)

Q must be a noble gas /in group 8/0, since Q and R have

consecutive atomic numbers (and R is in group 1)

Accept Q as it has a very high / the highest first ionisation

energy NOT high ionisation energies (generally)

(d)

2+

3+

R (g) R (g) + e( )((g))

symbols and charges (1)
state symbols (1)
[Mark independently]
Accept R

(e)

2+

3+

(g) e R (g)

Outermost electron(s) for an atom of X is /are in a shell further

from the nucleus / shell of higher energy than that of R.

Accept answer based on better shielding from inner electrons

[8]

Al khor International School

16

30.

(a)
Neutrons

Electrons

24
12Mg

12

26
12Mg

14

24
2+
12Mg

10

1 mark each number

Accept words or numbers

(b)
1s

2s

2p

Mg

1s

2s

3s

2p

Cl

3p

3s

3p

Arrows can be
for
for

Accept both arrows up or both down

Reject numbers
(c)

Mg(s) + Cl2(g) MgCl2(s)

Formulae (1)
State symbols (1) only if formulae correct or near miss for MgCl 2
(e.g. MgCl/Mg2Cl)

Accept multiples
2+

Accept Mg (Cl )2(s)

2+

Reject Mg + 2Cl for MgCl2

(0 mark)

Al khor International School

17

(d)

(56.25 70) (37.50 72) (6.25 74)

100
(1)
= 71 (1)
Any unit max 1
nd
2 mark consequential on fraction provided 70, 72 and 74 used

Accept answer 2 SF
Reject use of Ar (0 mark)
Reject just 71 with no working (0 mark)

(e)

4.73
71 moles (1)
3

X 30.6 = 2.04 dm (1)

Answer with no working 1 max

Accept consequential if wrong answer to (d) used.

Accept 71 used when (d) incorrect
Accept answer 2 SF
Reject no or incorrect unit of volume (loses 1 mark)
(f)

Type Metallic(1)
Attraction between Mg

2+

(1)

And (surrounding) sea of electrons/delocalised electrons (1)

Stand alone

3
Accept cations/positive ions /magnesium ions
Reject atoms/nuclei/ions
force between if used instead of attraction

Al khor International School

18

(g)

Ionic (1)
oo
o
M g
o
oo

o
o

2+

o
o

oo
o
Cl
o
oo

O R

o
o

oo
o
Cl
o
oo

o
o

2+

oo
o
M g
o
oo

o
o

oo
o
Cl
o
oo

Correct charges and number of ions (1)

Correct electronic structures (1)
Stand alone

Accept diagram without brackets

Accept Mg with no electrons shown
2+
ie [Mg]
Reject any suggestion of electrons being shared
+

Reject [Mg ]

[17]

31.

(a)

Penalise lack of nucleus/atom once only in (i) and (ii)

Penalise use of element each time it occurs
(i)

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom (of an

element)
OR
The number of protons in an atom/nucleus (of an element)

Reject the number of protons in an element

Reject the number of protons
(ii)

The number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the

nucleus (of an atom)
OR
number of nucleons (in the nucleus of an atom)

Accept and neutrons instead of plus the number of

Reject the number of protons plus neutrons in an element

Al khor International School

19

(b)

(i)

C and L (1)
(Group 0 elements) have the highest (first) ionisation energy
(of each period) (1)
Accept implied e.g. immediately precedes large drop
Reject high first I.E.
Stand alone

Accept group 0 elements have the highest peaks on the graph

Accept highest (effective) nuclear charge/highest number of
protons in period
Reject filled shell
Reject smallest atom
Reject same shielding
(ii)

F (1)
Third after noble gas/C (1)
Or
first element in period with p electron (1)

Accept first mini dip after big drop

Accept lowest after Group 1/D in same period (1)

Accept (in F, e removed from) p orbital is at a higher energy

level than s orbital (in E)
Reject just electron in p orbital
Reject just s orbitals shield p
(iii)

Increase in (effective) nuclear charge (1)

Same shielding
OR same number of electrons in inner shell/orbitals (1)
Stand alone

Accept number of protons/atomic number

Reject same distance from nucleus
Reject increased size of nucleus
Reject same number of shells
Reject electrons in same shell
[8]

32.

