Solutions

Problem Sets: Solutions
J.P. McCarthy
February 4, 2010
Introduction to Applied Mathematics
1.1
Algebra
1.1.1
Problem
Solve the simultaneous equations

x y = 0,
(x + 2) + y 2 = 10.
2
Solution: Let
x y = 0 (A)
(x + 2) + y 2 = 10 (B)
2
(A) x = y.
(B) : (x + 2)2 + x2 = 10
x2 + 4x + 4 + x2 6 = 0
2x2 + 4x 6 = 0
x2 + 2x 3 = 0
(x + 3)(x 1) = 0
x = 3, or 1
Sol. Set = {(1, 1), (3, 3)}.
LC Applied Maths Problem Set Solutions

1.1.2
Problem
Show that the following simplies to a constant when x = 2

3x 5
1
+
x2
2x
Solution:
3x 5
1
+
,
x2
2x
3x 5
1
=
,
x2
x2
3x 5 1
3x 6
(x 2)
=
=
=3
= 3.
x2
x2
x2
1.1.3
Problem
1 + 3
=2 3
1+ 3
Show that
Solution:
1 + 3 1 3

1+ 3
1 3
1 + 3 + 3 3
=
13
2 34
= 2 3.
=
2
1.1.4
Problem
x2 px + q is a factor of x3 + 3px2 + 3qx + r.

(i) Show that q = 2p2 .
(ii) Show that r = 8p3 .
(iii) Find the three roots of x3 + 3px2 + 3qx + r = 0 in terms of p.
Solution: A cubic function f (x) = x3 + bx2 + cx + d has factors (x )(x )(x ) where
, and are the roots of f (x). Similarly a quadratic function g(x) = x2 px + q has
factors g(x) = (x 1 )(x 2 ) where 1 and 2 are the roots of g(x). If a quadratic g(x)
is a factor of a cubic f (x) then the roots of g are roots of f and f (x) = g(x).(x 3 ) where
3 is the third root of f (x). Hence let f (x) = x3 + 3px2 + 3qx + r and g(x) = x2 px + q.
f (x) = (x2 px + q)(x 3 )
f (x) = x3 px2 + qx 3 x2 + 3 px 3 q
f (x) = x3 + (3 p)x2 + (q + 3 p) + (3 q)
(i) Equating the x2 -coecients:

3p = 3 p
3 = 4p.
Equating the x-coecients:
3q = q + (4p)p
2q = 4p2
q = 2p2 .
(ii) Equating the constant coecient:
r = 3 q
r = (4p)(2p2 )
r = 8p3 .
(iii) 3 = 4p is one root. The other roots of f (x) = g(x)(x 3 ) are the roots of g(x);
!
g(x) = x2 px 2p2 = 0
x2 2px + px 2p2 = 0
x(x 2p) + p(x 2p) = 0
(x 2p)(x + p)
Hence the set of roots is
{x : f (x) = 0} = {4p, 2p, p}.
1.2
Vectors
1.2.1
Problem
s = 4i + 3j and t = 2i 5j.
Find |st|
Solution:
st = t s
st = (2i 5j) (4i + 3j) = 2i 8j.
Where v = xi + yj;
|v| =
|st| =
x2 + y 2 .
(2)2 + (8)2 =
68 =
(1)
4(17) = 2 17.

1.2.2
Problem
a = 2i + (2k + 3)j and b = k 2 i + 6j, where k Z.

a is perpendicular to b.
(i) Find the value of k.
(ii) Using your value for k, write a + b in terms of i and j.
(iii) Hence, nd the measure of the angle between a and a + b correct to the nearest degree.
Solution:
(i)
a b a b = 0.
ab=0
ab
2k 2 + 6(2k + 3) = 0
2k 2 + 12k + 18 = 0
k 2 + 6k + 9 = 0
(k + 3)2 = 0
k = 3
(ii)
a = 2i 3j
k=3
b = 9i + 6j
a + b = 11i + 3j
(iii) By the properties of the Dot Product:
a (a + b) = a
a+a
b
|{z}
|{z}
=|a|2
=0
Also, where is the angle between a and b.

a (a + b) = |a||a + b| cos
|a|2 = |a||a + b| cos
|a|2
|a|
cos =
=
|a||a + b|
|a + b|
4+9
13
1
cos =
=
=
121 + 9
130
10
= cos (1/ 10) = 71.5651 72 .
(2)

1.2.3
Problem
rst is a triangle where r = i + 2j, s = 4i 2j and t = 3i j.

(i) Express rs, st and tr in terms of i and j.
(ii) Show that the triangle rst is right-angled at r
(iii) Find the measure of rst.
Solution:
(i)
rs = s r
= (4i 2j) + i 2j
3i 4j.
st = ts
= 3i j + 4i + 2j
= 7i + j
tr = r t
= i + 2j 3i + j
= 4i + 3j
(ii) For rst to be right-angled at r: rs tr:
rs tr rs tr = 0,
rs tr = (3i 4j) (4i + 3j) = 12 12 = 0,
rst right-angled at r
(iii) Where := rst;
sr st = |sr||st| cos
sr st
cos =
|sr||st|
21 + 4
cos =
sr=rs
5 50
25
1
5
25
1
cos = = = =
=
2
5 50
50
50
2
= 45 .
1.3
1.3.1
Coordinate Geometry
Problem
The line B contains the points (6, 2) and (4, 10).

The line A with equation ax + 6y + 21 = 0 is perpendicular to B.
Find the value of the real number a.
Solution: If (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ) are two points on a line L, then the slope is given by:
mL =
mB =
y2 y1
.
x2 x1
(3)
10 + 2
6
= .
4 6
5
For two lines L and K;

L K mL .mK = 1.
(4)
When a line is written in the form:

L y = bx + c,
(5)
then b = mL . Hence
B ax + 6y + 21 = 0
21
a
B y = x .
6
6
AB
6 ( a)

= 1
5
6
a = 5.
1.3.2
Problem
The equation of the line L is 14x + 6y + 1 = 0.

Find the equation of the line perpendicular to L that contains the point (3, 2).
Solution:
L 14x + 6y + 1 = 0
14
1
Ly = x
6
6
Hence mL = 7/3. Let K L and (3, 2) K. K L mK = 3/7. The equation of a
line A containing a point (x1 , y1 ) of slope m is given by:
y y1 = m(x x1 ).
3
K y + 2 = (x 3)
7
3
9
3 9 14
K y = x 2=
7
7
7 7
7
3
23
K y = x .
7
7
(6)

1.3.3
Problem
Show that the line 6x 8y 71 = 0 contains the midpoint of [ab] where a has coordinates
(8, 6) and b has coordinates (5, 2).
Solution: The mid-point of [pq] where p = (x1 , y1 ), q = (x2 , y2 ) is given by:
(
)
x1 + x2 y 1 + y 2
,
.
(7)
2
2
Hence the mid-point of [ab]:
(
6
1.3.4
13
2
)
13
, 4 .
2
8(4) 71 = 39 + 32 71 = 0,
(
)
13
, 4 L 6x 8y 71 = 0.
2
Problem
Find the equation of the line pq where p has coordinates (7, 6) and q has coordinates (3, 2).
Find the point of intersection of pq and the line 2x 3y + 1 = 0.
Determine the ratio in which the line 2x 3y + 1 = 0 divides [pq].
Solution:
2+6
4
mpq =
= .
3 7
5
4
pq y 2 = (x + 3)
5
pq 5y 10 = 4x 12
pq 4x + 5y = 2.
To nd the intersection between this line and the line 2x 3y + 1 = 0 is the solution of
the simultaneous equations:
4x + 5y 2 (A)
2x 3y = 1 (B)
2x = 3y 1
(B)
6y 2 + 5y = 2
(A)
11y = 0 y = 0
1
2x = 1 x =
)2
(
1
point of intersection = , 0 .
2
Suppose 2x3y +1 = 0 divides [pq] in the ratio m : n at (1/2, 0). Suppose a = (x1 , y1 ),
b = (x2 , y2 ). Then the point that divides [a, b] in the ratio s : t is given by:
(
)
mx2 + nx1 my2 + ny1
,
.
(8)
m+n
m+n

Thence
) (
)
1
m(3) + n(y) m(2) 6n
!
,0 =
,
2
m+n
m+n
!
2m 6n = 0
m = 3n
3n
m
=m:n=
= 3 : 1.
n
n
1.4
Trigonometry
1.4.1
Problem
Find the value of for which
cos =
Solution: In the rst instance cos 30 =
3
, 0 180 .
2
3/2. cos is negative in the second quadrant:
cos(180 ) = cos(180 ) cos() + sin(180 ) cos

| {z }
| {z }
=1
=0
cos(180 ) = cos
= 180 30 = 150 .
1.4.2
Problem
If tan A = 1/2, nd tan 2A without evaluating A, where A is an acute angle.

Express tan B in the form a/b, where a, b N, given that
tan(2A + B) =
63
.
16
Solution: The double-angle formula for tan:

tan 2A =
tan 2A =
2
1
2 tan A
.
1 tan2 A
1
4
1
3
4
(9)
4
= .
3
The addition formula for tan:

tan(A + B) =
tan A + tan B
1 tan A tan B
(10)
tan 2A + tan B ! 63
=
1 tan 2A tan B
16
4
+ tan B
63
= 3 4
16
1 3 tan B
(
)
(
)
4
4
16
+ tan B = 63 1 tan B
3
3
(
)
(
)
4
4
3(16)
+ tan B = 3(63) 1 tan B
3
3
64 + 48 tan B = 189 252 tan B
300 tan B = 125
125
5
tan B =
= .
300
12
tan(2A + B) =
1.4.3
Problem
Express sin(135 A) in terms of sin A and cos A.

Express sin(135 A) cos(135 + A) in the form k(1 + sin pA), where k, p R.
Find the values of A for which
sin(135 A) cos(135 + A) =
3
4
where 0 A 180 .
Solution: The subtraction formula for sin:
sin(A B) = sin A cos B cos A sin B
(11)
sin(135 A) = sin 135 cos A cos 135 sin A

1
1
1
sin(135 A) = cos A + sin A = (cos A + sin A)
2
2
2
The addition formula for cos:
cos(A + B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B
(12)
cos(135 + A) = cos 135 cos A sin 135 sin A

1
1
1
cos(135 + A) = cos A sin A = (sin A + cos A)
2
2
2
1
sin(135 A) cos(135 + A) = (cos A + sin A)2
2
1
2
2
sin(135 A) cos(135 + A) = (cos
A {z
+ sin A} + 2| sin A
cos A})2
{z
|
2
=1
=sin 2A
1
sin(135 A) cos(135 + A) = (1 + sin 2A)
2
10
3
1
sin(135 A) cos(135 + A) = = (1 + sin 2A)
4
2
3
1
(1 + sin 2A) =
2
4
3
1 + sin 2A =
2
1
sin 2A = 2A = 30
2
A = 15
2
2.1
Accelerated Linear Motion

Problem
A lift decelerates from 3 m s1 to rest during the last 6 m of its motion. Find the deceleration
and the time taken.
2.1.1
Solution
For this motion

s=6
t =?
u=3
v=0
a =?
Using v 2 = u2 + 2as;
v 2 u2
2s
0 32
a=
12
3
a = m/s2
4
a=
Using
t=
t=
vu
a
03
4
3
=
=4s
3/4
4 3/4
Ans: Deceleration = 3/4 m/s2 and time taken = 4 s.
2.2
11
Problem
A train slows down from 70 m s1 to 50 m s1 over an eight-second time interval. Find

the deceleration and the distance covered. If the train continues to decelerate at the same
uniform rate, how much further will it travel before it comes to rest?
2.2.1
Solution
In the eight-second interval:

s =?
t=8
u = 70
v = 50
a =?
Using
a=
a=
vu
t
50 70
20
5
=
= m/s2
8
8
2
Using
(
)
u+v
s=
t
2
(
)
70 + 50
s=
8
2
s = 60 8 = 480 m
Examining now the motion as the train decelerates from 70 m/s to rest:
s =?
t =?
u = 70
v=0
5
a=
2
Hence using:
v 2 = u2 + 2as
v 2 u2
s=
2a
4900
0 4900
=
= 980 m
s=
2(5/2)
5
12
However
(distance travelled from 50 m/s to rest) =
(distance travelled from 70 m/s to rest) (distance travelled from 70 m/s to 50 m/s)
(distance travelled from 50 m/s to rest) = 980 480 = 500 m.
Ans: 500 m.
2.3
Problem
(a) Convert 72 km/hour to metres per second

