THE AYURVEDIC PHARMACOPOEIA

OF INDIA

II

THE
AYURVEDIC
PHARMACOPOEIA
OF
INDIA
PART - I
VOLUME - VI
First Edition

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE
DEPARTMENT OF AYURVEDA, YOGA & NATUROPATHY, UNANI,
SIDDHA AND HOMOEOPATHY,
NEW DELHI
2008

III

PDH.66. Part I, Vol VI

5000-2008 (DSK II)

2008, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

Government of India
Department of Ayurveda, Yoga Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha & Homeopathy
(AYUSH)

Effective from 1st January, 2009

Price

Inland
Foreign

ISBN

978-81-905952-1-6

Published by

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On Behalf of

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
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HOMOEOPATHY (AYUSH), INDIAN RED
CROSS SOCIETY BUILDING, SANSAD
MARG, NEW DELHI

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IV

Rs. 500/US $ 100/-

Foreword

VI

CONTENTS
PAGE
LEGAL NOTICES
.
GENERAL NOTICES .
PREFACE
.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
INTRODUCTION
.
CONTRIBUTING LABORATORIES & INSTITUTIONS

XIII
XIV
XIX
XXI
XXII
XXX

MONOGRAPHS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.

dr (Lf.)
mragandhi-guggulu (Lf.)
Araya-sraa (Tuber )
rroa (Rz.)
Asthikhal (Aerial Part)
Bhtake (Fr.)
Bhtake (Rz.)
Bjapatr (Wh. Pl.)
Bimb (Lf.)
Bimb (St.)
Bhat Dugdhik (Wh.Pl.)
Bhat(Wh.Pl.)
Caaka (Wh. Pl.)
Druharidr (Fr.)
Dhava (Fr.)
Dhava (St. Bk.)
Dvpntara Damanaka (Wh.Pl.)
Dvpntara atvar (Rt.)
Elavlukam (Rt.)
Elavlukam (St. Bk.)
Eraakarka (Fr.)
Eraakarka (Rt.)
Gandhaiph (Wh.Pl.)
Grmachatraka (Wh. Pl.)
Gokura (Wh. Pl.)
Granthimla (Rz.)
Guladud (Lf.)
Haritamajar (Wh.Pl.)
Hastiu (Wh. Pl.)
Indvara (Rz.)
Jalakumbh (Wh.Pl.)
Jvant (Rt.)
Kaakgulma (Aerial Part)
Karaphs (Rt.)
Kaugulma (Wh.Pl.)
Kearja (Wh. Pl.)
Ketak (Stilt Rt.)
Kamr (Lf.)
Kumrvetra (Rz.)

Acacia pennata (L.) Willd.

Balsamodendron caudata Mauch
Synantherias syeatica Schott Gen.Aocja
Maranta arundinacea L.
Cissus quadrangularis L.
Selinum vaginatum C.B. Clarke
Selinum vaginatum C.B. Clarke
Adiantum cappillus- veneris L.
Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt
Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt
Euphorbia hirta L.
Solanum anguivi Lam.
Cicer arietinum L.
Berberis aristata DC.
Anogeissus latifolia Wall.
Anogeissus latifolia Wall.
Artemisia absinthium L.
Asparagus officinalis L.
Prunus avium L.
Prunus avium L.
Carica papaya L.
Carica papaya L.
Pavonia odorata Willd.
Mollugo cerviana Seringe.
Tribulus terrestris L.
Alpinia calcarata Rosc.
Chrysanthemum indicum L.
Acalypha indica L.
Heliotropium indicum L.
Monochoria vaginalis Presl.
Pistia stratiotes L.
Leptadenia reticulata W.& A.
Lycium barbarum L.
Apium graveolens L.
Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam.
Wedelia calendulacea Less non Rich.
Pandanus odoratissimus L. f.
Aristolochia bracteata Retz.
Calamus thwaitesii Becc.

VII

1
3
5
7
9
12
14
16
19
21
23
26
29
32
34
36
38
41
43
45
47
49
51
54
56
59
61
63
66
68
70
73
75
78
80
83
86
88
90

40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.