(a)

Isotope(s)

Al khor International School

20

(b)

40

(c)

(i)

1
mass spectrometer

Accept mass spectrometry

(ii)

(60.2 69 + 39.8 71) 100 (1)

= 69.796 = 69.8
(1)
must be 3sf

Accept correct answer with no working (2)

1
Allow g or g mol or g/mol
Reject 1, 2, 4 or 5sf
Units of % (1 mark)

(d)

(i)

10

(1s ) 2s 2p 3s 3p (1) 3d 4s 4p (1)

Accept capitals/ subscripts/ any order

+

()

Ga(g) Ga (g) + e ((g))

()
+
or Ga(g) e ((g)) Ga (g)

(ii)

Mark independently
formulae (1)
state symbols (1)

1+

Accept Ga (g) + e

()

Reject (s) is wrong take care to distinguish from (g)

(iii)

1
Accept 579,1979,2963, 6200
[10]

33.

(a)

(b)

..2s 2p
OR 1s 2s 2p
ALLOW capitals and subscripts
th

OR (1s )2s 2px 2py

1
th

large gap/jump between 4 and 5 ionisation energies (so fifth in inner shell)

Al khor International School

21

(c)

4 pairs of electrons around C atom (1)

all lone pairs shown (1)
Mark independently
x
x

x x

Cl
x x

x x

x
x

Cl

x
x

x
o

x
o

Cl

x
x

x
x

x o
x o
x x

x x

Cl
x x

x
x

ALLOW all dots/crosses

Any attempt at an ionic diagram (0)
(d)

(e)

(i)

High energy/fast/gun electrons hit/strike

OR bombarded by electrons (1)
Removes/knocks out electron (1)
+
(-)
OR equation eg X X + e IGNORE state symbols
st
If knock out is mentioned, hit/strike is not required in 1 mark

(ii)

magnetic field/magnet/electromagnet/magnetic plates

(i)

mass of one atom (of the isotope) (1)

th
relative to 1/12 of the mass of (1)
a carbon -12 atom (1)
nd

rd

OR 2 and 3 marks can be awarded as follows:

12
On a scale where a C atom (1)
has a mass of 12 (NOT grams) (1)
Word atom need only be mentioned once
Word mass need only be mentioned once
If define R.A.Mmax1

(ii)

162 IGNORE units

(iii)

(atoms with) same no. of protons (1)

NOT same atomic number
st

different number of electrons loses 1 mark but IGNORE

same number of electrons
different number of neutrons (1)
NOT different mass number

Penalise incorrect reference to number of electrons

Al khor International School

22

(iv)

same number of electrons

IGNORE same number of protons

OR same electronic configuration/pattern/structure

NOT same number in outer orbit

1
[14]

34.

(a)

(i)

1/l, 0
1/l, 0
minus can be either side, sub or superscript
iodine nos correct (1)
chlorine nos correct (1)

(ii)

chlorine oxidation number goes down/goes from 0 to 1, so reduced (1)

iodine oxidation number goes up/goes from 1 to 0, so oxidised (1)
Mark consequentially on (a)(i)

(iii)

30.0
0.2
moles NaI = 150
(1)
moles I2 = 0.1 (1)
mass of I2 = 0.1 254 = 25.4 (g) (1)
OR
300g NaI (1) 254g I2 (1)

254
30.0 300 = 25.4(g) (1)
Correct answer with some working (3)
Use of atomic numbers 2 max
Penalise wrong units

(b)

(iv)

vol = 0.1 24 = 2.4 (dm )

If not 2.4, check for consequential on (a)(iii)

(i)

black/grey/grey-black (1)
NOT blue-black
NOT purple
IGNORE shiny/silvery
Solid (1)

Al khor International School

23

(ii)

I(g) I (g) + e

()

(-)

I(g) e I (g)

OR

species (1)
state symbols (1) - award state symbols mark only if species correct
and in correct place, or if wrong halogen used
If I2 OR I2 (0)

2
[12]

35.