(b) A train decelerates from 72 km/hour to 48 km/hour over a distance of 1/2 km. Find in
metres/second2 the deceleration, and the time taken. If the train continues to decelerate
at this rate nd out how much further it will travel before it comes to rest.
2.3.1
Solution
(a)
km
hr
km
1000 m
1000 m
72
= 72
= 72
hr
60 mins
60(60 s)
km
72(1000)
72
=
= 20 m/s
hr
3600
72
(b) In the rst instance units must be converted to SI units:

72 km/hr = 20 m/s
2
40
48 km/hr = 72 km/hr =
m/s
3
3
1
km = 500 m
2
Hence over the 500 m:
s = 500
t =?
u = 20
40
v=
3
a =?
13
Hence using v 2 = u2 + 2as;

v 2 u2
2s
2
(40 /9) 400
a=
1000
9 (402 /9) 400
402 3600
2000
a=
=
=
9
1000
9000
9000
2
a = m/s2
9
a=
Using
t=
t=
vu
a
9 (40/3) 20
120 180
(40/3) 20
=
=
= 30 s
(2/9)
9
(2/9)
2
Examining now the motion as the train decelerates from 72 km/hr to rest:
s =?
t =?
u = 20
v=0
2
a=
9
s=
s=
v 2 u2
2a
0 400
9
400
3600
=
=
= 900 m
(4/9)
9 (4/9)
4
However
(distance travelled from 48 km/hr to rest)
= (distance travelled from 72 km/hr to rest) (distance travelled from 72 km/hr to 48 km/hr)
(distance travelled from 48 km/hr to rest) = 900 500 = 400 m.
Ans: 500 m.
2.4
14
Problem: LC OL 1984
Dene velocity and speed.

Show that a speed of 1 km/hour is equivalent to 5/18 m/s. The speed of a car is reduced
from 72 km/hour to 54 km/hour over a distance of 35 m. Find the retardation, assuming
it is uniform throughout. If the retardation continues, how much farther will the car travel
before coming to rest?
2.4.1
Solution
Velocity is speed in a given direction

Speed is the rate of change of distance with respect to time
1000 m
1000 m
=1
60 mins
60(60) s
1000
5
1 km/hr =
m/s =
m/s.
3600
18
1 km/hr = 1
First convert to SI units.
)
5
72 km/hr = 72
m/s = 20 m/s
18
3
54 km/hr = (72 km/hr) = 15 m/s
4
Examining the motion over the 35 m:
s = 35
t =?
u = 20
v = 15
a =?
a=
v 2 u2
225 400
175
5
=
=
= m/s2 .
2s
70
70
2
Examining the motion from 15 m/s to rest:

s =?
t =?
u = 15
v=0
a = 5/2
s=
s=
v 2 u2
2a
0 225
225
=
= 45 m.
5
5
2.5
15
Problem: LC OL 1983
A car starts from rest with a uniform acceleration and reaches a velocity of 27 m/s in 9 s.
The brakes are then applied and it comes to rest with uniform deceleration after travelling a
further 54 m. Calculate:
(i) the uniform acceleration
(ii) the uniform deceleration
(iii) the average speed of the car for the journey
(iv) the two times that the velocity of the car will be 15 m/s
2.5.1
Solution
(i) Using
a=
a=
vu
t
27 0
= 3 m/s2
9
(ii) In the decelerating part of the motion, u = 27, v = 0. Using

v 2 = u2 + 2as
v 2 u2
a=
2s
0 729
a=
= 6.75 m/s2
2
27 =729
108
(iii) The average speed is given by:
v =
distance travelled
time taken
(13)
The motion is acceleration followed immediately by deceleration hence

d : a = t1 : t2
(14)
where t1 is the time accelerating, t2 the time decelerating.
t2 = t1
d
t1
=
a
t2
a
3
=9
=4s
d
6.75
Therefore the time taken is 9+4=13 s. The distance travelled is the area under the
graph. The graph is a triangle of height 27 and base 13:
1
total distance = (13)(27) = 175.5 m
2
175.5
v =
= 13.5 m/s
13
16
(iv) Clearly the velocity will be 15 m/s once when t < 9 and once when 9 < t < 13. To
nd the rst time, using
t=
vu
15
=
=5s
a
3
To nd the second time, consider the decelerating part of the motion. u = 27, v = 15,
a = 6.75:
t=
15 27
7
vu
=
=1 s
a
6.75
9
But this represents the time after t = 9 s. Hence:

Ans: 5 s and 10 97 s.
2.6
Problem: LC OL 1982
Consider three points on a line, p, q and r, along the line in that order. A car travelling
towards p at a steady speed of 15 m/s, accelerated at a constant rate between p and q. At q
its speed was 25 m/s. This speed was maintained as far as r.
If |pr| = 980 m and the time from p to q was 40 seconds, draw a time-velocity graph of the
motion and hence, or otherwise, calculate the acceleration.
2.6.1
Solution
To draw the time-velocity graph note it has the rough shape of Fig 1.
By the theorem, the area under the graph must equal to the distance travelled. Let
acceleration from 15 m/s to 25 m/s take T s. Using, for the time t = 0 to t = T
(
)
(
)
u+v
15 + 25
s=
t=
T = 20T
2
2
980 = 20T + 25(40 T )
980 = 20T + 1000 25T
5T = 20
T =4s
Therefore the time-velocity graph is Fig 2.
Using
a=
a=
vu
t
25 15
5
= m/s2 .
4
2
2.7
17
Problem: LC OL 1981
Dene uniform acceleration in a straight line. A particle starts from rest with uniform
acceleration 2 m/s2 . After how many seconds will its speed be 30 km/hr?
How far from its starting point will the particle be when its speed is 60 km/hr? The particle
is then brought to rest in 2 m. Calculate the deceleration.
2.7.1
Solution
Uniform acceleration in a straight line is motion in a single direction with constant acceleration; acceleration is the rate of change of acceleration with respect to time.
30
km
1000
25
= 30
m/s =
m/s
hr
3600
3
Using
t=
vu
25/3
25
=
=
s
a
2
6
60 km/hr =
50
m/s
3
Using
v 2 = u2 + 2as
v 2 u2
s=
2a
(50/3)2
2500/9
625
s=
=
=
4
4
9
625
s=
m
9
Again using
v 2 = u2 + 2as
v 2 u2
a=
2s
2500/9
625
a=
=
m/s2
s=2,v=0
4
9
625
m/s2
d=
9
2.8
18
Problem: LC OL 1980
p and q are points 162 m apart. A body leaves p with initial speed 5 m/s and travels toward
q with uniform acceleration 3 m/s2 . At the same instant another body leaves q and travels
towards p with initial speed 7 m/s and uniform acceleration 2 m/s2 . After how many seconds
do they meet and what, then, is the speed of each body?
2.8.1
Solution
The particles meet after T s when the sum of the distance travelled by the particle at
p-particle and the distance travelled by the q-particle is 162 m:
particles meet sp + sq = 162
Using
1
s = ut + at2
2
3
sp = 5T + T 2
2
sq = 7T + T 2
1
2
2=1
Hence solve for1 T

sp + sq = 162
5
12T + T 2 = 162
2
24T + 5T 2 = 324
5T 2 + 24T 324 = 0
5T 2 + 54T 30T 324 = 0
T (5T + 54) 6(5T + 54) = 0
(T 6) (5T + 54) = 0
| {z }
see footnote
T =6s
The velocities of the p and q-particles after t s, using:
v = u + at
vp = 5 + 3t = 23 m/s at t = 6
vq = 7 + 2t = 19 m/s at t = 6
ignore t < 0; refers to time when distance between them was 324 m
(15)
2.9
19
Problem: LC HL 2009
A particle is projected vertically upwards from a point p. At the same instant a second
particle is let fall vertically from a point q directly above point p. The particles meet at
a point r between them after 2s
The particles have equal speeds when they meet at r
Prove that |pr| = 3|rq|
A train accelerates uniformly from rest to a speed v m/s with uniform acceleration f
m/s2 .
It then declerates uniformly to rest with uniform retardation 2f m/s2 .
The total distance travelled is d metres.
Draw a speed-time graph for the motion of the train
If the average speed for the whole journey is d/3, nd the value of f .
2.9.1
Solution
Let v1 be the speed of the particle projected from p and v2 the speed of the particle
dropped from q. After 2 s, using
v = u + at
v1 = u 2g
v2 = 2g
u 2g = 2g
u = 4g
Let s1 and s2 be the distance travelled by the particles. After 2s, using
1
s = ut + at2
2
1
s1 = 4g(2) + (g)(4)
2
s1 = 6g , and
1
s2 = (0)(2) + g(4) = 2g
2
But after 2 s, s1 = |pr| and s2 = |rq|. Hence as s1 = 3s2 ; |pr| = 3|rq|.
See Fig 1.
The average speed is given by:
d
total distance
=
total time
T
where T = t1 + t2 is the total time. Hence
d
d
=
3
T
3
= 3d
T =d
d
v =
(16)
(17)
20
Also the total distance is equal to the area under the time-velocity curve, in this
case the triangle of width T and height v:
1
d = vT
2
(18)
Since the motion is acceleration from rest immediately followed by declaration to

rest:
d : a = t1 : t2
(19)
Hence
2f : f = t1 : t2
t1 : t2 = 2 : 1
2 1
t1 : t2 = :
3 3
2
t1 = T
3
Using
v = u + at
v = 0 + f t1
2
v = fT
3
Hence using this and (17) in (18):
1
d = vT
2
12
d=
f 3d. 3d
23
1
d = f 3d = f d
3
f = 1 m/s2
2.10
Problem: LC HL 2008
A ball is thrown vertically upwards with an initial velocity of 39.2 m/s.