Kusumbha (Fr.)
Kusumbha (Lf.)
Kusumbha (Fl.)
Laghu Haritamajar (Rt.)
Laghupatra-varbh (Wh.Pl.)
Lohitanirysa (Exd.)
Mdhav (Fl.)
Matsyapatrik (Wh.Pl.)
Med (Rz.)
Ndhingu (Exd.)
Nh (Wh.Pl.)
Nikocaka (Kernel)
Panasa (Rt. Bk.)
Papaa (Rt.)
Parayavn (Lf.)
Patra snuh (Latex)
Pia Tagara (Rz.)
Pta-kacanra (Fl.)
Rakta Citraka (Rt.)
Rohtaka (St.Bk.)
la (Ht. Wd.)
lapar (Wh.Pl.)
am (Lf.)
Saurabhanimba (Lf.)
itivraka (Sd.)
iva-nl (Rt.& St.)
lemtaka (Fr.)
lemtaka (St. Bk.)
lpadrikanda (Tuber)
Sphitakr (Rz.)
Spkk (Wh. Pl.)
Sruvavka (Fr.)
Sthlail (Fr.)
ukans (Rz.)
veta Vetasa (Lf.)
Takkola (Fr.)
Tinduka (Fr.)
Tryam (Rz.)
Tripak (Wh. Pl.)
Tuvaraka (Sd.)

Carthamus tinctorius L.
92
Carthamus tinctorius L.
94
Carthamus tinctorius L.
96
Acalypha fruticosa Forsk.
99
Trianthema decandra L.
101
Dracaena cinnabari Balf. f.
104
Hiptage benghalensis L.
106
Merremia tridentata (L.) Hall.f.
108
Polygonatum cirrhifolium Royle.
111
Gardenia gummifera L. f.
113
Enicostemma axillare (Lam.) A. Raynal. 115
Pinus gerardiana Wall.
118
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.
120
Pavetta indica L.
122
Coleus amboinicus Lour.
124
Euphorbia nivulia Buch.- Ham.
127
Asarum europaeum L.
129
Bauhinia racemosa Lamk.
131
Plumbago indica L.
133
Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem.
135
Shorea robusta Gaertn.
137
Desmodium gangeticum DC.
139
Prosopis cineraria Druce
142
Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng
145
Celosia argentea L.
148
Indigofera aspalathoides Vahl ex DC.
150
152
Cordia dichotoma Forst. f.
Cordia dichotoma Forst. f.
154
Typhonium trilobatum Schott
156
Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott
158
Anisomeles malabarica (L.) R.Br. ex Sims 160
Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr.
163
Amomum subulatum Roxb.
165
Corallocarpus epigaeus Benth.ex Hook. f. 167
Salix alba L.
169
Illicium verum Hook. f.
171
Diospyros peregrina Gurke
173
Gentiana kurroo Royle
175
Coldenia procumbens L.
177
Hydnocarpus pentandra (Buch.-Ham.)
180
Oken
Glinus lotoides L.
182
Pennisetum typhoides (Burm.f.) Stapf & 185
C.E. Hubb.
Gisekia pharnaceoides L.
187
Plantago lanceolata L.
189
Calamus rotang L.
191
Pergularia daemia (Forsk)) Chiov.
193
Garcinia pedunculata Roxb.
196
Doronicum hookeri C.B.Clarke
198
Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume
200
Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall.
202

80. and (Wh.Pl.)

81. Vajrnna (Lf.Base)
82. Vluk- ka (Lf.)
83. Vanya-avagola (Lf.)
84. Vetra (Rz.)
85. Vinik (Wh.Pl.)
86. Vantmlaphala (Fr. Rind)
87. Vcikakanda (Rz.)
88. Drusit Taila (Cinnamomum Oil)
89. Gandhapra Patra Taila

VIII

90. Karpra (Natural Camphor)

Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Nees &

Eberm. and Ocimum kilimandscharicum
Guerke
Syzygium aromaticum Merril & Perry
Mentha sps.
Brassica campestris L.
Eucalyptus globulus Labill
Sesamum indicum L.
Thymus vulgaris L. and Trachyspermum
ammi (L.) Sprague

91. Lavanga Taila (Clove Oil)

92. Peppermint- Satva (Menthol)
93. Sarapa Taila (Mustard Oil)
94.Tailapara Taila (Eucalyptus Oil)
95.Tila Taila (Sesamum Oil)
96. Yavn Satva (Thymol)
97. Goghta (Clarified Cows Butter)
98. Gua (Jaggery)
99. Jala (Potable water)
100. Madhu (Honey)
101. arkar (Sugar)

Saccharum officinarum L.
Apis sps.
-

204

206
208
210
212
214
216
218
220
222
224
226

APPENDIX-1
1.1

Apparatus for Tests and Assays

230
1.1.1. - Nessler Cylinder
230
1.1.2. - Sieves
230
1.1.3. - Thermometers
231
1.1.4. - Ultra-Violet Lamp (For general purposes & for chromatography
work)
231
1.1.5. - Volumetric Glass Ware
231
1.1.6 - Weights and Balances
231
1.1.7 - Muslin Cloth
232

APPENDIX -2
2.1 Tests and Determinations
2.1.1.
2.1.2.
2.1.3.
2.1.4.
2.1.5.
2.1.6.
2.1.7.

