SanitaryWaste&Vent

TS10011
Friday9:00am12:00pm
PeterKrautPE

Waste & Vent

Part 1
October 28
28, 2011 9:00 10:30 AM

Peter A.
A Kraut,
Kraut P
P.E.
E
B.S. Architectural Engineering Technology
Wentworth Institute of Technology, Boston
Professional Engineer,
Engineer Mechanical
State of California
Arizona, Connecticut, Hawaii, Indiana, Maryland,
Nevada, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina,
Oregon, Pennsylvania, Texas, Virginia, Washington,
Wisconsin
Over 15 years experience designing plumbing systems
South Coast Engineering Group, Inc., 2001

Introduction

Definitions
Materials
Engineering
Layout
Waste
Vent

Introduction
Uniform Plumbing
Code
International
Plumbing Code
National Standard
Plumbing Code
State Plumbing
Codes

Drawings can be
confusing

Definitions

Cleanout
Cleanout
Wall cleanout
Floor Cleanout
Cleanout to grade

Cleanout

Cleanout
Size shall be equal to pipe diameter up to 4 inch. For
larger pipe diameters 4 inch cleanouts are adequate
Cleanouts shall be provided at the following locations:
Upper end of each horizontal branch pipe
At intervals not to exceed 100 feet
Every change of direction greater than 135 degrees

Cleanouts are recommended at the following locations:

Every change of direction greater than 90 degrees
Base
B
off allll stacks
t k
Where Building Drain joins Building Sewer

Cleanout
Cleanouts are not required at the following
locations
Horizontal drain lines less than 5 feet except those
serving sinks and urinals
Horizontal pipe installed on a slope of 72 degrees or
less from the vertical angle
Above the first floor except the building drain and its
horizontal branches
Where a two way building sewer cleanout can serve
as the upper terminal cleanout

Fixture Unit (fu)

A measure of the probable discharge into
the drainage system by various types of
plumbing fixtures.
Introduced in 1923 by
y Dr. Roy
y B. Hunter

Trap
Tailpiece
Vertical pipe from the fixture to the trap

Trap
Weir
Crown
Seal

Trap Arm
Horizontal pipe from the trap to the vent

Trap
a fitting or device that
provides a liquid seal
t preventt the
to
th
emission of sewer
gas back through the
fixture

Trap
Horizontal Distance of Trap Arms1
1

2-6

3-6

5-0

6-0 2

4 and larger
4

10-0
10
0

1
2

per foot slope

includes closet flange to vent

Trap
Integral Trap
Water Closets
Siphon Jet
Blow Out
Wash Out
O

Trap
Traps are subject to
positive and negative
pressures
Deeper traps
withstand greater
pressures
Proper trap arm
lengths prevent self
siphoning

Stack
Stack
Vertical ((waste)) pipe
pp

Vent Stack
Vertical vent pipe

Stack Vent
Vent off the top of the waste stack

Vent
Individual Vent
Branch Vent
Horizontal
One or more fixtures

Common Vent
More than one

Vent
Circuit Vent
Connects to vent
stack
t k

Loop Vent
Connects to stack
vent

Vent
Island Vent

Vent
Relief Vent

Coordination is key

Vent
Wet Vent

Waste
Building Sewer
Building
g Drain
Branch

Waste

Branch of the
Building Drain
Exterior Wall
2 feet

Building
Sewer

Building
Cleanout

Building
a
Drain

Materials

Pipe
Hubless CastCast-Iron
ASTM A 74; CISPI
301

Pipe

Pipe
Copper (Type K,L, or
DWV) ASTM B 75;
ASTM B 88

Pipe
(PVC) Polyvinyl
Chloride ASTM D
2665;
2665 ASTM D 2949

Pipe
PVC expands and contracts
PVC Thermal Expansion and Contraction
Change in Length (inches) versus change in Temperature
Coefficient of Linear Expansion, e = 2.9 x 10-5 in/inF
Length
(feet)