Find
the time taken to reach the maximum height
the distance travelled in 5 s
21
Two particles P and Q, each having constant acceleration, are moving in the same
direction along parallel lines. When P passes Q the speeds are 23 m/s and 5.5 m/s,
respectively. Two minutes later Q passes P , and Q is then moving at 65.5 m/s.
Find
the acceleration of P and the acceleration of Q
the speed of P when Q overtakes it
the distance P is ahead of Q when they are moving with equal speeds
2.10.1
Solution
The ball reaches the maximum when v = 0. Using
v = u + at
v = 39.2 gt
39.2
ts=max =
=4s
g
After 5 s, using
1
s = ut + at2
2
1
s = 39.2(5) g(25)
2
15
25
s = 4g(5) g = 20g 12.5g = g
2
2
Consider the motion of Q.

t = 120 (120 s = 2 min)
vQ = 65.5
uQ = 5.5
aQ =?
sQ =?
Using
a=
aQ =
vu
t
65.5 5.5
1
= m/s2
120
2
22
After 120 s, sP = sQ . Using

1
s = ut + at2
2
1
sP = 23(120) + aP (120)2
2
1
sQ = 5.5(120) + (120)2
4
sP = sQ
1
1
aP (120)2 = 5.5(120) 23(120) + (120)2
2
4
240aP = 22 92 + 120 = 50
5
aP =
m/s2
25
Using
v = ua + at
vP = 23 +
5
(120) = 48 m/s
24
After t s, using
v = u + at
5
vP = 23 + t
24
1
vQ = 5.5 + t
2
For what t is vP = vQ ?
5
1
t = 5.5 + t
24
2
7
t = 17.5
24
(24)(17.5)
t=
= 60 s
7
23 +
Hence look at sP and sQ after 60 s, using

1
s = ut + at2
2
1 5
sP = 23(60) +
(602 ) = 1755
2 24
1
sQ = 5.5(60) + (60)2 = 1230
4
Hence after 60 s, sP > sQ by 525 m. That is P is 525 m ahead of Q when they
are moving with equal speed.
2.11
23
Problem: LC HL 2007
A particle is projected vertically downwards from the top of a tower with speed u m/s.
It takes the particle 4 s to reach the bottom of the tower.
During the third second of its motion the particle travels 29.9 m.
Find
the value of u
the height of the tower
A train accelerates uniformly from rest with a speed v m/s.
It continues at this speed for a period of time and then decelerates uniformly to rest.
In travelling a total distance d metres the train accelerates through a distance pd metres
and decelerates through a distance qd metres, where p < 1 and q < 1.
Draw a speed-time graph for the motion of the train
If the average speed of the train for the whole journey is
v
,
p+q+b
nd the value of b.
2.11.1
Solution
The particle moves under acceleration a = g. After 2 s and 3 s, using
v = u + at
v(2) = u + 2g
v(3) = u + 3g
From t = 2 to t = 3, the particle travels 29.9 m where u = v(2) and v = v(3);
using
(
)
u+v
s=
t
2
(
)
2u + 5g
29.9 =
2
59.8 = 2u + 5g
59.8 5g
= 5.4 m/s
u=
2
The height of the tower is s after 4 s. Using
1
s = ut + at2
2
1
s = (5.4)4 + g(16)
2
s = 21.6 + 8g = 100 m
24
See gure 2
Let T be the total time taken for the journey. Where d is the total distance
travelled, the average speed v is given by:
v =
d
T
v
d
=
p+q+b
T
)
(
v
d=T
p+q+b
pd + qd + bd = T v
bd = T v pd qd
T v pd qd
b=
d
(20)
(21)
Let t1 be the time spent accelerating and t2 the time spent decelerating. Examining the time-velocity graph, the distance travelled in t1 , the area of the triangle
with perpendicular height v and base t1 is:
1
t1 v = pd
2
2pd
t1 =
v
Similarly
t2 =
2qd
v
Let tc be the time spent at constant speed. From the time-velocity graph, the
distance travelled at constant speed is given by,
d pd qd = d(1 p q)
Hence the distance travelled in tc is the area under the curve:
vtc = d(1 p q)
d(1 p q)
tc =
v
Now T = t1 + t2 + tc ;
1
T = (2pd + 2qd + d pd qd)
v
1
d
T = (pd + qd + d) = (p + q + 1)
v
v
Substituting into (21):
b=
d(p + q + 1) pd qd
= p + q + 1 p q = 1.
d
2.12
25
Problem: LC HL 2006
A lift starts from rest. For the rst part of its descent is travels with uniform acceleration f . It then travels with uniform retardation 3f and comes to rest. The total
distance travelled is d and the total time taken is t.
Draw a speed-time graph for the motion
Find d in terms of f and t
Two trains P and Q, each of length 79.5 m, moving in opposite directions along parallel
lines, meet at o, when their speeds are 15 m/s and 10 m/s respectively.
The acceleration of P is 0.3 m/s2 and the acceleration of Q is 0.2 m/s2 . It takes the
trains t seconds to pass each other.
Find the distance travelled by each train in t seconds.
Hence, or otherwise, calculate the value of t
How long does it take for 2/5 of the length of train Q to pass the point o?
2.12.1
Solution
See Figure 3
Since the motion is uniform acceleration from rest followed immediately by uniform deceleration from rest:
t1 : t2 = 3f : f
3 1
t1 : t2 = :
4 4
3
t1 = t
4
Using
v = u + at
v = f t1
( )
3
3
t = ft
v=f
4
4
The total distance d is the area under the graph:
1
d = vt
( 2)
1 3
d=
ft t
2 4
3
d = f t2
8
26
Using
1
s = ut + at2
2
1 3 2
3
sP = 15t +
t = 15t + t2
2 10
20
1
11 2
sQ = 10t +
t = 10t + t2
25
10
The trains pass each other when the distance they travel adds up to twice their
length: 159 m;
3 2
1
t + 10t + t2
20
10
2
2
300t + 3t + 200t + 2t = 3180
5t2 + 500t 3180 = 0
t2 + 100t 636 = 0
t2 + 106t 6t 636 = 0
t(t + 106) 6(t + 106) = 0
(t + 106)(t 6) = 0
t=6s
159 = 15t +
The case t = 106 does not concern us.

In this case t needs to be found such that:
2
sQ = 79.5 = 31.8 m
5
1
31.8 = 10t + t2
10
318 = 100t + t2
t2 + 100t 318 = 0
Using
2
roots of ax + bx + c are x =
t=
Ignore t < 0.
Ans: t = 3.085 s.
b2 4ac
2a
1002 4(1)(318)
2
100 11272
t=
2
t = 3.085 or 103.085
100
(22)
2.13
27
Problem: LC HL 2005 [Part (a)]
Car A and car B travel in the same direction along a horizontal straight road.
Each car is travelling at a uniform speed of 20 m/s.
Car A is at a distance d metres in front of car B.
At a certain instant car A starts to brake with a constant retardation of 6 m/s2 .
0.5 s later car B starts to brake with a constant retardation of 3 m/s2 .
Find
(i) the distance travelled by car A before it comes to rest
(ii) the minimum value of d for car B not to collide with car A
2.13.1
Solution
(i) With respect to car A, when at rest:

u = 20
v=0
a = 6
s =?
Using
v 2 = u2 + 2as
v 2 u2
s=
2a
400
100
s=
=
m
12
3
(ii) Car A has a greater deceleration than car B and also begins it deceleration before car
B; therefore car A comes to rest before car B does. Therefore when B stops it must
have travelled d + 100/3 m to just avoid a collision. Now B travels at 20 m/s for half
a second before decelerating. With respect to B decelerating, when at rest:
u = 20
v=0
a = 3
t =?
Using
vu
a
0 20
20
t=
=
s.
3
3
t=
Now before decelerating B travels at constant speed for a half second. In this half
second it travels:
1
s = (20) = 10 m.
2
28
Hence when stopped car B has travelled:

( ( )
( )2 )
20
3 20
s = 10 + 20
3
2 3
s=
230
3
and this must equal d + 100/3:

230
100
=d+
3
3
130
d=
m
3
2.14
A ball is thrown vertically upwards with an initial velocity of 20 m/s. One second later,
another ball is thrown vertically upwards from the same point with an initial velocity of u
m/s.
The balls collide after a further 2 seconds.
(i) Show that u = 17.75.
(ii) Find the distance travelled by each ball before the collision, giving your answers correct
to the nearest metre.
2.14.1
Solution
(i) Let s1 (t) be the height of the rst particle and s2 (t) be the height of the second particle.
For the particles to collide after 3 s:
!
s1 (3) = s2 (3).
1
s1 (3) = 3(20) g(32 )
2
9
s1 (3) = 60 g
2
Particle 2 is motionless for one of these seconds and thus
1
s2 (3) = 2u g(4) = 2u 2g
2
9
!
2u 2g = 60 g
2
5
2u = 60 g
2
60 5g/2
= 17.75 m/s.
u=
2
(23)
29
(ii) Take the distance to mean total distance in the sense that if a particle travels up, stops,
then falls down the total distance is the distance travelled going up plus the distance
travelled going down. For the rst particle the motion is upwards until v = 0. That is
until, using
v = u + at
0 = 20 gt
20
t=
2.041 s
g
Hence the distance travelled up is given by, using:
s=
(
s=
20 + 0
2
u+v
2
)
t
20
200
=
20.408 m
g
g
The distance travelled on the way down is, using:

1
s = ut + at2
2
(
)2
1
20
s= g 3
2
g
s 4.9(0.920) = 4.508 m.
Hence to the nearest metre the rst particle travels 25 m.
For the second particle the motion is up until v = 0; using
v = u + at
71
gt
0=
17.75=71/4
4
71
t=
1.811 s
4g
Hence the distance travelled up is given by, using:
)
(
u+v
s=
t
2
(
)
71 71
s=
= 16.075 m
2(4) 4g
The distance travelled on the way down is, using:
1
s = ut + at2
2
(
)2
1
71
s= g 2
2
4g
s 4.9(0.0356) = 0.175 m.
Hence to the nearest metre the rst particle travels 16 m.
2.15
30
Problem: LC HL 2003
(a) The points p, q and r all lie on a straight line.

A train passes point p with speed u m/s. The train is travelling with uniform retardation
f m/s2 . The train takes 10 s to travel from p to q and 15 s to travel from q to r, where
|pq| = |qr| = 125 m.
(i) Show that f = 1/3
(ii) The train comes to rest s metres after passing r.
Find s, giving your answer correct to the nearest metre.
(b) A man runs at constant speed to catch a bus.
At the instant the man is 40 m away from the bus, it begins to accelerate uniformly
from rest away from him.
The man just catches the bus 20 s later.
(i) Find the constant speed of the man
(ii) If the constant speed of the man had instead been 3 m/s, show that the closest he
gets to the bus is 17.5 m
2.15.1
(a)
Solution
(i) Considering the motion from p to q, using:
1
s = ut + at2
2
1
125 = 10u f (100)
2
125 = 10u 50f
25 = 2u 10f
(24)
Now considering the motion from p to r:

1
250 = 25u f (625)
2
25
10 = u f
2
25
u = 10 + f
2
(25)
Plugging into (24):

25 = 20 + 25f 10f
15 = 5f
1
f =
3
31
(ii) From (25),

u = 10 +
25
85
= .
6
6
From p, the particle comes to rest when v = 0, using:

v 2 = u2 + 2as
v 2 u2
s=
2a
s=
02 (85/6)2
301.042 m.
(2/3)
The particle travels 250 m from p to r hence travels s = 51 m after passing r

before coming to rest.
(b)
(i) If the man just catches the bus then when his constant speed u is equal to that of
the bus vb and he has travelled as far as the bus has plus the 40 m between them.
That is if sm is the distance travelled by the man and sb the distance travelled by
the bus the condition to just catch the bus is
u = vb when sm = sb + 40.
(26)
Let a be the acceleration of the bus. After 20 s, using:

v = u + at
vb = 20a
u
a=
!
20
vb =u
Using, after 20 s,
1
s = ut + at2
2
sm = 20u
1
sb = a(400) = 200a = 10u
2
20u = 10u + 40
!
sm =sb +40
u = 4 m/s
(ii) If u = 3 m/s, the distance travelled by the man after t s is given by:
sm = 3t
As u = 4 above, a = 1/5 m/s2 . With respect to the man, after t s, the bus has
travelled a distance sb + 40 away;
t2
11 2
t + 40 =
+ 40.
sb + 40 =
25
10
32
Hence in terms of t, the distance between the man and bus is given by the distance
travelled by the bus less the distance travelled by the man:
t2
+ 40 3t.
(27)
10
To minimise this function dierentiate with respect to t and solve equal to 0:
t
3=0
5
tmin = 15 s
To show this is a min note the second derivative is
1
> 0 t = 15 a local minimum.
5
Hence the minimum separation is:
t=15
225
+ 40 45 = 17.5 m.
10
2.16
Problem: LC HL 2002
(a) A stone is thrown vertically upwards under gravity with a speed of u m/s from a point
30 m above the horizontal ground.
The stone hits the ground 5 s later.
(i) Find the value of u
(ii) Find the speed with which the stone hits the ground.
(b) A particle, with initial speed u, moves in a straight line with constant acceleration.
During the time interval from 0 to t, the particle travels a distance p.
During the time interval from t to 2t, the particle travels a distance q.
During the time interval from 2t to 3t, the particle travels a distance r.
(i) Show that 2q = p + r
(ii) Show that the particle travels a further distance 2r q in the time interval from
3t to 4t.
2.16.1
(a)
Solution
(i) With respect to the point the stone was thrown with s = 30 after t = 5 s. The
stone is under acceleration g. Using
1
s = ut + at2
2
1
30 = 5u g(25)
2
25
5u = g 30
2
5
u = g 6 = 18.5 m/s
2
33
(ii) Using
v = u + at
v = 18.5 g(5)
v = 30.5 m/s
Hence the stone hits the ground with speed |v| = 30.5 m/s.
(b) Considering the motion in the rst t seconds, using
1
s = ut + at2
2
1
p = ut + at2
2
In the rst 2t seconds:
In the rst 3t seconds:
(28)
4
p + q = 2ut + at2
2
(29)
9
p + q + r = 3ut + at2
2
(30)
Now r = (30) (29):

4
9
r = 3ut + at2 2ut at2
2
2
5
r = ut + at2
2
p + r = 2ut + 3at2
p=(28)
Now q = (29) (28):

4
1
q = 2ut + at2 ut at2
2
2
3 2
q = ut + at
2
2
2q = 2ut + 3at = p + r.

