Normal & Shear components of stress

Normal stress is perpendicular to the cross section, (sigma).

Shear stress is parallel to the cross section, (tau).

3D case

Second subscript
indicates the positive
direction of the shear
stress

xy

zy
zx

xz

z
z

xy

yx
yz

Ken Youssefi

First subscript indicates

the axis that is
perpendicular to the face

Mechanical Engineering Department

x
x
Due to equilibrium condition;

xy = yx
zx = xz
zy = yz

Normal & Shear components of stress

Two Dimensional Case
y

xy

xy
x

xy
xy
y

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Department

Normal Stress Due to Axial Load

A positive sign is used to indicate a
tensile stress (tension), a negative
sign to indicate a compressive stress
(compression)

Uniform stress distribution

across the cross sectional area
Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Department

Direct Shear
Direct shear is produced where there is
no bending (or stress caused by bending
is negligible

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Department

Normal Stress Due to Bending Load

Typical loads on a barbell

Stress distribution

Maximum stress at the surface

Where I is area moment of inertia

I = (d)4 / 64 (round cross section)

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Department

Transverse Shear
In beam loading, both bending stress and shear stress due to
transverse loading are applied to particular section.

Maximum
shear stress
due to bending

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Department

Shear Stress Due to Torque (twisting)

Torsional stress is caused by twisting a member

Stress distribution

Maximum shear stress at the surface

Where J is polar area moment of inertia

J = (d)4 / 32 (round cross section)
Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Department

Torsional Stress - examples

Structural member

Power transmission

Mixer
Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Department

Combined Stresses - examples

Bicycle pedal arm and
lug wrench, bending
and torsion stresses

Trailer hitch, bending

and axial stresses
Ken Youssefi

Power transmission,
bending and torsion stresses

Billboards and traffic

signs, bending, axial
and torsion stresses
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Principal Stresses Mohrs Circle

3D Case

1 > 2 > 3

3 - (x + y + z) 2 + (x y + x z + y z - xy2 - xz2 2
yz
) - (x y z - 2 xy xz yz - x yz2 - y xz2 - z xy2 ) = 0
The three non-imaginary roots are the principal stresses

2D Case

1 > 2

1, 2 = (x + y)/2
Ken Youssefi

[(x - y)/2]2 + (xy)2

Mechanical Engineering Department

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Equivalent Stress - von Mises Stress

Using the distortion energy theory, a single equivalent or effective
stress can be obtained for the entire general state of stress given by
1,2 and 3. This equivalent (effective) stress can be used in design
and is called von Mises stress ().

3D Case

= (12 + 22 + 32 - 12 - 13 - 23)1/2
2D Case, 3 = 0

= (12 + 22 - 12)1/2

Substituting for 1, 2 from Mohr circle, we have the von Mises stress in
terms of component stresses.
2 1/2
= (x2 + y2 - xy + 3xy
)

In most cases y = 0
Ken Youssefi

= (x + 32xy)1/2
2

Mechanical Engineering Department

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Maximum Shear Stress Mohrs Circle

Mohrs circles for a 3D case

13
12

23
3

max = largest of the three shear stresses, in this case 13

Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Department

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Maximum Shear Stress Mohrs Circle

Mohrs circles for a 2D case
1 and 2 have the same sign, both
positive or negative.

1 and 2 have the opposite sign.

13

12
12

23
3=0

Ken Youssefi

23

max = 13 =

13

3=0

max = 12 =

2
Mechanical Engineering Department

1 - 2
2
13

Stress Strain Relationship

Load

Poissons Ratio, v

v=

Strain in the y direction

Strain in the x direction

y
x

Uniaxial state of stress

x =

x
E

y = - v x

z = - v x
Ken Youssefi

Mechanical Engineering Department

14

Stress Strain Relationship

Biaxial state of stress

x =
y =

x
E

y
E

v y =
v x =

Strain in the x direction due

to the force in the y direction

x
E

z = v x v y
y
y

Triaxial state of stress

x =
y =
z =
Ken Youssefi

x
E

y
E

z
E

v
v
v

y
E

x
E

x
E

v
v
v

E
Mechanical Engineering Department

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