40F

50F

60F

70F

80F

90F

100F

20

0.278

0.348

0.418

0.487

0.557

0.626

0.696

40

0 557
0.557

0 696
0.696

0 835
0.835

0 974
0.974

1 114
1.114

1 235
1.235

1 392
1.392

60

0.835

1.044

1.253

1.462

1.670

1.879

2.088

80

1.134

1.392

1.670

1.949

2.227

2.506

2.784

100

1.392

1.740

2.088

2.436

2.784

3.132

3.480

Pipe
(ABS) Acrylonitrile
Butadiene Styrene
ASTM D 2661

Pipe
ABS expands and contracts even more
ABS Thermal Expansion and Contraction
Change in Length (inches) versus change in Temperature
Coefficient of Linear Expansion, e = 5.5 x 10-5 in/inF
Length
(feet)

40F

50F

60F

70F

80F

90F

100F

20

0.536

0.670

0.804

0.938

1.072

1.206

1.340

40

1 070
1.070

1 340
1.340

1 610
1.610

1 880
1.880

2 050
2.050

2 420
2.420

2 690
2.690

60

1.609

2.010

2.410

2.820

3.220

3.620

4.020

80

2.143

`2.680

3.220

3.760

4.290

4.830

5.360

100

2.680

3.350

4.020

4.700

5.360

6.030

6.700

Pipe
Allow for expansion
with bends, offsets,
expansion
i lloops and
d
expansion fittings
where necessary
Do not strap pipe
tight to structural
members

Pipe
It is often less expensive to install all 2
pipe in commercial projects than to carry,
install and make transitions to 1 and
1 fittings
Not true in residential projects

2
and 5
5 cast iron pipe are not
commercially available in most locations

Fittings

Quarter Bend

Eight Bend

Sixteenth Bend

Long Sweep

Fittings
Bends are named for the number of fittings to
make a full circle. Divide into 360 to get the
angle.
l E
Examples:
l
quarter bend = 360/4 = 90 degrees
Sixth bend = 360/6 = 60 degress

Use 45 degree and 90 degree bends when

laying out waste and vent systems
Perpendicular lines are easier to lay out and
follow lines of structure

Fittings

Combination Wye
and Eight Bend

Double Combination

Sanitary Tee

Double Quarter Bend

Fittings
Sanitary Tees can only be used in
horizontal to vertical transitions
Double Wyes (or Combinations) can only
be used in horizontal to vertical
transitions

Engineering

Drainage
Gravity accelerates
all mass 32 ft/sec2

DOWN

Slope is a dangerous thing

Drainage
Assumes parallel flow
and atmospheric
pressure
Waste pipe is sized to
flow half full
Air circulates in the
upper half
Velocity should be
maintained at a
minimum of 2 feet per
second

Drainage
The flow of sewage in an open channel is governed by
the Manning formula:

V=

1.49
1
49 R 2/3 S1/2
h
n

Where:
V = velocity in feet per second
n = roughness coefficient of the pipe
Rh = hydraulic radius in feet
S = slope in feet/foot

Drainage
Values of S and S1/2
Slope
(inches per foot)

S
(feet per foot)

S1/2

1/8

0.0104

0.102

1/4

0.0208

0.144

1/2

0.0416

0.204

Drainage
The hydraulic radius, Rh is equal to the cross sectional
area of flow divided by the wetted perimeter.
With partially filled pipes
pipes, it can be difficult to calculate
When half full, it is equal to D/4
When full, it is also equal to D/4

Drainage
Values of Rh, Rh2/3 and A for Half-full Flow
Pipe Si
Pi
Size
(inches)

Rh = D/4
(feet)

Rh2/3

A
(square feet)

0.0335

0.1040

0.00706

0 0417
0.0417

0 1200
0.1200

0 01090
0.01090

0.0521

0.1396

0.01704

0.0625

0.1570

0.02455

0.0833

0.1910

0.04365

0.1040

0.2210

0.06820

6
6

0 1250
0.1250

0 2500
0.2500

0 09820
0.09820

0.1670

0.3030

0.17460

10

0.2080

0.3510

0.27270

12

0.2500

0.3970

0.39270

15

0.3125

0.4610

0.61350

Drainage
For a 6 cast iron pipe flowing half full at
1% slope the velocity is:
V=

1.49
0.0145
0 0145

0.123752/3

0.011/2

= 2.6

For a 6 cast iron pipe flowing full at 1%

slope the velocity is the same
V=

1.49
0.0145
0 0145

0.123752/3

0.011/2

= 2.6

Drainage
To calculate flow rate from velocity:

q = 7.481 60 V A
q 449 V A
Where:
q = flow rate in gallons per minute
V = velocityy in feet p
per second
A = area of the flow in square feet

Drainage
A 6 cast iron pipe flowing half full at 2.6
feet per second will convey:
q = 449 2.6 (0.09820 / 2) = 57.32
A 6 cast iron pipe flowing half full at 2.6
feet per second will convey twice as
much

Drainage
Uniform Flow Velocity and Flow Rate of Drains at per foot Slope
Pipe Si
Pi
Size
(inches)

Fullll or H
F
Half
lf F
Full,
ll V Half
H lf Full,
F ll q
(feet per second) (gallons per min.)