(ii) Suppose the particle travels a distance s further in the next second. Hence in the rst
4t seconds:
16
p + q + r + s = 4ut + at2
2
7
s = ut + at2
p+q+r=(30)
2
Now
3
10 2
at ut at2
2
2
7 2
2r q = ut + at = s
2
2r q = 2ut +
2.17
34
Problem: LC HL 2001
(a) Points p and q lie in a straight line, where |pq| = 1200 m.

Starting from rest at p, a train accelerates at 1 m/s2 until it reaches the speed limit of
20 m/s. It continues at this speed of 20 m/s and then decelerates at 2 m/s2 , coming to
rest at q.
Find the time it takes the train to go from p to q.
Find the shortest time it takes the train to from rest at p to rest at q if there is no speed
limit, assuming that the acceleration and deceleration remain unchanged at 1 m/s2 and
2 m/s2 , respectively.
(b) A particle is projected vertically upwards with an initial velocity of u m/s and another
particle is projected vertically upwards from the same point and with the same initial
velocity T seconds later.
Show that the particles
(i) will meet
T
u
+
2
g
seconds from the instant of projection of the rst particle

(ii) will meet at a height of
4u2 g 2 T 2
metres.
8g
2.17.1
Solution
(a) Let sa be the distance travelled whilst accelerating and sd be the distance travelled
while decelerating. Using
v 2 = u2 + 2as
v 2 u2
s=
2a
400
sa =
= 200 m
2
400
= 100 m
sb =
4
Let sc be the distance travelled at constant speed v = 20 and tc be the time spent
travelling at constant speed. The total distance travelled is 1200 m:
1200 = 200 + 100 + 20tc
900
tc =
= 45 s
20
35
To travel a distance from rest to rest in the shortest possible times implies acceleration
followed by immediate deceleration such that if t1 is the time spent accelerating and
t2 the time spent decelerating:
t1 : t2 = d : a
(31)
t1 : t2 = 2 : 1
2 1
t1 : t2 = :
3 3
t1 = 2T /3, and t2 = T /3
Also the maximum speed reached is given by, using
v = u + at
2
v= T
3
Now distance travelled is the area under the graph:
! 1
1200 = vT
( 2)
1 2
T T
1200 =
2 3
3(2)(1200)
T2 =
= 3600
2
T = 60 s
(b)
(i) If the particles meet at a time t after the rst particle is emitted, then they will
have equal heights at that time:
!
s1 (t) = s2 (t)
(32)
Using
1
s = ut + at2
2
g
s1 (t) = ut t2
2
The second particle is only in motion after a time T so in terms of t it is in motion
for a time t T :
s2 (t) s2 (t T )
g
s2 (t) = u(t T ) (t T )2
2
g 2
g 2
ut t = ut uT (t 2tT + T 2 )
!
2
2
s1 =s2
T 2g
2
uT
T 2g
t=
+
gT
2gT
(
)
T
u
t=
+
2
g
uT = gtT
36
(ii) To nd the height they meet at is to nd s1 or s2 at the time t (s1 (t) = s2 (t)):
)
(
)
(
)2
u
T
u
1
T
u
T
+
=u
+
g
+
s1
2
g
2
g
2
2
g
(
)
( 2
)
2
T
u
Tu u
1
T
T u u2
s1
+
=
+
g
+
+ 2
2
g
2
g
2
4
g
g
(
)
2
2
u
Tu u
gT
T u u2
T
+
=
+
s1
2
g
2
g
8
2
2g
(
)
2
2 2
T
4T ug + 8u g T 4uT g 4u2
u
s1
=
+
2
g
8g
(
)
T
u
4u2 g 2 T 2
s1
+
=
2
g
8g
(
2.18
Problem: LC HL 2000
(a) A stone projected vertically upwards with an initial speed of u m/s rises 70 m in the
rst t seconds and another 50 m in the next t seconds.
Find the value of u.
(b) A car, starting from rest and travelling from p to q on a straight level road, where
|pq| = 10 000 m, reaches its maximum speed 25 m/s by constant acceleration in the
rst 500 m and continues at this maximum speed for the rest of the journey.
A second car, starting from rest and travelling from q to p, reaches the same maximum
speed by constant acceleration in the rst 250 m and continues at this maximum speed
for the rest of the journey.
(i) If the two cars start at the same time, after how many seconds do the two cars
meet?
Find, also, the distance travelled by each car in that time.
(ii) If the start of one car is delayed so that they meet each other at exactly halfway
between p and q, nd which car is delayed and by how many seconds.

2.18.1
37
Solution
(a) Examining separately the motion in the rst t seconds and in the rst 2t seconds;
using:
1
s = ut + at2
2
1
70 = ut gt2
2
120 = 2ut 2gt2
2ut = 140 + gt2
(33)
(34)
(35)
(33)
120 = 140 + gt2 2gt2
(34)
gt2 = 20
20
t=
g
20
20
2u
= 140 + g
(35)
g
g
g
100g
u=
(80) = 8
= 8 5g
20
20
(b)
(36)
(i) The cars meet when

s1 (t) + s2 (t) = 10000 m
(37)
How long does it take car 1 to accelerate to 25 m/s? Using

(
)
u+v
s=
t
2
( )
25
500 =
ta,1
2
ta,1 = 40 s
Similarly,
(
)
25
250 =
ta,2
2
ta,2 = 20 s
Therefore the motion of the cars in terms of t after they take o (because the cars
certainly dont meet in less than 40 s - s1 (40)+s2 (40) = 500+250+20(25) = 1250
m) is given by the distance whilst accelerating plus the distance travelled at
constant speed 25 m/s for a time (tthe time spent accelerating):
s1 (t) = 500 + 25(t 40)
s2 (t) = 250 + 25(t 20)
(38)
(39)
38
Now (38) + (39) = 10000:

750 + 25(2t 60) = 10000
25(2t 60) = 9250
2t 60 = 370
t = 215 s
Also
s1 (215) = 500 + 25(215 40) = 4875 m
s2 (215) = 250 + 25(215 20) = 5125 m
(ii) Car 1 travels 500 m in 40 s. At constant speed, a = 0, using:
s = vt
s
t=
v
4500
t=
= 180 s
25
So it takes car 1 40 + 180 = 220 s to travel 5000 m.
Similarly car 2 travels 250 m in 20 s. At constant speed, a = 0, using:
s = vt
s
t=
v
4750
t=
= 190 s
25
So it takes car 2 20 + 190 = 210 s to travel 5000 m. Hence if car 2 is delayed by
10 s, they will meet at half way.
2.19
Problem: LC HL 1999 [Part (b)]
A particle travels in a straight line with constant acceleration f for 2t seconds and covers 15
metres. The particle then travels a further 55 metres at constant speed in 5t seconds. Finally
the particle is brought to rest by a constant retardation 3f .
(i) Draw a speed-time graph for the motion of the particle.
(ii) Find the initial velocity of the particle in terms of t.
(iii) Find the total distance travelled in metres, correct to two decimal places.
(ii) First examining the constant speed motion, using:
s = vt
s
55
11
v= =
=
t
5t
t
39
(i)
Now using:
)
u+v
s=
t
2
2s
u=
v
t
15 11
u=
t=2t
t
t
4
u=
t
(iii) Using
vu
t
11
4
t
f = t
2t
7
7
f = t = 2
2t
2t
a=
Now for the decelerating motion, using:

v 2 = u2 + 2as
v 2 u2
s=
2a
121
2
121
s= t = 2 ( 7 )
6f
t 6 2t2
121
s=
5.762 m
21
Hence the total distance travelled, d, is:
d = 15 + 55 + 5.76 = 75.76 m
2.20
40
Problem: LC HL 1998
(a) A train accelerates uniformly from rest to a speed v m/s. It continues at this constant
speed for a period of time and then decelerates uniformly to rest. If the average speed
for the whole journey is 5v/6, nd what fraction of the whole distance is described at
constant speed.
(b) Car A, moving with uniform acceleration 3b/20 m/s2 passes a point p with speed 9u
m/s. Three seconds later car B, moving with uniform acceleration 2b/9 m/s2 passes
the same point with speed 5u m/s. B overtakes A when their speeds are 6.5 m/s and
5.4 m/s respectively. Find
(i) the value u and the value b
(ii) the distance travelled from p until overtaking occurs.
2.20.1
Remark
I think Q.1 in 1998 was particularly dicult. This is certainly the most dicult AM Q. 1
Ive ever seen.
2.20.2
Solution
(a) Let s1 , s2 and s3 be the distances travelled at acceleration, constant speed and deceleration respectively. Similarly let t1 , t2 and t3 be the time spent at acceleration, constant
speed and deceleration respectively. Hence as the area under the time-velocity graph
is the distance travelled:
1
s1 = vt1
2
s2 = vt2
1
s3 = vt3
2
Using:
total distance
total time
1
vt + vt2 + 12 vt3
5v
2 1
=
6
t + t2 + t3
( 1
)
1
1
5(t1 + t2 + t3 ) = 6
t1 + t2 + t3
2
2
5t1 + 5t2 + 5t3 = 3t1 + 6t2 + 3t3
t2 = 2t1 + 2t3
average speed =
41
Now the fraction travelled at constant speed:

s2
s1 + s2 + s3
vt2
= 1
vt + vt2 + 12 vt3
2 1
2t2
=
2t2 + (t1 + t3 )
2t2
=
1
(t2 =2t1 +2t3 ) 2t2 + t2
2
4t2
4t2
4
=
=
=
4t2 + t2
5t2
5
(b)
(i) In terms of a t after car A starts moving; using;

v =(u +)at
3b
vA (t) = 9u +
t
20
Car B is stationary for three of these seconds:
vB (t) vB (t 3) , where
( )
2b
vB (t 3) = 5u +
(t 3)
9
For overtaking to occur after T seconds, vA (T ) = 5.4 m/s, vB (T ) = 6.5 m/s and
sA (T ) =: s := sB (T )
(40)
Now using;
2
v 2 = u(
+ 2as
)
3b
!
2
2
2
vA (T ) = 5.4 = 81u + 2
s
20
3bs
29.16 = 81u2 +
10
( )
2b
!
vB2 (T ) = 6.52 = 25u2 + 2
s
9
4bs
42.25 = 25u2 +
9
40 (41) = 1166.4 = 3240u2 + 12bs

27 (42) = 1140.75 = 675u2 12bs
25.65 = 2565u2
40(41)+27(42)
u=
u2 = 0.01 =
1
100
1
1
1
=
m/s
=
100
10
100
(41)
(42)
42
Now note vA (T ) = 5.4;

3bT
20
3bT
5.4 = 0.9 +
20
3bT
4.5 =
20
bT = 30
vA (T ) = 5.4 = 9u +
Similarly
2b
(T 3)
9
2bT
6b
6.5 = 0.5 +
+
9
9
2bT
6b
6=
9
9
54 = 2bT 6b
6b = 2(bT ) 54
6b = 60 54 = 6
vB (T ) = 6.5 = 5u +
(43)
b=1
(ii) Note the distance from overtaking is
s1 (T ) =: s := s2 (T )
Taking (41):
3bs
10
2 10
s = (29.16 81u )
3b
10
s = (29.16 81(0.01))
3
s = 94.5 m
29.16 = 81u2 +
(43)
43
Projectiles
3.1
A straight vertical cli is 200 m high.