(a)

(i)

moles Na = 92 / 23 = 4 = moles NaCl

mass NaCl = 4 58.5 = 234 (g)
Penalise use of atomic numbers once
Incorrect answer scores (1) only if moles (NaCl) mentioned
OR
23g Na 58.5g NaCl (1)
92 58.5

234 (g)
23
Mass NaCl
(1)
2

(ii)

4
10 = 0.40 mol dm3

OR

234
23.4
3
10
g dm

consequential on (a)(i)
units required
(iii)

moles chlorine = 2
3
vol = 2 24 = 48 (dm )
Consequential on (a)(i)
Correct answer (some working) (2)
Correct answer (no working) (1)
Incorrect answer scores (1) only if moles of Cl2 mentioned

(b)

Regular pattern or lattice of (sodium) ions

in a sea of electrons / delocalised electrons
ALLOW cloud of electrons
electrons are mobile / free to move (under an applied
potential and so conduct electricity)
NOT free on its own or carry the charge

Al khor International School

24

(c)

(i)

(ii)

Energy (allow enthalpy) required per mole

to remove 1 electron (per atom)
from gaseous atoms
OR
+
X(g) X (g) + e
Species (1)
State symbols (1) only on correct equation
Electron affinity defined (0)

chlorine has more protons / nucleus more positive

Same shielding / same number of inner electrons/atomic
radius less ALLOW outer electron(s) in same shell
(so more energy required)
OR
effective nuclear charge increases (1)

2
[13]

36.

(a)
(b)

(c)

P ro to n s
E le c tro n s
N e u tro n s

18
18
22

(1 )
(1 )

Position depends on proton number/ atomic number (not mass) / Ar

atom has 1 less proton than K atom.
IGNORE references to number of protons = number of electrons
Average = 36 1.34 + 38 0.16 + 40 98.5
100

(1)

= 39.9

(1)

1 for more or less than 3 SF

IGNORE units

(d)

(e)

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
Numbers following letters can be subscript or superscript
s and p can be upper or lower case

(i)

()

Ar(g) Ar (g) + e ((g))

()
+
OR Ar(g) e ((g)) Ar (g)
Symbol of Ar must be correct

Al khor International School

25

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(f)

Potassium value well below sulphur in range 250-750 (1)

Low ionisation energy as electron which is removed is more
shielded / further from the nucleus / in a higher energy level (1)
NOT just because electron is in fourth shell

Sulphur has 4 electrons in (3) p / phosphorus has 3 (1)

Plus any one from:
Electrons in shared p orbitals repel (so are lost more easily) (1)
half-filled sub-shells are (more) stable (1)
phosphorus has half-filled sub-shell (1)

Chlorine has more protons/greater nuclear charge (1)

Shielding unchanged /electrons in same shell/ electrons same
distance from nucleus (1)
Could be answered in terms of S having fewer protons

Argon inert / unreactive so filament cant react/ vaporises less easily/

lasts longer (1)

1
[14]

37.

(a)

(i)

(1s )2s 2p 3s 3p 4s
OR
2
2 6 2 6 0 2
(1s )2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s
OR
2
2 6 2 6 2 0
(1s )2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
ALLOW subscript numbers in place of superscripts
6

2p 2px 2py 2pz numbers must be superscript

3p 3px 3py 3pz numbers must be superscript
IGNORE caps
(b)

(i)

Energy/ enthalpy / heat energy change / required per mole (1)

NOT evolved
for the removal of 1 electron (1)
from gaseous atoms NOT molecules (1)
OR
+
nd
rd
X(g) X (g) + e states required for 2 and 3 marks (2)
Can be actual symbol of an element
ACCEPT - e

(ii)

(-)

(Even though) there is a greater nuclear charge / number of protons

OR nuclear charge increases down the group (1)
outer / valency electron(s) further from nucleus NOT shell on its own (1)
and more shielded OR more (filled) inner shells/electrons (1)
3

Al khor International School

26

(c)

(i)

Similarity: number of protons (proton number) (1)

IGNORE electrons
NOT atomic number
Difference: number of neutrons
[correct numbers can be given]
NOT atomic mass or number of nucleons (1)

24 78.6 25 10.1 26 11.3

100

(ii)

= 24.3

Method (1)
Answer must be to 3 SF (1)
Correct answer to 3 SF with some working (2)
-1

IGNORE g or g mol other wrong units lose a mark

2
[11]

38.