Full,
F
ll q
(gallons per min.)

1.85

5.85

11.7

1 98
1.98

9 70
9.70

19 4
19.4

2.30

17.60

35.2

2.59

28.60

57.2

2.91

57.00

114.0

3.15

96.50

193.0

6
6

3 58
3.58

157 50
157.50

315 0
315.0

4.07

318.50

637.0

10

4.69

574.00

1148.0

12

5.31

936.00

1872.0

15

6.15

1690.00

3380.0

Drainage
The flow of sewage in a
vertical pipe is governed by
the stack formula:

Q = 27.8 r5/3 d 8/3

Where:
Q = flow
fl
rate
t in
i gallons
ll
per minute
r = area ratio of water to
stack
t k
d = diameter in inches

7/ ths
24

full

Engineering
Terminal Velocity is
approximately 1010-15
f t per second
feet
d and
d
occurs at a terminal
length of 1010-15 feet
beyond the point of
entryy into the stack.

Engineering

Engineering

Hydraulic Jump

Suds Pressure Zones

Engineering

trap

Layout

Layout
Considerations
Installation Cost
Maintenance
pp
Finished Appearance

Installation Cost
Layout at 90 degrees to structure for easy field
reference and even hanger spacing
When turning odd angles
angles, roll in from the top at
45 degrees
Elevation loss
Swing joints (2 elbows) require a cleanout

Piping from smaller loads towards larger loads

will
ill kkeep pipe
i sizes
i
to a minimum
i i
Minimize pipe slope

Maintenance
Maximize pipe slope
Faster velocities

Do NOT oversize pipe

Slower velocities

Provide cleanouts everywhere

In backback-of
of--house areas
Locate cleanouts above urinals

Finished Appearance
Locate cleanouts below urinals
Careful with ADA

Indicate all necessary access panels,

cleanouts, etc.
Group trap primers with water hammer
arrestors and valves

Coordinate pipe chases

Layout

Layout

Layout

Layout
Check wall
dimensions
Avoid shear walls
Look for signs of
beams above and
below

Layout
Avoid venting across
beams
24 max tailpiece
Beam penetrations
may be allowed in
the middle 1/3 of the
structural member
Check with Structural
Engineer
g

Layout
Avoid Wall and
Column Footings
Follow Codes
Check with structural
engineer
Sleeve Footings
where
h
necessary

Layout

Check what
whats
s below

Layout
Grease waste

p
per foot slope
p
Grease producing fixtures only
Heat trace if necessaryy
Provide additional cleanouts

Layout
National Electric Code

Stay out of the electric room !

Avoid passing over any equipment where
l k
leakage
may cause d
damage

National Electric Code

Depth of Working Space.
The depth of the working
space in the direction of
access to live parts shall
not be less than
indicated. Distances
shall be measured from
the live parts if such are
exposed
p
or from the
enclosure front or
opening if such are
enclosed.

National Electric Code

Width of Working Space.
The width of the working
space in front of the
electric equipment shall
be the width of the
eq ipment or 30 in
equipment
in. (762
mm), whichever is
greater. In all cases, the
work space shall permit
at least a 90 degree
opening of equipment
doors or hinged panels.

National Electric Code

Height of Working Space. The minimum
headroom of working spaces about
service
i equipment,
i
t switchboards,
it hb d
panelboards, or motor control centers
shall be 6 ft (1
(1.98
98 m)
m). Where the
electrical equipment exceeds 6 ft (1 .98
m) in height, the minimum headroom
shall not be less than the height of the
equipment.
q p

National Electric Code

The space equal to the width and depth
of the equipment and extending from the
fl
floor
tto a height
h i ht off 6 ft (1
(1.83
83 m)) above
b
th
the
equipment or to the structural ceiling,
whichever is lower
lower, shall be dedicated to
the electrical installation. No piping,
ducts, or equipment foreign to the
electrical installation shall be located in
this zone.