A particle is projected from the
top of the cli.
The speed of projection is 14 10 m/s at an angle to the horizontal.
The particle strikes the level ground at a distance 200 m from the foot of the cli.
(i) Find, in terms of , the time taken for the particle to hit the ground.
(ii) Show that the two possible directions of projection are at right angles to each other.
3.1.1
Solution
(i) Let T be the time when sx = 200 and sy = 200. Using

s (t) = ux t
x
200 = 14 (10 cos T
)
10
200
T = sec
14 10
10
10
T =
10 sec
7
(ii) Now sy (T ) = 200, using:
1
sy (t) = uy t gt2
2 )
(
)
(
10
1000
1
200 = 14 10 sin
10 sec g
sec2
7
2
49
Now sin sec = tan and
sec2 1 + tan2
g
200 = 200 tan (1000(1 + tan2 ))
98
1
200 = 200 tan (1000(1 + tan2 ))
10
200 = 200 tan 100(1 + tan2 )
2 = 2 tan (1 + tan2 )
Let u := tan :
2 = 2u 1 u2
u2 2u 1 = 0
Using the formula for the roots of a quadratic:
2 4+4
2 8
u=
=
2
2
22 2
=1 2
tan =
2
8= 4.2= 4 2
(44)
44
Now if mL and mK are the slopes of lines L and K then

mL mL = 1 L K
(45)
Equivalently, two directions are at right angles if:

tan 1 tan 2 = 1
tan 1 tan 2 = (1 + 2)(1 2)

tan 1 tan 2 = 1 2 = 1
the two directions are at right angles.
3.2
(46)
Problem: LC HL 2008 [Part (b)]
A ball is projected from a point on the ground at a distance of a from the foot of a vertical
wall of height b, the velocity of projection being u at angle 45 to the horizontal. If the ball
just clears the wall prove that the greatest height reached is
a2
.
4(a b)
3.2.1
Solution
In the rst instance maximum height is sy when vy = 0. Using

vy = uy gt
0 = uy gtmax
uy
tmax =
g
( 2)
( )
uy
1
uy
sy max = uy
g
g
2
g2
u2y 1 u2y
u2y
sy max =
=
g
2 g
2g
(47)
Now uy = u sin 45 = u/ 2:
sy max
u2
=
4g
(48)
45
Now at a time, say T , sx (T ) = a and sy (T ) = b. Using:

sx = ux t
a = u cos 45
T
2a
T =
u
( )
( 2)
u
2a
1
2a
b=
g
sy (T )=b
u
2
u2
2
ga2
u2
ga2
ab= 2
u
2
ga
u2 =
ab
2
u
ga2
=
sy max =
4g
4g(a b)
a2
sy max =
4(a b)
b=a
3.3
A particle is projected with a speed of 7 5 m/s at an angle to the horizontal.

Find the two values of that will give a range of 12.5 m.
3.3.1
Solution
The range is sx when sy = 0. Using

1
sy = uy t gt2
2
(
g )
t uy t = 0
2
2uy
t=
g
(
)
2uy
R = sx (t) = ux
g
2
u
R = 2 sin cos
g
u2
! 25
R=
sin 2 =
2 sin x cos x=sin 2x
g
2
25g
1
25g
=
sin 2 = 2 =
2u
2(49)(5)
2
2 = 30 or 150
= 15 or 75
3.4
46
A particle is projected from a point o with velocity 9.8 i + 29.4 j m/s where i and j are unit
perpendicular vectors in the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively.
(i) Express the velocity and displacement of the particle after t seconds in terms of i and
j.
(ii) Find, in terms of t, the direction in which the particle is moving after t seconds.
(iii) Find the two times when the direction of the particle is at right angles to the line joining
the particle to o.
3.4.1
Solution
(i) Noting rst that 9.8 = g and 29.4 = 3g. The velocity vector is given by:
v(t) = vx (t)i + vy (t)j
(49)
and using
vx (t) = ux , and
vy = uy gt
v(t) = gi + (3g gt)j
The displacement vector is given by:
r(t) = sx (t)i + sy (t)j
(50)
Using:
sx (t) = ux t , and
1
sy (t) = uy t gt2
2)
(
1 2
r(t) = gti + 3gt gt j
2
(ii) The direction the particle is travelling in is the slope of the tangent to the displacement
at t; the tangent being given by the derivative:
r (t) = vx i + vy j
vy
3g gt
j-component r (t)
=
=
=3t
direction after t =
i-component r (t)
vx
g
(iii) The line joining the particle to o has slope:
sy
sx
For two lines L and K to be perpendicular the slopes mL and mK must satisfy
mL mL = 1.
(51)
47
Hence solve:
sy
!
(3 t) = 1
sx
3gt 12 gt2
(3 t) = 1
gt
(
)
1
3 t (3 t) = 1
gt
2
3
1
9 t + t2 3t = 1
2
2
18 3t + t2 6t = 2
t2 9t + 20 = 0
t2 4t 5t + 20 = 0
t(t 4) 5(t 4) = 0
(t 4)(t 5) = 0
Ans: At t = 4s, and 5 s.
3.5
Problem: LC HL 2004: [Part (a)]
A particle is projected from a point on the horizontal oor of a tunnel with maximum height
of 8 m. The particle is projected with an initial speed of 20 m/s inclined at an angle to
the horizontal oor.
Find, to the nearest metre, the greatest range which can be attained in the tunnel.
3.5.1
Solution
The range R is sx when sy = 0. Solving this gives:

u2
R=
sin 2
g
Next the angle of projection which gives the max height as the height of the tunnel, 8 m, is
found. Max height is sy when vy = 0. Solving this gives:
u2y
u2
sy max =
=
sin2
2g
2g
u2
sin2 = 8
2g
16g
sin2 =
400
4 g
g
sin =
=
20
5
= arcsin( g/5) 38.763
Now if > arcsin( g/5) then max height is bigger than 8 m, so this motion is not in the
tunnel as required. Hence < arcsin( g/5). Now looking at the range:
R=
u2
sin 2
g
48
For [0, 45 ], sin 2 is increasing, as

d
sin 2 = 2 cos 2 > 0 , [0, 45 ]
d
Hence as 0 arcsin( g/5), sin 2 attains it maximum at = arcsin( g/5):

R=
202
2 sin cos
g
Now the model triangle gives:
g 25 g
800
800 g
R=
2
=
15.2
g
5
5
25 g
32
R = (3.8987) = 39.85 40 m
g
3.6
A particle is projected from a point on level horizontal ground at an angle to the horizontal
ground.
Find , if the horizontal range of the particle is ve times the maximum height reached by
the particle.
3.6.1
Solution
The range, R, is sx when sy = 0:

R=
u2
sin 2
g
(52)
The maximum height, sy max , of the particle is sy when vy = 0:

sy max =
u2 sin2
2g
(53)
49
Hence is the angle such that R = sy max :

2
2
u2
! 5u sin
sin 2 =
g
2g
5
2 sin cos = sin2
u=0
2
5
2 cos = sin
=0
2
sin
4
=
cos
5
4
tan =
5
( )
4
= arctan
38.66
5
3.7
A particle is projected from a point on the horizontal ground with a speed of 39.2 m/s inclined
at an angle to the horizontal ground. The particle is at a height of 14.7 m above the
horizontal ground at times t1 and t2 seconds, respectively.
(i) Show that
64 sin2 12
(ii) Find the value of for which t2 t1 = 20.

t2 t1 =
3.7.1
Solution
(i) First note 14.7 = 3g/2 and 39.2 = 4g. t1 and t2 are times when sy = 14.7; hence are
the solutions of the quadratic equation:
3
1
g = 4gt sin gt2
2
2
3 = 8t sin t2
2, g
2
t 8t sin 3 = 0
Using the formula for the roots of a quadratic, letting t1 be the + solution and t2 be
the - solution:
8 64 sin2 12
t=
2
(
) (
)
2
8 + 64 sin 12
8 64 sin2 12
t1 t2 =
2
2
64 sin2 12
64 sin2 12
4+
t1 t2 = 4 +
2
2
t1 t2 = 64 sin2 12
50
(ii) Hence is such that:

64 sin2 12 = 20
64 sin2 = 32
1
sin2 =
2
1
sin =
2
= 45
3.8
A player hits a ball with an initial speed of u m/s from a height of 1 m at an angle of 45
to the horizontal ground. A member of the opposing team, 21 m away, catches the ball at a
height of 2 m above the ground.
Find the value of u.
3.8.1
Solution
sy
= 1 when sx = 21. Suppose the catcher catches the ball at a time T , noting sin 45 =
1/ 2 = cos 45 :
u
sx = T
2
21 2
T =
T
u
Now sy (T ) = 1, using:
1
sy = uy t gt2
2
u 21 2 1 (21)2 (2)
1=
g
2
u2
2 u
u2 = 21u2 212 g
2
u , cancelling
20u2 = 212 g
212
g
u2 =
20
g
u = 21
= 14.7 m/s
20
3.9
51
Problem: LC HL 2000: [Part (b)]
A particle is projected with a velocity u m/s at an angle to the horizontal ground. Show
that the particle hits the ground at a distance
u2
sin 2
g
from the point of projection. Find the angle of projection which gives maximum range.
3.9.1
Solution
Range, R, is sx when sy = 0;
1
!
sy = uy t gt2 = 0
2
2uy
t=
g
Now
s x = ux t
(
)
2uy
R = ux
g
2
2u sin cos
R=
g
2 sin cos
R = u2
g
2
u
sin 2
R=
2 sin x cos x=sin 2x
g

Taking u to be xed, to maximise R vary . The maximum value of sine is 1. This
occurs when
2 = 90 (sin 90 = 1)
= 45 for maximum range
3.10
52
Problem: LC HL 2009: [Part(b)]
A plane is inclined at an angle 60 to the horizontal. A particle is projected up the plane

with initial speed u at an angle to the inclined plane. The plane of projection is vertical
and contains the line of greatest slope.
The particle strikes the plane at right angles.
Show that the range on the inclined plane is
4 3u2
.
13g
3.10.1
Solution
Let T be the time of ight. If the particle lands at right angles, sy (T ) = 0 and vx (T ) = 0.
Using
vx = u cos g sin 60 t
u cos
T =
g sin 60
Figure 1: If the particle lands at right angles, the nal velocity is entirely in the y-direction
Using
1
sy = u sin t g cos 60 t2
2
2u sin
T =
cos 60
u cos
2u sin
g sin 60
cos 60
1 cos 60
1
tan = .
= . cot 60
2 sin 60
2
1
tan =
2 3
53
Figure 2: The model triangles for 60 and
Now range means sx (T ). Using