(a)

(i)

2+

()

()

2+

Mg (g) Mg (g) + e ((g)) / Mg (g) - e ((g)) Mg (g)

(ii)

Equation (1)
State symbols (1)
nd
st
2 mark dependent on 1 except
e on wrong side OR
st
rd
1 or 3 ionisation energy equation quoted OR
st
nd
cumulative 1 and 2 ionisation energy quoted

B / b can be shown on graph

(b)
Dots and crosses (1) all dots/ crosses acceptable
Ensure that all electrons are being shown
nd

Charges (1) 2 mark independent of 1

nd

st

2 F ion and square brackets not essential

ALLOW Fl for F
If one of the ions is completely correct (electrons & charge) 1 (out of 2)

2
[5]

Al khor International School

27

39.

(a)

(i)

Protons = 19 and electrons = 19 (1)

neutrons = 20 (1)
ACCEPT as words or numbers

(ii)

(b)

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p (3d )4s
ALLOW subscripts
MUST be in this order

(1)

(i)

MnO4

(ii)

Purple /violet / mauve / lilac / pink colour has moved towards/

is at the positive / left-hand electrode / anode
+
If purple colour associated with K (0)

(iii)

Blue colour moves towards the negative / right-hand electrode /cathode (1)
2+
The Cu /positive copper ion (is blue) (and is attracted to it) (1)
ALLOW:
Red/brown deposit forms on cathode (1)
2+
(-)
Cu + 2e Cu or in words (1)
OR
Effervescence at anode (1)

()
4OH - 4e 2H2O + O2, or in words (1)
2
[7]

40.

(a)

(i)

(ii)

(b)

79

The mass of an atom (of the isotope) (1) NOT average mass.
th
12
relative to 1/12 the mass of a C atom
OR
12
relative to C = 12 (1) stand alone mark
An answer all in moles can get 2 marks
Atom need only be mentioned once. If not mentioned 1 (out of 2)

Both have 35 protons (1)

79
Br has 44 neutrons (1)
81
Br has 46 neutrons (1)

79

( Br Br) (1)
79
81
+
( Br Br) (1)
81
81
+
( Br Br) (1)
1 for no charge then check the rest
79
79
If give Br + Br etc with or without charge 1 (out of 3)
79 + 79all three must be given 1 (out of 3)

3
[8]

Al khor International School

28

41.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Al atom is (1s ) 2s 2p 3s 3p (1)

3+
2
2
6
Al ion is (1s ) 2s 2p (1)

The structure is a regular array / lattice of positive ions (1) NOT nuclei
surrounded by delocalised/ a sea of electrons (1)
st
1 two marks can be on a diagram
(It conducts electricity) because the electrons are mobile. (1)

(i)

(ii)

Energy/enthalpy change per mole (1)

+
()
For E(g) E (g) + e (2)
OR equivalent in words

In aluminium the outer electron is in the (3)p orbital whereas in

magnesium it is in the (3)s orbital (1) comparison between
p and s required
so aluminiums outer electron is in a higher energy (level)
OR
the (3)p electron is more shielded (and so less energy is needed to remove
it.) (1)
2
[10]

42.

(a)

(i)

(ii)

(b)

Idea of impact with energy

fast electrons strike sample/ high energy/accelerated electrons /electrons
fired at sample/ sample bombarded with /blasted with electrons from
electron gun (1)
+

Removes an electron/ knock out electrons/ eqn X X + e (1)

magnetic field /magnet / electromagnet NOT charged plates

ALLOW magnetic plates

(60.4 69) + (39.6 71) / 60.4 + 39.6 (1)

= 69.8 (1)
69.792 scores 1 (out of 2)

Al khor International School

29

(c)

(i)

B (1)
mass no. 10 (1)
OR
10
10
B / B (2)
If + is added max (1) ie for mass number
2

(ii)

..2s 2p

(iii)

BCl3
If an equation for formation of BCl3 is given, look for BCl3 and ignore
rest

1
[9]

43.