National Electric Code

Damn electrical
engineers!

Waste
Drainage Fixture Unit Values
Fixture

Min. Branch

Private

Public

Bathtub

2.0

2.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

DrinkingFountain
Drinking
Fountain 1

05
0.5

05
0.5

10
1.0

Floor Drain

2.0

2.0

2.0

Shower

2.0

2.0

2.0

Kitchen Sink

2.0

2.0

Mop Sink

Urinal

2
2

Water Closet

ClothesWasher
Dishwasher

Assembly

3.0

3.0

2.0

2.0

5.0

3.0

4.0

6.0

Waste
Maximum Loading and Length of Waste Piping
Pipe Size (inches)

- per foot slope

11

82

14 2

35 3

216

428

720

2640

- 1/8 per foot slope

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

172

342

576

2112

16

32

48 4

256

600

1380

3600

300

390

510

750

Fixture Units

- vertical
Length (feet)
- horizontal
- vertical

unlimited
45

except sinks, urinals, dishwashers

except water closets

maximum 3 water closets

maximum 4 water closets

65

85

148

212

Waste
Discharge Capacity
(for intermittent flow)
Flow Rate
( ll
(gallons
per min)
i )

Load
(fi t
(fixture
units)
it )

Up to 7

8 15

16 30

31 - 50

For continuous flow,

flow allow 2 fixture
units for each gallon per minute

Maximum Trap Loading

Pipe Size
(inches)

Loading
(fixture units)

3
3

Vent

Vent
Sized based on load in fixture units
and total developed
p length
g
Distance from the vent connection at the
waste system
y
to the open
p air

Vent
Maximum Loading and Length of Vent Piping
Pipe Size (inches)

Fixture Units

24

48

84

256

600

1380

3600

Length
g ((feet))

45

60

120

180

212

300

390

510

750

- total

45

60

120

180

212

300

390

510

750

- horizontal

15

20

40

60

70

100

130

170

250

Fixture Units
(unlimited length)

n/a

24

48

84

256

600

1380

Vent
Vents must rise vertically a minimum of 6
inches above flood level rim of fixture
before they turn horizontal
Flat vent

Vent pipes slope back to fixtures

Terminate through roof 10 feet minimum
from air intakes

Vent
Vents shall be at least oneone-half the diameter of
the drain served
Vent shall not be less than 1 inches in
diameter
(IPC) Every Building shall have a main vent
sized not less than half the building drain and
not less than 2 inches
(UPC) The total cross sectional area of all
vents shall be equal to or greater than the total
cross sectional area of the building sewer

Vent
Assuming 200 fixture units, the building
sewer is 6 28.26 sq.in.
(3) 3 vents might work for fixture units,
but ((3)) 3
21.20 sq.in.
q
Separate some fixtures to a fourth 3 vent
4
or Increase two vents to 4

Waste & Vent

Vent, Part 1

Bibliography

Alf d S
Alfred
Steele,
l P
P.E.,
E Advanced
Ad
d Pl
Plumbing
bi T
Technology
Technology,
h l
, Construction
C
i
Industry Press, Elmhurst, IL 1984
Alfred Steele, P.E., Engineered Plumbing Design
Design,, Second edition,
Construction Industry Press, Elmhurst, IL, 1982
American Society of Plumbing Engineers, Sanitary Drainage And Vent
Piping Systems,
Systems, Chicago, IL, 2006
Cast Iron Soil Pipe Institute, Cast Iron Soil Pipe & Fittings Specifiers
Guide,, Chattanooga, TN
Guide
International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials, Uniform
Plumbing Code Illustrated Training Manual,
Manual, Walnut, CA, 1997
International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials, 2006
Uniform Plumbing Code, Ontario, CA 2006
International Code Council Inc., 2006 International Plumbing Code,
Code,
Country Club Hills, IL, 2006
National Fire Protection Association, National Electrical Code
Code,, Quincy,
MA, 2001

Questions

Waste & Vent

Part 2
October 28
28, 2011 10:45
10:4512:15 AM

Introduction

Indirect Waste
Combination Waste and Vent
Wet Venting
Alternative Venting
Backwater Valves
p
Interceptors
Septic Systems
Sewage Ejectors