1
sx = ux t gx t2
2 )
(
)
(
2
2
u cos
1 u cos
sin 60

g
R = u cos
g sin 60
2
g2 sin2 60
u2 cos2
R=
(2 1)
2g sin 60
u2 4(3) 2
R= .
.
2 g 13
3
2
4 3u
R=
13g
3.11
54
A particle is projected down an inclined plane with initial velocity u m/s. The line of projection makes an angle 2 with the inclined plane and the plane is inclined at to the
horizontal. The plane of projection is vertical and contains the line of greatest slope.
The range of the particle on the inclined plane is ku2 sin /g.
Find the value of k.
3.11.1
Solution
Range, R, means sx when sy = 0.
Using
1
sy = u sin 2 t g cos t2
2
2u sin 2
T =
g cos
4u sin
sin 2x=2 sin x cos x

g
Using
1
sx = ux t + gx t2
2
8
)
(
2 sin2
1
4u sin
16u

+ .
R = u cos 2
g sin
g
2
g2
R=
cos 2x=cos2 xsin2 x
R=
4u2 sin
(cos 2 + 2 sin2 )
g
4u2 sin
(cos2 sin2 + 2 sin2 )
|
{z
}
g
=cos2 +sin2
cos2 x+sin x=1
R=
4u2
sin
g
k=4
3.12
55
A particle is projected up an inclined plane with initial speed u m/s. The line of projection
makes an angle 30 with the plane and the plane is inclined at 30 to the horizontal. The
plane of projection is vertical and contains the line of greatest slope.
Find in terms of u, the range of the particle on the inclined plane.
3.12.1
Solution
Using
1
sy = u sin 30 t g cos 30 t2
2
2u
tan 30
T =
g
2
(
)
2u
1
4
u2 tan2 30

R = u cos 30
tan 30
g sin 30 .
g
2
g2
2
2u tan 30
R=
(cos 30 sin 30 tan 30 )
g
(
)
2 u2 1
3 1 1
R=
.
.
using Figure 2
g
2
2 3
3
(
)
u2
31
R=
3g
3
2u2
R=
3g
3.13
56
A plane is inclined at an angle to the horizontal. A particle is projected up the plane with
initial speed u at an angle to the inclined plane. The plane of projection is vertical and
contains the line of greatest slope.
(i) Find the range of the particle on the inclined plane in terms of u, and .
(ii) Show that for a constant value of u the range is a maximum when
= 45
3.13.1
Solution
Using
1
sy = u sin t g cos t2
2
2u sin
T =
g cos
2
(
)
2
2
2u sin
1
4 u sin
R = u cos

g sin
g cos
2
g2 cos2
2u2 sin
(cos cos sin sin )
g cos2
u2
R=
2 sin cos( + )
cos(x+y)=cos x cos ysin x sin y
g cos2
u2
R=
(sin(2 + ) + sin())
2 sin x cos y=sin(x+y)+sin(xy)
g cos2
u2
(sin(2 + ) sin )
R=
sin(x)= sin x
g cos2
R=
57
To maximise R the only term which may be varied is sin(2 + ). Sine has a maximum
value of 1; namely sin 90 = 1. Hence for Rmax ;
2 + = 90
2 = 90
= 45
2
3.14
A particle is projected up the inclined plane with initial speed u m/s. The line of projection
makes an angle with the horizontal and the inclined plane makes an angle with the
horizontal. ( The plane of projection is vertical and contains the line of greatest slope).
Find in terms of u, g, and , the range of the particle up the inclined plane.
3.14.1
Solution
58
Using
1
sy = u sin( ) t g cos t2
2
2u sin( )
T =
g cos
2
(
)
2
2
2u sin( )
1
4 u sin ( )
R = u cos( )

g sin
g cos
2
g2 cos2
2u2 sin( )
(cos( ) cos sin( ) sin )
g cos2
u2
2 sin( ) cos ( + )
R=
|
{z
}
cos(x+y)=cos x cos ysin x sin y
g cos2
R=
u2
R=
(sin( + ) + sin( ))
2 sin x cos y=sin(x+y)+sin(xy)
g cos2
u2
R=
(sin(2 ) sin )
sin(x)= sin x
g cos2
3.15
A particle is projected from a point p with initial speed 15 m/s, down a plane inclined at an
angle of 30 to the horizontal. The direction of projection is at right angles to the inclined
plane. (The plane of projection is vertical and contains the line of greatest slope). Find
(i) the perpendicular height of the particle above the plane after t seconds and hence, or
otherwise, show that the vertical height h of the particle above the plane after t seconds
is
10 3 t 4.9t2
(ii) the greatest vertical height it attains above the plane (i.e. the maximum value of h)
correct to two places of decimals.
3.15.1
Solution
Using
1
sy = uy t gy t2
2
sy (t) = 15t 4.9 cos 30 t2
4.9 3 2
t
sy (t) = 15t
cos 30 from Fig 2
2
59
Due to the geometry,

sy
sin 60 =
h
sy
h=
sin 60
(
)
4.9 3 2
2
h
=
15t
sin 60 from Fig 2

2
3
30
h = t 4.9t2
3
h = 10 3t 4.9t2
To maximise h(t) note that it is a concave down2 quadratic and hence has a single local
maximum when
hmax
dh
=0
dt
10 3 gtmax = 0
10 3
tmax =
g
( )
(
)
10 3
g 300
= h(tmax ) = 10 3
g
2 g2
hmax =
or sad
150
300 1 300
.
=
g
2 g
g
hmax 15.31 m
3.16
60
A plane is inclined at an angle 45 to the horizontal. A particle is projected up the plane

with initial speed u at an angle to the horizontal. The plane of projection is vertical and
contains the line of greatest slope. The particle is moving horizontally when it strikes the
inclined plane.
Show that tan = 2.
3.16.1
Solution
If the particle lands horizontally then the landing angle is 45 .
Figure 3: If the particle lands horizontally then as alternate angles the landing angle is equal
to the angle the plane makes with the horizontal.
The landing angle is given by:

tan l =
vy
vx
vy
= tan 45 = 1
vx
vy = vx
(54)
(55)
(56)
61
where vy , vx are the nal speeds in the y- and x-directions. Using
sin 45 =1/ 2=cos 45
1
sy (T ) = 0 = u sin( 45 )T g cos 45 .T 2
2
2u sin( 45 )
T =
g cos 45

2u sin( 45 )
45
vy = u sin( 45 )
g cos
.

g cos
45

vy = u sin( 45 )
(
)
2u
sin(
45
)

45
g sin
vx = u cos( 45 )

g cos
45

vx = u(cos( 45 ) 2 sin())
sin( 45 ) = cos( 45 ) 2 sin( 45 )
(56)
3 sin( 45 ) = cos( 45 )
1
tan( 45 ) =
3
tan 1
1
=
tan Atan B 1 + tan

3
tan(AB)= 1+tan A tan B
1 + tan = 3 tan 3
2 tan = 4
tan = 2
3.17
62
A particle is projected up an inclined plane with initial speed u m/s. The line of projection
makes an angle with the horizontal and the inclined plane makes an angle with the
horizontal. (The plane of projection is vertical and contains the line of greatest slope.)
If the particle strikes the inclined plane at right angles, show that
tan =
3.17.1
1 + 2 tan2
tan
Solution
If the particle strikes the plane at right angles vx (T ) = 0 where T is the time of ight.
2u sin( )
g cos
(
)
2u sin( )
vx (T ) = u cos( )
g sin
=0
g cos

cos( ) = 2 tan sin( )
T =
1/u
1 = 2 tan tan( )
)
(
tan tan
1 = 2 tan
1 + tan tan
1 + tan tan = 2 tan tan 2 tan2
tan tan = 1 + 2 tan2
1 + 2 tan2
tan =
tan
3.18
A particle is projected with speed u m/s at an angle to the horizontal, up a plane inclined
at an angle to the horizontal. (The plane of projection is vertical and contains the line of
greatest slope). The particle strikes the plane at right angles,
(i) Show that 2 tan tan( ) = 1
(ii) Hence, or
otherwise, show that if = 2, the range of the particle up the inclined plane
2
is u /(g 3)
3.18.1
Solution
(i) This is shown in four lines in the above solution.

(ii) If = 2;
2 tan tan(2 ) = 1
2 tan2 = 1
1
tan =
2
63
Figure 4: The Model Triangle for .
Range is sx (T ):
2
2u sin 1
4 u2 sin2
R = u cos .

g sin .
g cos
2
g2 cos2
2u2 sin
R=
(cos2 sin2 )
g cos2
(
)
2u2 1 3 2 1
R=
. .
g
3 2 3 3
( )
2 u2 3 1
R= .
g 3 2 3
u2
R=
g 3
3.19
64
A particle is projected at an angle = tan1 3 to the horizontal up a plane inclined at

an angle to the horizontal. (The plane of projection is vertical and contains the line of
greatest slope). The particle strikes the plane at right angles.
Find the two possible values for .
3.19.1
Solution
From Problem 3.17:

1 + 2 tan2
tan
1 + 2 tan2
3=
tan
3 tan = 1 + 2 tan2
2 tan2 3 tan + 1 = 0
2 tan2 2 tan tan + 1 = 0
2 tan (tan 1) 1(tan 1) = 0
(2 tan 1)(tan 1) = 0
= arctan(1/2) 26.565 , or 45 .
tan =
3.20
Problem: LC HL 1999 [Parts (a) & (b)(i)]
A particle is projected from a point p up an inclined plane with a speed of 4g 2 m/s at an

angle tan1 (1/3) to the inclined plane. The plane is inclined at an angle to the horizontal.
(The plane of projection is vertical and contains the line of greatest slope). The particle is
moving horizontally when it strikes the plane at the point q.
(a) Find the two possible values for .
(b)(i) If tan = 0.5 then nd the magnitude of the velocity with which the particle strikes the
inclined plane at q.
3.20.1
Solution
(a) Let := tan1 (1/3). As in Figure 18, the landing angle is as the particle lands
horizontally. Hence
tan =
vy (T )
vx (T )
65
where T is the time of ight;

2u sin
g cos
sy (T ) = u sin , and
2u sin
sx (T ) = u cos
g sin .
g cos

sx (T ) = u cos 2u tan sin
u sin

tan =
u cos 2
u tan sin

2
tan cos 2 tan sin = sin
tan
2 tan2 = 1
1/ sin tan
2 tan2 3 tan + 1 = 0
T =
tan =1/3
2 tan2 2 tan tan + 1 = 0

2 tan (tan 1) 1(tan 1) = 0
(2 tan 1)(tan 1) = 0
= arctan(1/2) 26.565 , or 45 .
(b)(i) The nal speed of the particle is given by:
|v(T )| = vx2 (T ) + vy2 (T )
Figure 5: The model triangles for &
(57)
66
Now from (a);

vy (T ) = u sin
2
vy (T ) = 4g
10
2
16g
, and
vy2 (T ) =
5
vx (T ) = u cos 2u tan sin
3
1
vx (T ) = 4g 2 4g 2
10
10
4g 2
8g
vx (T ) = (3 1) =
10
5
64g 2
vx2 (T ) =
5
80g
|v(T )| =
= 16g 2
5
|v(T )| = 4g
3.21
A particle is projected down a slope which is inclined at 45 to the horizontal.