233

Microscopic identification
Microscopical Methods of Examining Crude Vegetable Drugs
Types of Stomata
Determination of Stomatal Index
Determination of Palisade Ratio
Determination of Vein-Islet Number
Determination of Stomatal Number

2.2 Determination of Quantitative Data

2.2.1.
2.2.2.
2.2.3.
2.2.4.
2.2.5.
2.2.6.
2.2.7.

- Net Content
- Foreign Matter
- Determination of Toatal Ash
- Determination of Acid Insoluble Ash
- Determination of Water Soluble Ash
- Determination of Sulphated Ash
- Determination of Alcohol Soluble Extractive
IX

233
236
239
240
240
241
242

242
242
242
242
242
243
243
243

2.2.8. - Determination of Water Soluble Extractive

2.2.9. - Determination of Ehter Soluble Extractive (Fixed Oil Content)
2.2.10.- Determination of Moisture Content ( Loss on Drying)
2.2.11. - Determination of Water Insoluble Matter
2.2.12.- Determination of Volatile Oil in Drugs
2.2.13.- Special Processes Used in Alkaloidal Assays
2.2.13.a. Continuous Extraction of Drug
2.2.13.b. Tests for Complete Extraction of Alkaloids
2.2.14.- Thin- Layer Chromatography (TLC)
2.2.15.- Starch Estimation (Mont Gomery, 1957)
[Spectrophotometric method]
2.2.16.- Sugar Estimation (Mont Gomery,1957)
[Spectrophtometric method]
2.2.17.- Fatty Oil Estimation
2.2.18.- Test for Argemone Oil (Mustard Oil)
2.2.19.- Test for the Presence of Cottonseed Oil(Halphen Test)
2.2.20.- Test for Clove Oil- Alkali- Soluble Matter
2.2.21.- Test for Eucaluptus Oil
2.2.22.- Determination of Acidity
2.2.23.- Protein Estimation (Lowry et al., 1951)
2.2.24.- Method for Alkaloid Estimation
2.2.25.- Determination of Esters

243
243
243
244
244
245
245
245
246
248
248
249
249
249
249
249
250
251
251
251

2.3. Limit Tests

2.3.1. - Limit Test for Arsenic
2.3.2. - Limit Test for Chlorides
2.3.3. - Limit Test for Heavy Metals
2.3.4 - Limit Test for Iron
2.3.5. - Limit Test for Lead
2.3.6. - Limit Test for Sulphates
2.3.7. - Heavy Metals by Atomic Absorption Spectorphotometry
2.3.8. - Determination of Lead, Cadmium, Arsenic, Mercury and Copper
2.3.9. - Determination of Calcium Oxide

252
252
256
256
259
259
261
261
263
266

2.4. Microbial Limit Tests

2.4.1. - Total Aerobic Microbial Count
2.4.2. - Tests for Specified Micro-Organisms

275
277

2.5. Pesticide Residue

2.5.1. - Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Pesticide Residues
2.5.2. - Test for Pesticides
2.5.3. - Quantitative Analysis

280
282
283
284

2.6. Gas Chromatography

286

2.7. Test for Aflatoxins

288

APPENDIX-3
3.1. Physical Tests and Determinations
3.1.1. - Refractive Index
3.1.2. - Weight per Millimetre and Specific Gravity
3.1.3. - Determination of pH Values

290
290
290
291

3.2. Determination of Melting Range and Congealing Range

3.2.1. - Determination of Melting Range
3.2.2. - Determination of Congealing Range
3.2.3. - Determination of Boiling Range

291
291
293
294

3.3. Determination of Optical Rotation and Specific Optical Rotation

3.4. Determination of Viscosity
3.5. Determination of Total Solids
3.6. Solubility in Water
3.7. Determination of Saponification Value
3.8. Determination of Iodine Value
3.9. Determination of Acid Value
3.10. Determination of Peroxide Value
3.11. Determination of Unsaponifiable Matter
3.12. Detection of Mineral Oil (Holdes Test)
3.13. Rancidity Test (Kreis number)
3.14. Determination of Reichert Meissl and Polenske Value
3.15. Determination of Alcohol Content