Indirect Waste

Indirect Waste
A waste pipe that
does not connect
directly with the
drainage system, but
that discharges into
the drainage system
through an air break
or air gap into a trap
trap,
fixture, receptor or
interceptor

Indirect Waste
Minimum 1,
except
refrigeration coils
and ice
machines
Ice machines
Food equipment
drains

Minimum Condensate Pipe Size

Equipment
Capacity
(t
(tons)
)

Minimum
Diameter
(i h )
(inches)

Up to 20

21 40

41 90

91 125

126 250

2
2

Indirect Waste
Maximum length 15
Or, trapped but not necessarily vented
Bar sinks 5

Food handling fixtures may not be

combined
Cleanouts

Air Break
A physical separation
which may be a low
i l t iinto
inlet
t th
the iindirect
di t
waste receptor from
the fixture
fixture, appliance
appliance,
or device indirectly
connected

Air Gap
The unobstructed
vertical distance through
the free atmosphere
between the lowest
opening from any pipe,
pl mbing fifixture,
plumbing
t re
appliance, or
appurtenance conveying
waste to the floodflood-level
rim of the receptor

Indirect Waste Receptors

Readily accessible (no access panel)
No toilet room,, closet,, cupboard
p
or
storeroom
Condensate to a sink or lavatory tailpiece
must discharge in the area controlled by
the same person controlling the air
conditioning unit

Access is important

Combination Waste and

Vent

Comb Waste and Vent

Only where structural conditions prevent
conventional venting
Must be approved by AHJ
No water closets or urinals
Additional vent required for branches
longer than 15
15

Comb Waste and Vent

Waste pipes two (2) pipe sizes larger
than code
2 2 3
4 5 6

No vertical pipe except tailpieces

24 maximum tailpieces
45 degree vertical offsets allowed in
branch piping, only

Comb Waste and Vent

Wet Venting

Wet Venting
A vent that vents a particular fixture and
at the same time serves as a waste to
receive
i th
the di
discharge
h
ffrom other
th fifixtures
t
Fixtures must be located on the same
floor
fl
Examples: high low drinking fountains,
bathroom
b th
groups, llavatory
t
tto water
t closet
l
t
Check local codes

Wet Venting

Wet Venting

Alternative Venting

Alternative Venting
Air Admittance Valve
Prevents selfselfsiphoning
Individual fixtures
Air flows in not out

Alternative Venting
Aerator
Disrupts stack action

Backwater Valves

Backwater Valves

A device or valve installed in the building drain or sewer pipe

where a sewer is subject to backflow, and which prevents
drainage
g or waste from backing
g into a low level or fixtures and
causing a flooding condition.
Required for fixtures below the next upstream manhole
Not allowed on fixtures above the next upstream
p
manhole

Backwater Valves

Backwater Valves

It looked good in plan

view

Interceptors

Interceptors
A device designed and installed to separate and retain
for removal, by automatic or manual means,
deleterious, hazardous or undesirable matter from
normal wastes, while permitting normal sewage or
wastes to discharge into the drainage system by
gravity,
g
y but that discharges
g into the drainage
g system
y
through an air break or air gap into a trap, fixture,
receptor or interceptor

Grease
Oil
Solids
Lint

Interceptors

Interceptors
Grease Interceptor Sizing
Drainage Fixture Units

Interceptor Volume (gallons)

500

21

750

35

1,000

90

1,250

172

1,500

216

2,000

307

2 500
2,500

342

3,000

428

4,000

576

5,000

720

7,500

Interceptors
Hydromechanical Grease Interceptor (HGI) Sizing
Drainage Fixture Units

Interceptor Volume (gallons)

20

10

25

13

35

20

50

35

75

172

100

216

150

342

200

428

250

576

350

720

500

Septic Systems

Septic systems
Estimated Sewage Flows
Churches

5 gpd per seat

Hospitals
p

250 gp
gpd p
per bed

Hotels (excludes kitchen)

Offices (schools, stores, etc.)
Restaurants

60 gpd per (2 person) bed

20 gpd per employee
6 gpd per meal

- toilet

7 gpd per customer

School, Elementary

15 gpd per student

School, Intermediate and High

28 gpd per student

Service Station, 1 bay

Store
Theater

1000 + 500 gpd each additional bay

1 gpd per 10 square feet
5 gpd per seat

Septic systems
Capacity
p
y of Septic
p Tanks
Single Family 1
(bedrooms)