The particle
is projected from a point on the slope and has an initial velocity of 7 2 m/s at an angle
to the inclined plane. Find the value of if
(i) the particle rst hits the slope after 2 seconds
(ii) the landing angle with the slope is tan1 (1/3)
3.21.1
Solution
(i) The particle hits the slope when sy = 0:

1
sy = u sin t g sin 45 t2
2
1
!
0 = 7 2 sin .(2) g sin 45 (2)2
2
2
0 = 14 2 sin g
2
19.6
2g
=
sin =
28
28
(
)
19.6
= sin1
44.4
28
(ii) The landing angle l is given by:
tan l =
vy (T )
vx (T )
(58)
67
where T is the time of ight and vy (T ) and vx (T ) are the nal velocities in the y- and
x-directions respectively. The time of ight is when sy = 0:
1
!
sy = u sin t g cos 45 t2 ==
2
2u sin
T =
g cos 45
(
)
2u
sin

45
vy (T ) = u sin
g
cos

45
g
cos

vy (T ) = u sin 2u sin = u sin
and
)
2u sin

g cos
45

vx (T ) = u cos + 2u sin

45
vx (T ) = u cos +
g sin
Now if l = tan1 (1/3):

1
vy (T )
=
3
vx (T )
vx (T ) = 3vy (T )

u cos + 2
u sin = 3
u sin
cos = sin
tan = 1
= 45
3.22
Problem: F.A.M. Exercises 3.D 3(iii) [LC 1979]
A plane is inclined at an angle to the horizontal. A particle is projected up the plane with
a speed u at an angle to the plane. The plane of projection is vertical and contains the line
of greatest slope.
Prove that the particle will strike the plane horizontally if
tan =
3.22.1
sin cos
(2 cos2 )
Solution
Let l be the landing angle.

tan l =
vy (T )
vx (T )
(59)
Suppose tan l = tan . As both l and are greater than 0 and less than 90 , and tan1 is
one-to-one on [0 , 90 ];
tan1 (tan l) = tan1 (tan )
l=
68
which implies that the particle strikes horizontally. Now from before
vy (T ) = u sin
vx (T ) = u cos 2u tan sin
sin
tan l =
cos 2 tan sin
Now if
tan =
sin cos
(2 cos2 )
Figure 6: The model triangle for

Hence, where is the hypotenuse of the model triangle, by Pythagoras Theorem;
2 = sin cos2 + (2 cos2 )2
= sin cos2 + (2 cos2 )2

tan l =
sin cos

(2cos2 )
2 tan sin cos

sin cos
2 cos2 2 sin2
tan sin cos=sin2
sin cos
2 tan l =
2
2
2

2
2 cos +
2 sin
cos2
2 sin
cos + sin =1

sin
cos
sin
tan l =
=
2
cos
cos
tan l = tan
tan l =
Hence the particle strikes the plane horizontally.

3.22.2
Remark
Questions of this subtlety rarely come up. I wouldnt expect anything of this diculty in
LC 2010 Q.3(b). This question is taken from LC 1979. Consider these statements P & Q;
69
P. the particle strikes the plane horizontally

Q.
tan =
sin cos
(2 cos2 )
Ordinarily one is asked to show that P Q (read P implies Q). That is assuming P , prove
Q; and this is straightforward. However in this example one is asked to show Q P . Note
the dierence. If one proved P Q one would not receive full marks as the question has
been fundamentally misunderstood. Note our approach here. It is shown for l, [0 , 90 ]:
If tan l = tan , then l =
and tan l is computed; and shown to be equal to tan . Thence l = and implies that the
particle lands horizontally.
Relative Velocity
4.1
Problem: F.A.M. Q.4.A.6
With O as the origin the position vectors of P , Q, S are rP = i 2j, rQ = 4i + j,

rS = 3i + 5j. Find rQP , the displacement of Q relative to P . Find in terms of i and j the
position vector of T if rT S = rQP .
4.1.1
Solution
Using
rAB = rA rB
rQP = rQ rP
rQP = 5i + 3j
Let
rT S
rT = xi + yj
rT S = rT rS
= (x + 3)i + (y 5)j
Now for rT S = rQP , comparing components:

!
5i + 3j = (x + 3)i + (y 5)j
rT = 8i + 8j
4.2
70
A train is travelling on a straight track with velocity 30j and a car, visible from the train,
is travelling on a straight road with velocity 10i + 6j where speeds are measured in m/s.
Calculate the magnitude and direction of the cars velocity as it appears to a person sitting
on the train.
4.2.1
Solution
Using
VCT = VC VT
VCT = 10i 24j
2
|VCT | = 10 + 242 = 100 + 576
|VCT | = 26 m/s
Figure 7: VCT in the plane. Note . The direction of VCT is E S.

Now
24
12
=
10
5
1
= tan (12/5) 67.38
tan =
Hence the direction of VCT is E 67.38 S.
4.3
A particle P is 100 m due West of another particle Q. The velocity of P is 6i + 2j m/s, and
the velocity of Q is 4i + 2j m/s. Show that P and Q are on collision course. How much
time will pass before the collision occurs?
4.3.1
Solution
Clearly RP Q = 100i. Using

VP Q = VP VQ
VP Q = 10i
the particles are on collision course.
71
Figure 8: Particle P is due West of particle Q; in fact its position relative to particle Q is
along the negative i-axis at 100i m. The velocity of particle P relative to Q is +10i, back
along the i axis towards particle Q. Therefore, they must be on collision course.
Using
relative distance
relative speed
100
t=
= 10 s
10
time =
4.4
K is a particle which is 20 m due West of another particle T . Their velocities are i + 2j

m/s and 2i 2j m/s respectively. Find the velocity of K relative to T . Find the shortest
distance between them in subsequent motion.
4.4.1
Solution
Now RKT = 20i. Using

VKT = VK VT
VKT = 3i + 4j
Now consider the position of K relative to T , RKT :
Now tan = 4/3:
Now from Figure 9:
sin =
d=
d ! 4
=
20
5
80
= 16 m
5
72
Figure 9: The shortest distance between K and T in the subsequent motion is the perpendicular distance, d, between T and the path of K relative to T .
Figure 10: The model triangle for .
4.5
A particle P is moving with velocity 8i+12j while another particle Q is moving with velocity
7i + 4j. Find the velocity of P relative to Q. P is at the point 119i when Q is at the origin O.
Show the positions of P and Q on a diagram and show the path of P relative to Q. Calculate
this distance of O from this path. What does this distance represent?
4.5.1
Solution
Using
VP Q = VP VQ
VP Q = 15i + 8j
Now from Figure 11:

d ! 8
=
119
17
8
d = 119 = 56
17
sin =
This distance represents the shortest distance between P and Q is subsequent motion.
73
Figure 11: The position RP Q and path VP Q of P relative to Q. = tan1 (8/15). d is the
distance of O from the path.
1
Figure 12: The
for . Sides 8 & 15 are given by = tan (8/15). The
model triangle
hypotenuse is 82 + 152 = 289 = 17
4.6
74
(a) If |ti + 3j| = 5, nd the value of t > 0, t R.

(b)
(i) A ship K is 60 km due West of another ship M which is travelling with velocity
2i + 3j km/hr, nd in terms of i and j its velocity if it is to intercept (collide
with) M . (Hint: K will have to travel with the same j-speed as ship M in order
to keep on collision course.)
(ii) When will collision occur?
4.6.1
Solution
(a) For any vector a := xi + yj;
|a| = x2 + y 2
!
|ti + 3j| = t2 + 9 = 5
t2 + 9 = 25
t2 = 16
t = 4
t = 4.
t>0
(b)
(i) RKM = 60i hence for collision VKM = ki with k > 0. Let
VK = xi + yj , with
x2 + y 2 = 5
Using
VKM
VKM = VK VM
= (x + 2)i + (y 3)j
For collision course, y 3 = 0, y = 3; and x + 2 > 0, x > 2:
x2 + 9 = 5
x = 4
x=4
x>2
VK = 4i + 3j
(ii) Now VKM = 6i. Using
t=
relative distance
relative speed
60
= 10 h
t=
6
4.7
75
A ship P is 3.4 km due West of another ship Q. P is moving with speed 5 2 m/s in a NE
direction. Q can travel at 13 m/s. If they are on collision course nd the velocity of Q in
terms of i and j. When will collision occur?
4.7.1
Solution
Let VQ = xi + yj with
|VQ | = 13
!
x2 + y 2 = 13
RP Q = 3400 i, hence for P to collide with Q, it is required that:
VP Q = k i , k > 0
(60)
Now VP :
Figure 13: NE is the direction E 45 N as shown. As sin 45 = 1/ 2 = cos 45 , VP = 5 i+5 j.

Using
VP Q
VP Q = VP VQ
= (5 x)i + (5 y)j
Hence for collision, y = 5. Now |VP | = 13:
x2 + 52 = 13
x2 = 132 52 = 144
x = 12
x = 12
!
(5x)>0
VQ = 12 i + 5 j
Now VP Q = 17 i. Using
t=
relative distance
relative speed
t=
200

3400

17

= 200 s
4.8
76
Ship T is 100 km due West of ship Q. T is travelling at 10 km/hr in a direction E 30

S. Q is travelling at 20 km/hr in direction W 45 N. Find in terms of i and j the velocity
of T , the velocity of Q, and the velocity of T relative to Q. Find, also, the magnitude and
direction of the velocity of T relative to Q and hence nd the shortest distance between them
in subsequent motion correct to one decimal place.
4.8.1
Solution
Consider VT :
Figure 14: VT and the model triangle for 30 . VT = 10 cos 30 i 10 sin 30 j.
VT = 5 3 i 5 j
Consider now VQ :
Figure 15: VQ = 20 cos 45 i + 20 sin 45 j.
1
1
VQ = 20 i + 20 j
2
2
1
1
2
2
VQ = 20 i + 20 j
2
2
2
2
20
20
VQ =
2i +
2j
2
2
VQ = 10 2 i + 10 2 j
(61)
77
Using
VT Q = VT VQ
VT Q = (5 3 + 10 2)i + (5 10 2)j
VT Q = 5( 3 + 2 2)i 5(1 + 2 2)j

For a general vector a = x i + y j:
|a| =
x2 + y 2

2 ( 3 + 2 2)2 + 52 (1 + 2 2)2
5
|V
T Q| =
(x)2 =x2
|VT Q | = 5 3 + 4 6 + 8 + 1 + 4 2 + 8
|VT Q | = 5 20 + 4 2 + 4 6
|VT Q | = 10 5 + 2 + 6 29.772 km/hr
a b2 x=ab x
Figure 16: The direction of VT Q is given by = tan1 ((5 (1 + 2 2))/(5 ( 3 + 2 2)))
1+2 2
40.01
tan =
3+2 2
Hence the direction of VT Q is given by E 40.01 S.
Now RT Q = 100 i.
Now from Figure 17;
d
100
d = 100 sin 40.01
d = 100(0.64291) 64.3 m
sin 40.01 =
78
Figure 17: Ship T is initially 100 km West of ship Q. Relative to Q, T travels along VT Q ;
hence the shortest distance between T and Q in the subsequent motion is given by d.
4.9
Problem: LC HL 2009: [Part(a)]
(i) VA = 15 i m/s and VB = 20 j m/s. Using

VAB = VA VB
VAB = 15 i 20 j
When both cars are 800 m from the intersection RA = 800 i and RB = 800 j. Using
RAB = RA RB
RAB = 800 i + 800 j
Now
Figure 18: The position of A relative to B and the subsequent motion of A relative to B.
As a line, the slope of VAB is m = tan = 4/3. Also (800, 800) L := VAB .
79
Using
L y y1 = m(x x1 )
4
L y 800 = (x + 800)
3
L 3y 2400 = 4x 3200
L 4x + 3y + 800 = 0
Using, where d is the perpendicular distance between a point p(x1 , y1 ) and the line
ax + by + c = 0;
d=
|ax1 + by1 + c|
a2 + b2
x1 =0=y1
d=
|c|
a2 + b2
800
= 160 m
5
(ii) Using, where is the angle between two lines of slope m1 and m2 , with respect to the
angle between the lines RAB (m1 = 1) and VAB (m2 = 4/3);
m1 m2
1 + m1 m2
1 + 4/3
1/3
1
tan =
=
=
1 + 4/3
7/3 [0,90 ] 7
tan =
Hence
Figure 19: tan = d/D
d
1
=
7
D
D = 7d = 1120 m
tan =
Using
relative distance
relative speed
1120
224
=
s
time =
|VAB | |VAB |=25 5
time =

Hence in this time, using s = ut:
224
= 672 m , and
5
224
sB = 20.
= 896 m
5
Hence A is 128 m from the intersection and B is 96 m from the intersection.
sA = 15.
4.10
(i) VC = 1.5 i m/s and VD = 2 j m/s. Using

VCD = VC VD
VCD = 1.5 i 2 j
(ii) When D passes the intersection RCD = 100 i m. Consider
Figure 20: cos = L/100.