296
297
298
298
298
299
300
300
301
301
301
302
303

APPENDIX- 4
4.1. Reagents and Solutions

307

APPENDIX-5
5.1. Chemical Tests and Assays

336

5.1.1. - Estimation of Total Phenolic

5.1.2. - Estimation of Total Tannins
5.1.3. - Estimation of Sugars
5.1.3.1. - Reducing sugars
5.1.3.2. - Total sugars
5.1.3.3. - Non-reducing sugars
5.1.4 .- Feihes Test
5.1.5. - Aniline Chloride Test
5.1.6. - Determination of Sulphur Dioxide
5.1.7. - Determination of Total Reducing Sugars, Sucrose and
Fructose-Glucose Ratio
5.2. Estimation of Curcumin by TLC Densitometer
5.2.1. - Determination of Aluminium

XI

336
336
336
337
337
337
338
338
338
340
341
342

5.2.2. - Determination of Borax

5.2.3. - Determination of Calcium
5.2.4. - Determination of Copper
5.2.5. - Determination of Iron
5.2.6. - Determination of Magnesium
5.2.7. - Determination of Mercury
5.2.8. - Determination of Silica
5.2.9. - Estimation of Sodium and Potassium by Flame Photometer
5.2.10.- Determination of Sodium Chloride
5.2.11.- Determination of Sulphur
5.2.12.- Qualitative Reactions of Some Radicals

343
343
343
344
345
345
345
345
346
346
346

APPENDIX - 6
6.1. Weights and Measures

349

6.1.1. - Metric Equivalents of Classical Weights and Measures

6.2. Metric system

349
350

APPENDIX - 7
7.1. - Classical Ayurvedic References

351

INDEX

388

DEFINITIONS

415

Monographs published in Volume I

Monographs published in Volume II
Monographs published in Volume III
Monographs published in Volume IV
Monographs published in Volume V

416
418
420
423
425

XII

LEGAL NOTICES
In India there are laws dealing with drugs that are the subject of monographs which
follow. These monographs should be read subject to the restrictions imposed by these laws
wherever they are applicable.
It is expedient that enquiry be made in each case in order to ensure that the provisions
of the law are being complied with.
In general, the Drugs & Cosmetics Act, 1940 (subsequently amended in 1964 and
1982), the Dangerous Drugs Act, 1930 and the Poisons Act, 1919 and the rules framed there
under should be consulted.
Under the Drugs & Cosmetics Act, the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (A.P.I.),
Part-I, Vol. VI, is the book of standards for single drugs included therein and the standards
prescribed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-I, Vol. VI, would be official. If
considered necessary these standards can be amended and the Chairman of the Ayurvedic
Pharmacopoeia Committee authorized to issue such amendments. Whenever such
amendments are issued, the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-I, Vol. VI, would be
deemed to have been amended accordingly.

XIII

GENERAL NOTICES

Title - The title of the book is Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Wherever the
abbreviation A.P.I. is used, it may be presumed to stand for the same and the supplements
thereto.
Name of the Drugs - The name given on the top of each monograph of the drug is in
Sanskrit as mentioned in the Ayurvedic classics and/or in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India,
Part-I and Part-II will be considered official. These names have been arranged in English
alphabetical order. The Latin name (taxonomical nomenclature) of each drug as found in
authentic scientific literature has been provided in the monograph in the introductory
paragraph. The official name will be the main title of the drug and its scientific name will
also be considered as legal name.
Introductory Para - Each monograph begins with an introductory paragraph indicating the
part, scientific name of the drug in Latin with short description about its habit, distribution
and method of collection, if any.
Synonyms - Synonyms of each drug appearing in each monograph in Sanskrit, English,
Hindi, Urdu and other Indian regional languages have been mentioned as found in the
classical texts, Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Part-I and Part-II as procured from the experts,
scholars of Ayurveda and officials in the field from different states.
Italics - Italic type has been used for scientific name of the drug appearing in the
introductory paragraph of each monograph as also for chemicals and reagents, substances or
processes described in Appendix.
Odour and Taste - Wherever a specific odour has been found it has been mentioned but the
description as odourless or no odour has in many cases been avoided in the description, as
large numbers of drugs have got no specific odour. The odour is examined by directly
smelling 25 g of the powdered drug contained in a package or freshly powdered. If the odour
is discernible the sample is rapidly transferred to an open container and re-examined after 15
minutes. If the odour persists to be discernible, it is described as having odour.
The Taste of a drug is examined by taking a small quantity of 85 mesh powder by a
tip of moist glass rod and applying it on tongue previously rinsed with water. This may not
be done in case if poisonous drugs, indicated in monograph.
Mesh Number - Wherever the powdering of the drug has been required the sieve Mesh
Number 85 has been used. This will not apply for drugs containing much oily substance.
Weights and Measures - The metric system of weights and measures is employed. Weights
are given in multiples or fractions of a gramme (g) or of a milligram (mg). Fluid measures
are given in multiples or fractions of millilitre (ml).
When the term drop is used, the measurement is to be made by means of a tube,
which delivers in 20 drops 1 gram of distilled water at 15oC.