(a)

energy/enthalpy/heat energy change per mole (1) Change required

for removal of one electron / to form singly positive charged ion (1)
from gas atoms (1)
+

Could get 2 marks for X(g) X (g) + e

(i)

(b)

(ii)

increases plus some attempt at an explanation (1)

nucleus more positive / more protons/increased charge (1)
outer electrons in same shell / same shielding/electrons being lost
from the same shell
OR atoms smaller so greater attraction/need more energy to be removed (1)
Decreases 0 (out of 3)
3

(i)

N (g) + e N (g)
species (1)
both state symbols (1)

(ii)

()

(energy needed to overcome) repulsion (1) must relate to negatively

charged species.
between electron and negative ion (1)
ACCEPT negative particles if eqn in (i) correct
If repulsion between electrons coming in and those already there
st
ALLOW 1 mark

2
[10]

44.

160

1
[1]

45.

1s 2s 2p 3s

Al khor International School

30

46.

(a)

(i)

Metallic (1)

Ions must not be touching and have a single positive charge.

Correct number of electrons on each ion (1)

Correct charge on each ion (1)

Smaller (with some justification) (1)

fewer shells/energy levels (1)
increased relative nuclear charge 'pulls' remaining electrons closer to
nucleus (1)

(ii)

(iii)

(b)

(c)

Group 2 (1)
nd
rd
Signfficant / large / big increase in IE between 2 and 3 electron removed (1)

Small dip in IE because

electron is in same quantum level/shell (1)
but is in higher energy sub level/shell (1)

2
[11]

47.

(a)

(i)

(ii)
(b)

(1s )2s 2p
2
2
2
2
OR 2s 2p 2py 2pz
2

10

1
6

10

2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p / 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p

Krypton because greater/ stronger (NOT more) van der Waals/

London/ dispersion/ temporary or induced dipole forces / attractions (1)
Because of larger number of electrons/ extra shell(s) of electrons (1)

Al khor International School

31

(c)

(i)

(ii)
(iii)

Sample bombarded/ fired at by electrons/ electron gun (1)

Knocks out/ loses/ removes electrons from the sample
Or equation (1)

Electric/electrostatic field/ (negatively) charged plates/ potential

difference

Magnetic field/ (electro)magnet

1
[8]

48.

(a)

Weighted/ reference to abundance average mass of atoms/ isotopes

(in sample) (1)
Relative to (mass of one atom of)

(b)

12

C (1)

19
9 F

F and atomic no.9(1)

mass no.19 (1)
(c)

Any (named) group 3 element (1)

rd

th

st

Big jump between 3 and 4 I.E. /1 three electrons removed easily./

th

4 electron in lower energy level/ gained stable octet after 3e removed (1)

2
[6]

49.

(a)

(b)

Moles = 2.20 / 101 (1)

3
3
Concentration = 0.0218/ 0.05 = 0.436 (mol dm ) but must be in mol dm (1)
(i)

(ii)

(c)

Mass = (0.0218 ) 85 (1)

=1.85 (g) (1)
Answer could be in kg but units must be quoted

Vol = (24 ) 0.01089 (1)

= 0.261 (dm) (1)
Can quote volume in any feasible unit
In (a) and ( b) intermediate values (if stated) and final answers to
calculations must be given to 2 4 s.f.
Penalise SF once

Stability increases followed by an attempt at an explanation (1)

because charge density of cation/ metal ion/ group 1 ion decreases
OR size increases but charge stays the same (1)
so polarises/distorts/ weakens bonds within nitrate/ negative ion/ anion less (1)

Al khor International School

32

(d)

56.5 8.7 34.8

39
12
16 (1)
1.45
0.725 2.18
0.725 0.725 0.725 (1)
(2:1:3) ie K2CO3 (1)
If 19 in first step ie K4CO3 2 (out of 3)

(working must be shown)

[12]

50.

Si: giant molecular/ atomic/ structure

OR macro molecular/ atomic/ structure
OR Lattice
OR network
OR diagram with a minimum of 5 atoms shown with continuation (1)
P: molecular OR exists as P4 (1)
Si: covalent bonds to break (1)
P: intermolecular forces/ van der Waals forces between molecules
to overcome (1)
Therefore more energy to separate silicon atoms (1) dependent on a
reasonable explanation for Si and P

5
[5]

51.