Now tan = 4/3
L
3
=
5
100
300
L=
= 60 m
5
cos =
80
81
Using
relative distance
relative speed
60
60
60
time =
=
=
= 24 s
|VCD |
9/4 + 4
25/4
time =
Using
s = ut
sC = 1.5(24) = 36 m
64 m from the intersection
4.11
(i) VB = 24 i km/hr and VA = 32 j km/hr. Using

VAB = VA VB
VAB = 24 i + 32 j
(ii) If ship B is 8 km NE of ship A, ship A is 8 km SW of ship B:
RAB = 8 cos 45 i 8 sin 45 j
8
8
RAB = i j
2
2
RAB = 4 2 i 4 2 j
2/ 2
Considered as a line, V := VAB has slope 32/24 = 4/3; and noting (4 2, 4 2) L,

using:
L y y1 = m(x x1 )
4
V y + 4 2 = (x + 4 2)
3
V 3y + 12 2 = 4x+!6 2
4x + 4 2
V y=
3
{(
}
)
4x + 4 2
V
x,
: x 4 2 =: {px : x 4 2}
3
Now consider the following:
V is the set of points {px }. The distance between ship A and ship B is 8 km when the
82
Figure 22: R denotes RAB . The circle represents a circle of radius 8 km about B. Twice
ship A will be exactly 8 km from ship B; initially and again at a later time.
distance from px to (0, 0), d, is 8:

v
(
)2
u
u
4x
+
4
2
!
d = t(x 0)2 +
0 = |px | = 8
3
2 + 32 2 x + 32
16x
!
=8
x2 +
9
2
16x + 32 2 x + 32
x2 +
= 64
9
9x2 + 16x2 + 32 2 x + 32 = 576
25x2 + 32 2 x 544 = 0
Using
b2 4ac
x =
2a
32 2 2048 + 54400
x =
50
32 2 237.588
x =
50
x = 3.847 or 5.657 km
The x = 5.657 km is the initial (5.657 4 2). Hence ship A travels 4 2+3.847
9.504 km in the i-direction. The speed of A relative to B in this direction is 24 km/hr.
Using
b
time =
time =
relative distance
relative speed
9.504
= 0.396 h = 0.396(60 min) = 23.76 min 24 min
24
4.12
83
(i)
VA = p cos 45 i p sin 45 j
p 2
p 2
i
j
VA =
2
2
2/ 2
VB = 8 i
Using
(
VAB =
(ii) Initially
VAB = VA VB
)
p 2
p 2 !
8
i
j = 2 i 10 j
2
2
p 2
= 10
2
20
20 2
p = =
= 10 2
2 2/ 2 2
RA = 220 2 cos 45 i + 220 sin 45 j = 220 i + 220 j , and

RB = 136 i
Using
RAB = RA RB
RAB = 84 i + 220 j
Figure 23: R denotes RAB . D is the distance A has to travel relative to B up to the instant
the cars are d-close together. is the angle between V and R.
As a line VAB =: V has slope 10/ 2 = 5, (84, 220) V and using
L y y1 = m(x x1 )
V y 220 = 5(x 84)
V 5x y 200 = 0
84
Using
d=
|ax + by + c|
|c|
=
2
2
2
a +b
a + b2
200
d= m
26
The slope of RAB =: R as a line is of slope 220/84 = 55/21. Using

m1 m1
tan =
1 + m1 m2
5 55/21
50/21
25
tan =
=
=
1 + 275/21
296/21 [0,90 ] 148
Now
tan =
d
D
148
d
200

D=
= .

tan
25
26
2
D = 592
13
Using
relative distance
time =
relative speed
2
1
296
time = 592
.
s
=
13 4 + 100
13
Using
sA = 10 2
296
13
s = ut
322.006 m
But A is initially 220 2 311.127 m from the intersection; hence A is now 322
311.1 = 10.9 m 11 m from the intersection.
4.13
(i) Using
VAB = VA VB
VQP = i 8 j
(ii) As a line VQP =: V has slope 8. Initially RQP = 20 i + 40 j; hence (20, 40) V .
Using
L y y1 = m(x x1 )
V y 40 = 8(x 20)
V y 40 = 8x + 160
V 8x + y 200 = 0
85
Using
d=
|ax + by + c|
a2 + b2
=
(x,y)=(0,0)
|c|
+ b2
a2
200
d = 25 m
65
(iii)
Figure 24: R denotes RQP . D is the distance Q has to travel relative to P up to the instant
the particles are d-close together. is the angle between V and R.
Using, noting as a line RAB =: R has slope 40/20 = 2;
m1 m2
tan =
1 + m1 m2
8 2
2
tan =
=
1 16 [0,90 ] 3
From Figure 24;
d
D
d
3
D=
= 25
tan
2
tan =
Using
relative distance
relative speed
75 1
4.6 s
time =
2 65
time =
4.14
VA = 7.5 i
VB = 10 cos 60 i + 10 sin 60 j
VB = 5 i + 5 3 j
VAB = VA VB
VAB = 2.5 i 5 3 j
86
Figure 25: The model triangle for 60
Initially
RAB = 375 i
Figure 26: D is the distance A has to travel relative to B up to the instant the particles are
d-close together.
From VAB = 2.5 i 5 3 j, tan = (5 3)/(5 /2) = 2 3.

From Figures 27 and 26,
1
D
cos = =
375
13
375
D= m
13
Using
relative distance
relative speed
375
1
time = .
13 2.52 + (53)2
375/ 13
time =
25
+ 75
4
time =
87
4.15
(i) Using
s = ut
sB = 10(0.8) = 8 m
sA = 10(0.4) = 4 m
(ii) Consider the following diagram:
Figure 28: Straight away it should be clear A = 30 , h = 10 sin 60 and a = 10 cos 30 .
Now a = 10 sin 60 = 5 m (see Figure 25). Hence b = 3 m and thus = arctan( 7/3).
(iii) From Figure 28, c = 7, h = 10 sin 60 = 10 3/2 = 5 3 and
r =hc=5 3 7
88
Now
2
2
VG = cos i sin j
5
5
2 3
2 7
VG = . 2 i . 2 j
5
5
2
4
7
3
VG = i
j
10
10
4
VB = i
5
Using
7
j
10
7
1
= VG VB = i
j
2
10
VGB = VG VB =
VGB
4
3
5 10
Now
Figure 30: Clearly B = and so d = (5 3 7) cos .
j component of VGB
7
7
tan =
=
.2 =
i component of VGB
10
5
89
Figure 31: Model Triangle for .
5
d = (5 3 7). 5.316 m
4 2
4.16
To cross the river in the shortest time she must head straight across:
VW C = u j
VC = v i
VW = VW C + VC
VW = v i + u j
The time taken to cross is:
distance in the j direction
speed in the j direction
d
10 =
u
d = 10u
In order to cross by the shortest path she must head upstream at an angle as shown to
counteract the current:
VW C = u sin i + u cos j
To counteract the current:
u sin = v
v
sin =
u
Now using
d
t=
u cos
10u
u

t = (10u)
=
u u2 v 2
u2 v 2

t=
90
Figure 32: The woman must head upstream at a speed u at an angle to counteract the
current.
4.17
(i) If the wind blows from SE then it blows in a NW direction:

VW = 18 cos 45 i + 18 sin 45 j
VW = 9 2 i + 9 2 j
In order for the bird to y due North, it must head at an angle against the wind as
shown:
VBW = 22 sin i + 22 cos j
VB = (22 sin 9 2) i + (22 cos + 9 2)

To counteract the current:
22 sin = 9 2
9 2
sin =
22
= arcsin(9 2/22) 35
91
Figure 34: The bird must head into the wind at a speed u at an angle to counteract the
wind.
(ii)
Figure 35: The
model triangle for . Using Pythagoras Theorem, the adjacent side is
222 81(2) = 322

Now using
250
t=
22 cos + 9 2
250
8.1507 8.15 s
t=
322 + 9 2
t=
92
Newtons Laws and Connected Particles
5.1
LC HL 2009: [Part (a)]
(i) The force diagrams are:
Figure 36: The force diagrams for particles A & B

Hence
10g T = 10a
T 5g = 5a
5g = 15a
g
a = m/s2
3
(62)
(63)
v 2 = u2 + 2as
v = u2 +
2as
2g
v = 2 (g/3) =
3
(65)
(64)
Using
(ii) When particle A hits the ground, particle B is 1 m above ground and travelling at the
same speed as particle A. When particle A hits the ground the string is no longer taut
and particle B travels freely under gravity. Hence the speed of B is a maximum when
v = 0:
v 2 u2
s=
2a
2g/3
1
s=
= m
2g
3
Hence particle B reaches a height 4/3 m above the ground.
5.2
93
The force diagrams are as follows:
Figure 37: Note that there are two tensions acting on pulley A. Also the acceleration of the
particle is twice that of pulley A because if pulley A is raised a distance x, the particle will
be lowered a distance 2x.
Hence
2T mg = ma
m1 g T = 2m1 a
2m1 g 2T = 4m1 a
2m1 g mg = 4m1 a + ma
(2m1 m)g = a(m + 4m1 )
(2m1 m)g
a=
4m1 + m
(66)
(67)
(68)
5.3
94
(i) The force diagrams:
Hence
2
2
T g= a
5
5
g
a
T =
2
2
9
g
g=
10
10
g
a = m/s2
9
(69)
(70)
(ii) First nd the speed when the 0.5 kg mass strikes the horizontal surface. Using
v 2 = u2 + 2as
(71)
2g
v = u2 + 2as =
m/s
9
Once the 0.5 kg particle strikes the horizontal surface, the 0.4 kg particle acts as
a projectile from this point and the string returns to taut when the 0.4 kg particle
returns back
down to this height. Now the constantacceleration is g, the initial
speed is 2g/9 and by symmetry the nal speed is 2g/9. Now using
v = u + at
vu
t=
2g
9
2g
9
t=
g
2 2g
8
9
t=
=
0.30 s
9g
g2
5.4
95
Figure 38: Note R = 4g and hence R = g.

Hence
T g = 4a
8g T = 8a
7g = 12a
7
a = g m/s2
12
10
7
T = g + 4a = g + g = g N
3
3
(ii) The force diagram is:

Now to add these put them in an i-j basis:
F = T i T j
10
10
F = gi gj
3
3
(72)
(73)
5.5
96
Hence
2mg T = 2ma
T mg = ma
mg = 3ma
g
a = m/s2
3
(74)
(75)
(ii) When the speed of the rst particle is v, using

v 2 = u2 + 2as
v 2 u2
s=
2a
3v 2
s=
2g
However the second particle will travel the same distance up as the rst particle travels
this distance down:
3v 2
(76)
vertical separation =
g
5.6
97
The force diagrams are:
Hence
T g =a
S T = 3a
6g S = 6a
5g = 10a
g
a = m/s2
2
(77)
(78)
(79)
(80)
5.7
98
The force diagrams are:
Hence
T g = 5a
3g T = 3a
2g = 8a
g
a=
4
Using
1
s = ut + at2
2
g
1 (g )
4= m
s=
2 4
2
(81)
(82)

Solutions

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