Multi-Family 2
(1 bedroom units)

Other 3
(fixture units)

12

15

750

20

1,000

25

1,200

56

33

1 500
1,500

45

2,000

55

2,250

60

2,500

Each additional bedroom, add 150 gallons

Each additional unit

unit, add 250 gallons

Each additional fixture unit, add 25 gallons

Septic systems
Leach Field Dimensions
Minimum
Leach
Lines

Maximum
100 ft

Square Feet of
Leaching Area /
100 gal Septic

Maximum
Septic Tank
Size (gallons)

20 25
20-25

7500

40

5000

6 ft

90

3500

Depth

12 in

120

3000

Grade

Level

Filler
Fill
Under

12 iin

Filler Over

2 in

Width
Spacing

18 in

36 in

3 in /100 ft

Septic systems

Septic systems

Septic systems
Design Criteria of Five Typical Soils
Type of Soil

Square Feet of
Leaching Area / 100 gal
S ti
Septic

Maximum absorption
(gal /sf /24 hr)

Coarse Sand or Gravel

20

5.0

Fine Sand

25

4.0

Sandy Loam or Sandy

Clay

40

2.5

Clay with Considerable

Sand or Gravel

90

1.1

Clay with Little Sand or

Gravel

120

0.8

Septic systems
Location of Sewage Disposal System
Distance from

Sewer

Septic Tank

Leach Field

Seepage Pit

2 ft

5 ft

8 ft

8 ft

Property Line

Clear

5 ft

5 ft

8ft

Water Well

50 ft

50 ft

100 ft

150 ft

Stream

50 ft

50 ft

100 ft

150 ft

Structure

Tree

10 ft

Seepage Pit

5 ft

5 ft

12 ft

Leach Field

5 ft

4 ft

5 ft

5 ft

5 ft

5 ft

5 ft

5 ft

10 ft

10 ft

Water Pipe

1 ft

Distribution Box
Public Water Pipe

10 ft

10 ft

10 ft

Sewage Ejectors

Sewage Ejectors
A device (pump) for lifting sewage
automatically up into the gravity drainage
system
t
Simplex
Duplex
100% / 100%
Required for commercial installations

50% / 50%
Some protection during pump failure

Sewage Ejectors
Fiberglass Basins
AntiAnti-Floatation flange
g keeps
p basin from
floating when the groundwater rises

Concrete Pits
Reinforcement holds back weight of earth on
side walls

Sewage Ejectors
How many things
can go wrong with
one installation?
i t ll ti ?

Sewage Ejectors
Trash cans are not
an approved material
Pits must be water
proof
Ejector pits must be
located away from
foundation loads

Sewage Ejectors
Conduits must be sealed
The inlet must be higher
than the working volume
The pump stop must be
high
g enough
g to keep
p the
pump wet
Discharge pipes require
shut off valves and
check valves

Sewage Ejectors
Duplex pumps must
share the same
volume
l
off water
t
Pump basins should
be sized for 3 minute
run time
Basin must be
vented

Sewage Ejectors
Flow rate of pump = peak flow rate of
sewage coming in
Multiply fixture units by 0.5 to get gallons
per minute
p
or
Convert fixture units to gallons per
minute using Hunters Curve

Sewage Ejectors
Head is a measure of resistance
1p
psi = 2.31 feet of head

Pump head = suction head + friction

head + lift
Suction head = 0 for submersible pumps
Friction head = resistance in pipe +
resistance in fitting
Lift = elevation change from the bottom of
the basin to the discharge

Sewage Ejectors
Total Developed Length = Pipe length +
Equivalent fitting length (depends on pipe
material)
t i l)

Diameter of
fitting (in)

45 bend (ft) 90
45
90 bend (ft) Gate valve
(ft)

check valve
(ft)

1 3
1.3

11

10

16

14

2.7

22

12

20

31

Sewage Ejectors
Example

60 of 3 straight
g p
pipe
p
(3) 3 45
45 bends
((2)) 3 90
90 bends
(1) 3 gate valve
(1) 3
3 check valve
60 + 3x(6) + 2x(10) + 2 + 16
= 116 feet
feet, equivalent length