(a)

(i)
(ii)

(b)

(i)

(ii)
(iii)

Same numbers of protons/electrons (1)

Different numbers of neutrons (1)

X 69/100 + (100 X) 71 /100

= 69.8
Method (1)
\X = 60% Answer (1)

()

Ga(g) e Ga (g)
Entities (1)
states (1)

As the ion becomes more positive it is harder to remove (negative)

electrons / same nuclear charge attracting fewer electrons

An electron is removed from a lower/different quantum shell (1)

which is closer to the nucleus (1)
NOT shielding arguments

Al khor International School

33

(c)

(i)

GaCl3 / Ga2Cl6

(ii)

Conductivity measurement / electrodes and simple circuit /

electrolyse solution (1)
(High) reading for electrical conductivity / bulb lights/ high meter
reading/ C12 formed (1)
Microscope slide, filter paper etc / U-tube method
provided detailed 1 max
ALLOW AgNO3(aq) (1) white ppt (1)

2
[12]

52.

(a)

(b)

(c)
(d)

(i)

Weighted average (mass) of 1 atom (1)

12
on a scale in which 1 atom of C = 12 units / compared to
12
1/12 atom of C (1)

(ii)

Number of protons plus / and neutrons or nucleons in a nucleus / an atom. 1

(iii)

Atoms of same atomic number / same proton number (1)

(i)

which differ in the number of neutrons (1) (in the nucleus)

Concept of high energy electron collision:

Electron bombardment / gun / acceleration / fired (1)
knocks off electron / equation showing electron being knocked off (1)

(ii)

Positive, +, S

(iii)

Voltage differential across plates / charged plates [plural] /

electrostatic field / electric field

[95.0 32 + 0.76 33 + 4.24 34] / 100 (1)

= 32.0924 = 32.09 (1) NOT 32 or 32.10
6

1s2s2p 3s3p

1
1

2
1
[12]

53.

(a)

Trend - boiling point increases down the group / from He to Xe or Rn (1)

Reason number of electrons (and protons) increases (1)
Increased strength of van der Waals/ dispersion / London forces / temporary
dipoles / induced dipoles / attraction between nucleus and electrons on other
atom (1)

Al khor International School

34

(b)

(i)

P or S or Cl / P4, S2, S8, Cl12 / names

(ii)

The atoms of silicon are held together by covalent bonds across the
whole structure (1)
High energy required (to break bonds) (1) consequential on
indication of covalent. Mention of ionic or metallic or van der Waals
forces loses both marks.

(iii)

1. Magnesium ion has larger charge (density) than sodium /

magnesium contributes two electrons per atom to the sea of
electrons. (1)
2. Hence magnesium (ions) have greater attraction for (sea of) electrons
than sodium. (1)
3. Melting requires energy to overcome this attraction, hence
greater attraction means higher melting temperature (1)
This mark is consequential upon the concept of metallic bonding.

3
[9]

54.

(a)

31e, 38n, 31p

All correct (2)
2 correct (1)

69 60 71 40
(b)

(c)

100
(1)
= (4140 + 2840)/100
= 69.8 (1)
-1 for more or less than 3 SF

Metallic/ metal

1
[5]

55.

(a)

(b)

(i)

(1s )2s 2p 3s 3p 4s (1)

(ii)

7 (1)

(i)

Ca + Cl2 CaCl2 (1)

(ii)

Ionic (1)

Al khor International School

35

(iii)

C l+

2 +

C a

C l

1 mark for correct number of electrons on each ion (1)

1 mark for correct charges on each ion (1)

1 mark for correct ratio of ions (1)

3
[7]

56.

(a)

(b)

Protons 3 (1)
Neutrons 4 (1)
Electrons 2 (1)

Relative atomic mass

(6.02 7.39) (7.02 92.61)
100
=
(1)

6.95 (must be three s.f.) (1)

(c)

Dip Pt / nichrome wire in solid and place in hot/blue flame (1)

Na salt gives yellow colour (1)

Li salt give deep / magenta red / crimson colour (1)

3
[8]

57.

(a)

(i)

Energy / enthalpy change per mole (1)

required to remove an electron (1)

from / mole of gaseous atoms (1)

(ii)

The nuclear charge on K is greater than on Na (1)

the outer electron is further from the nucleus (1)

but there is more shielding around K than Na (1)

(b)

(i)

4.56 / 71 (1) = 0.0642 (1)mol

(ii)

Answer from (i) - 2 (1) = 0.0321 mol

(iii)

Answer from (ii) 24 (1) 0.771 dm

(iv)

Answer from (iii) 3/2 (1) 1.16 dm

1
[11]

Al khor International School

36

58.