XIV

Metric measures are required by the Pharmacopoeia to be graduated at 20oC and all
measurements involved in the analytical operations of the Pharmacopoeia are intended,
unless otherwise stated to be made at that temperature.
Identity, Purity and Strength - Under the heading Identification tests are provided as an
aid to identification and are described in their respective monographs.
The term Foreign Matter is used to designate any matter, which does not form part
of the drug as defined in the monograph. Vegetable drugs used as such or in formulations,
should be duly identified and authenticated and be free from insects, pests, fungi, microorganisms, pesticides, and other animal matter including animal excreta, be within the
permitted and specified limits for lead, arsenic and heavy metals, and show no abnormal
odour, colour, sliminess, mould or other evidence of deterioration.
The quantitative tests e.g. total ash, acid-insoluble ash, water-soluble ash, alcoholsoluble extractive, water- soluble extractive, ether-soluble extractive, moisture content,
volatile oil content and assays are the methods upon which the standards of Pharmacopoeia
depend. The methods for assays are described in their respective monographs and for other
quantitative tests, methods are not repeated in the text of monographs but only the
corresponding reference of appropriate appendix is given. The analyst is not precluded from
employing an alternate method in any instance if he is satisfied that the method, which he
uses, will give the same result as the Pharmacopoeial Method. In suitable instances the
methods of microanalysis, if of equivalent accuracy, may be substituted for the tests and
assays described. However, in the event of doubt or dispute the methods of analysis of the
Pharmacopoeia are alone authoritative.
Standards - For statutory purpose, statements appearing in the API, Part-I, Vol. VI, under
Description, those of definition of the part and source plants, and Identity, Purity and
Strength, shall constitute standards.
Thin Layer Chromatography (T.L.C.) - Under this head, wherever given, the number of
spots and Rf values of the spots with their colour have been mentioned as a guide for
identification of the drug and not as Pharmacopoeial requirement. However, the analyst may
use any other solvent system and detecting reagent in any instance if he is satisfied that the
method which he uses, even by applying known reference standards, will give better result to
establish the identity of any particular chemical constituent reported to be present in the drug.
Quantities to be Weighed for Assays and Tests - In all description quantity of the
substance to be taken for testing is indicated. The amount stated is approximate but the
quantity actually used must be accurately weighed and must not deviate by more than 10 per
cent from the one stated.
Constant Weight - the term Constant Weight when it refers to drying or ignition means
that two consecutive weighings do not differ by more than 1.0 mg per g of the substance
taken for the determination, the second weighing following an additional hour of drying on
further ignition.
Constituents - Under this head only the names of important chemical constituents, groups of
constituents reported in research publications have been mentioned as a guide and not as
pharmacopoeial requirement.

XV

Percentage of Solutions - In defining standards, the expression per cent (%), is used,
according to circumstances, with one of the four meanings given below.
Per cent w/w (percentage weight in weight) expresses the number of grammes of
active substance, in 100 grammes of product.
Per cent w/v (Percentage weight in volume) expresses the number of grammes of
active substance in 100 millilitres of product.
Per cent v/v (percentage volume in volume) expresses the number of millilitres of
active substance in 100 millilitres of product.
Per cent v/w (percentage volume in weight) expresses the number of millilitres of
active substance in 100 grammes of product.
Percentage of alcohol - All statements of percentage of alcohol (C2H5OH) refer to
percentage by volume at 15.56 oC.