Sewage Ejectors
Example
250 GPM in a 3 pipe
Friction = 6.5 psi per
100 feet of pipe
6.5 x 116 / 100
= 7.54 psi

Convert psi to feet

= 7.54 x 2.31 ft/psi
ft/psi
= 17.4 feet

Note: 10 ft
ft/sec
/sec

Sewage Ejectors
Pump head = suction head + friction
head + lift
Example

Elevation of discharge = 167

167
Elevation of sump cover = 148
Depth of basin 8
8 (assumed)
Lift = 167 - 148 + 8 = 27 feet

Sewage Ejectors
Pump Head =
0, suction head
17.4, friction head
27,, lift

44.4 total head

250 gpm at 44
44.4
4 head is difficult to find
Use duplex pumps (50% / 50%) at 125
gpm each
h

Sewage Ejectors

Sewage Ejectors
Pump curves represent the performance
When the operating
p
gp
point does not fall on
the curve
Trim the impeller
Actual operating point
125 gpm
44.4 ft head
2.8 HP
58% efficient

Sewage Ejectors

Sewage Ejectors
Extend the system curve
Actual operating
p
gp
point
125 133 gpm
Changes may affect basin sizing

44.4
44 4 47 ft h
head
d
Changes may affect pipe material

2.8
2 8 2.9
2 9 HP
Changes may affect motor selection

58% efficient
Changes may affect economics of operation

Sewage Ejectors

Sewage Ejectors
Submersible
Hx = pump stop, see
manufacturer
Hmin = working volume: Q
in gpm x 60 / number of
starts per hour (typically Q
x 3,
3 see manufacturer)
Hlag = 2nd pump delay:
typically 2 in, see
manufacturer
Hres = reserve: typically 2
Vent must be above inlet

Sewage Ejectors
Basins and Pits
Duplex
p
p
pumps
p need 3 diameter minimum
Fiberglass basins are usually round
pits are usually
y square
q
Concrete p

Working volume, Vmin

Vmin = 60 / pump starts per hr
hr. x flow rate
Vmin = 60 / 20 x 125
Vmin = 375 gallons

Sewage Ejectors
Working depth, Hmin

36 x 36 pit
375 g
gallons x 0.134 ft3/gal
g = 50 ft3
50 ft3 / 9 ft2 = 5.556 ft deep working volume

Pump stop, Hx = 4 = 0.333

Pump lag
lag, Hlag = 2
2 = 0.167
0 167
Pump res, Hres = 2 = 0.167
Invert = 18 = 1.5
Basin Depth
5.556 + 0.333 + 0.167 + 0.167 + 1.5
= 7.723 ft deep

Sewage Ejectors
Each pump requires independent
Check Valve
Gate Valve, check local codes for ball valves

Locate valves outside of pits

Valve box
Wall mounted

Backwater valves may be required when

combining fixtures at different elevations

Sewage Ejectors

Check
Flow rate - basin size
Cover traffic rating
Pit vent per local codes
Pressure pipe material
Velocity pipe material
Discharge
g effect on sewer

Core drill carefully

carefully

Bibliography

Alf d Steele,
Alfred
St l P.E.,
P E Advanced
Ad
d Pl
Plumbing
bi T
Technology
Technology,
h l
, Construction
C
t ti Industry
I d t Press,
P
Elmhurst, IL 1984
Alfred Steele, P.E., Engineered Plumbing Design,
Design, Second edition, Construction
Industry Press, Elmhurst, IL, 1982
American Society of Plumbing Engineers
Engineers, Sanitary Drainage And Vent Piping
Systems,, Chicago, IL, 2006
Systems
Cast Iron Soil Pipe Institute, Cast Iron Soil Pipe & Fittings Specifiers Guide
Guide,,
Chattanooga, TN
International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials, Uniform Plumbing
Code
C d Ill
Illustrated
t t dT
Training
i i M
Manuall, Walnut,
Manual,
W l t CA,
CA 1997
International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials, 2006 Uniform
Plumbing Code, Ontario, CA 2006
International Code Council Inc., 2006 International Plumbing Code
Code,, Country Club
Hills IL
Hills,
IL, 2006
Submersible Wastewater Pump Association, Submersible Sewage Pumping
Systems (SWPA) Handbook,
Handbook, Second Edition, Glenview, IL, 1997

Questions