(a)

(i)

(46 8 + 47 7.3 + 48 74 + 49 5.5 + 50 5.2) 100

= 47.926
= 47.9

(b)
(c)

Method (1)
Correct answer to three significant figures (1)

(ii)

mass spectrometer

(i)

1s 2s 2 p 3s 3 p (1) 4s 3d

(ii)

Transition metals /elements OR d block

(i)

reduction or redox

(ii)

940 2 110 = +720 kJ mol

OR 3d 4s (1)

Method (1)
Value (1)
Sign and units (1)

(iii)

Hess / Law of Conservation of Energy First Law of Thermodynamics

(iv)

Carbon monoxide / CO is produced (1)

which is toxic / poisonous (1)

2
[13]

59.

(a)

Proton + 1 (1)
Electron 1/1800 1/2000 or negligible (1)
Neutron charge 0 / no charge (1)
Correct p n e in both C and H (1)
Notes there are 4 H (1)
Correct summation i.e 10p, 10e, 6n (1)
If no or inadequate working 1 mark for 10 p & 10 e
1 mark for 6 n.
2

(c)

(1s ) 2s 2p 3s 3p (1)

(d)

37

(e)

Cl
charge(stand alone) (1)
37 (1)
if incorrect number of protons / mass number
shown max 1 for charge

(i)

S(g) + e S (g)
species and charges (1)
state symbols in part (i) and (ii) equations (1)

Al khor International School

37

(ii)

(f)

S(g) S (g) + e
or
+
S(g) e S (g) (1)
Species and charge (1)
No need to show negative charge on electron.
If use X in place of S penalise once only

Chlorine nucleus has greater charge / is more positive / has greater

number of protons (1)
outer electron / electron being removed, is in same
shell / has same shielding (1)

2
[14]

60.

(a)

(i)

Number of protons + number of neutrons (1)

(ii)

(weighted) average / mean mass of one atom (1)

relative to one twelfth the mass of carbon-1 2 (atom) / on a
12
scale in which C = 12 (1)

atoms with same atomic no/ same no of protons/ same element (1)
but different numbers of neutrons / mass number (1)

(iii)

(b)

(24 0.7860) + (25 0.1011) + ( 26 0. 1129) (1)

24.33 (1)

2
[7]

61.

(a)

(b)

(Heat) energy / enthalpy change needed/required per mole (1)

to remove an electron (1)
from an atom of magnesium in the gas phase (1)
For three marks to be awarded there must be some reference
to magnesium in the written answer or in an equation.
(i)

Two/big jumps show three/new/different shells present (1)

2 electrons with lowest I.E. in outer shell / first two electrons in
outer shell / idea of order of removal (1)
then 8 then 2 / shows it is 2.8.2 (1)
Reference to s and p type electrons loses final mark because
data does not show this.
The use of orbital/sub shell rather than shell should be
penalised once only.

Al khor International School

38

(c)

(i)

1s 2s 2p 3s (1)

(ii)

Same number of electrons (in all magnesium isotopes) (1)

outer electron structure determines chemical properties (1)

2
[9]

62.

(a)

m.p./C:

(i)
Na

Mg

Al

Si

Cl

Ar

98

650

660

1410

44

119

101

189

structur
al
ty
p
e

giant / metallic

giant
(covale
nt)/
macro
molecu
lar

Simple / simple
molecular /
molecular
(covalent)

2 marks for four correct answers; 1 mark for three correct

(b)

(c)

Na largest atom / ion / cation

or
+
Na smallest charge on ion/ or comparison of the charges on the three ions (1)
Sodium has one / fewer delocalised electron others have more
or
Sodium has one / fewer electrons in metallic bond per atom,
others have more (1)
melting point low because weaker (metallic) bonding (1)
The final mark is for the relation of the bonding to the melting point
(i)

(ii)

(mon)atom
ic
/sing
le
ato
ms
2

Weak van der Waals forces because Ar atoms have few

electrons
or
Very weak /weakest van der Waals forces between Ar atoms (1) -

S8 has stronger van der Waals forces than P4 (1)

Because it has more electrons/bigger molecules (NOT mass) (1)
Explanation of van der Waalsforces rather than name
acceptable

2
[8]

Al khor International School

39

63.

(a)

(i)

number of protons (in the nucleus)/ proton number (1)

not number of electrons or number of protons in an element (1)

(ii)

Electronic configuration differs from previous element by an electron in a d (sub)

shell or orbital / d-shell is filling / d electron is last electron (1)
Allow outer electron is d / highest energy electron is d

(iii)

Forms at least one ion/compound with partially full / incomplete d sub shell (1)
1

(b)

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d or 3d 4s (1)

(c)

(i)

The heat/energy/enthalpy change needed to remove one mole of electrons (1)

from (1 mole) of gaseous (chlorine) atoms (1)
+

Correct equation i.e. Cl(g) Cl (g) + e can score second mark.

(ii)

Increasing slopes (1)

Jump after 7 (1)
Jump after 15 (1)
Ignore small jumps in the correct places. The points do not need to be joined.
3

(d)

There are several way of doing this calculation; the following is one way. All other valid
ways score full marks
43.7/55 = 0.795
56.3/35.5 = 1.59 (1)
0.795/0.795 = 1
1.59/0.795 = 2 (1)
MnCl2 (1) This is a stand alone mark
or
MnCl2 and some correct working (3)
Note:
If a candidate gets a formula MnClx where is between 2 and 7 because
they have made a chemical error, they can score a maximum of 1 mark. If
the error is mathematical they can score a maximum of 2 marks
3
[12]

64.

(a)

(i)

(ii)

Fast/high energy/fired/bombard/electrons (electron gun) strike sample atoms

Knocking out/ remove electron from sample atom

Electric field/charged plates/negative plates

Al khor International School

40

(b)

(i)

65

(ii)

(2)(different) isotopes

(iii)

(63 69.1) + (65 30.9) divided by (69.1 + 30.9) (1)

Cu

1
1

= 63.6/63.62/63.618 (1)

2
[7]

65.

(a)

(i)

Atomic number: number of protons ( in the nucleus) (1)

Mass number: [Total/sum of the)numbers of protons plus/and neutrons (1)
2

(b)

23
+
11 Na

(ii)

Na or

(i)

( Br Br ) or ( 79Br81Br )

(ii)

Some working or justification (1)

79

81

or a sodium ion

50:50 or equivalent (1)

1
2

e.g. Because the two peaks at 158 and 162 are the same height (1)
the relative abundance of each must be 50%(1)
(c)

The heat /energy/ enthalpy change/ released per mole of electrons (1)
for addition to 1mol of gaseous(bromine) atoms (1)

Br(g) + e Br (g) (1)

The word gaseous may be omitted provided the state symbol is present on both sides of
the equation / vice versa
(d)

(i)

The heat /energy/ enthalpy change/needed per mol of electrons (1)

for removal from 1mol of gaseous(neon) atoms (1)
The equation is not asked for but can be used to score the second mark above.
2

Ne(g) e Ne (g)
(ii)

(The first ionisation energy increases as) the nuclear charge increases (1)
(Inner shell) shielding remains the same (as nuclear charge increases)/ electrons
removed from same energy level/shell (1)
2

(iii)

there is less inner shell shielding in Ne (1)

Although there is an increase in the nuclear charge from Ne to Ar (1)
OR
atomic radius for Ne is smaller than for Ar/ the outer (2p) electron in Ne is closer to
the nucleus than the (3p) electron in Ar (1)
2
[15]

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66.

(a)

(i)
(ii)
(iii)

(b)

(i)

(ii)

electron configuration or 3d 4s or 4s
or number of outer electrons

26 protons, 26 electrons, 30 neutrons

all 3 (2)
any 2 (1)

atoms (of same element) with same number of

protons or same atomic number

different number of neutrons or mass number

A ionisation not vaporisation

B acceleration

C deflection

D detection

(5.8 54) + (91.6 56) + (2.2 57) + (0.33 58)

100

= 55.87

1
[11]

Al khor International School

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