Temperature - Unless otherwise specified all temperatures refer to centigrade (celsius),

thermometric scale.
Solutions - Unless otherwise specified in the individual monograph, all solutions are
prepared with purified water.
Reagents and Solutions - The chemicals and reagents required for the test in Pharmacopoeia
are described in Appendices.
Solubility - When stating the solubilities of Chemical substances the term Soluble is
necessarily sometimes used in a general sense irrespective of concomitant chemical changes.
Statements of solubilities, which are expressed as a precise relation of weights of
dissolved substance of volume of solvent, at a stated temperature, are intended to apply at
that temperature. Statements of approximate solubilities for which no figures are given, are
intended to apply at ordinary room temperature.
Pharmacopoeial chemicals when dissolved may show slight physical impurities, such
as fragment of filter papers, fibres, and dust particles, unless excluded by definite tests in the
individual monographs.
When the expression parts is used in defining the solubility of a substance, it is to
be understood to mean that 1 gramme of a solid or 1 millilitre of a liquid is soluble in that
number of millilitres of the solvent represented by the stated number of parts.
When the exact solubility of pharmacopoeial substance is not known, a descriptive
term is used to indicate its solubility.
The following table indicates the meaning of such terms :-

XVI

Descriptive terms
Very soluble
Freely soluble
Soluble
Sparingly soluble
Slightly soluble
Very slightly soluble
Practically insoluble

Relative quantities of solvent

Less than 1 part.
From 1 to 10 parts.
From 10 to 30 parts.
From 30 to 100 parts.
From 100 to 1000 parts.
From 1000 to 10,000 parts.
More than 10,000 parts.

Therapeutic Uses and Important Formulations Therapeutic uses and important

formulations mentioned in this Pharmacopoeia are, as provided in the recognized Ayurvedic
classics and in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Part I and Part-II.
Doses The doses mentioned in each monograph are in metric system of weights, which are
the approximate conversions from classical weights mentioned in Ayurvedic texts. A
conversion table is appended giving classical weights of Ayurvedic System of Medicine with
their metric equivalents. Doses mentioned in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (A.P.I.)
are intended merely for general guidance and represent, unless otherwise stated, the average
range of quantities per dose which is generally regarded suitable by clinicians for adults only
when administered orally.
It is to be noted that the relation between doses in metric and Ayurvedic systems set
forth in the text is of approximate equivalence. These quantities are for convenience of
prescriber and sufficiently accurate for pharmaceutical purposes.

XVII

Abbreviations of Technical Terms The abbreviations commonly

employed are as follows:
m
l
mm.
cm.

Kg.
g.
mg.
ml.
IN.
0.5 N
0.1 N
1M.
Fam.
PS.
TS.

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Metre
Litre
Millimetre
Centimetre
Micron (0.001 mm)
Kilogram
Gramme
Milligram
Millilitre
Normal solution
Half-normal solution
Decinormal solution
Molar solution
Family
Primary Standards
Transverse Section

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Sanskrit
Assamese
Bengali
English
Gujrati
Hindi
Kannada
Kashmiri
Malayalam
Marathi
Oriya
Punjabi
Tamil
Telgu

Abbreviations Used for Languages

Sansk. .
Assam. .
Beng. .
Eng. .
Guj. .
Hin. .
Kan. .
Kash. .
Mal. .
Mar. .
Ori. .
Puj. .
Tam. .
Tel. .

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XVIII

PREFACE
The first and second part of the Ayurvedic Formulary of India comprising of 444 and
191 formulations respectively cover more than 351 single drugs of plant origin. This is part
of nearly 500 priority single drugs of plant origin to come with in the ambit of the Ayurvedic
Pharmacopoeia of India. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-I, Vol-I, Vol-II, Vol
III, Vol IV and V comprises 80, 78, 100, 68 and 72 monographs of Ayurvedic single drugs of
plant origin which go into one or more formulations included in the Ayurvedic Formulary of
India, Part-I and Part-II. As a continuing activity monographs on 96 single drugs of plant
origin and four monographs each on Gua (Jaggery), Goghta (Clarified Cows Butter), Jala
(Potable water), Madhu (Honey) and arkar (Sugar) used as Vehicle or adjuvant, making
compilation of Vol VI of the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India Part-I comprising of these
101 monographs. In compiling the monograph, each monograph bears the title of the drug in
Sanskrit as given in Ayurvedic Formulary of India. This is followed by definition of the drug
giving botanical identity by using scientific binomial nomenclature with authority and very
brief information about its source, occurrence, distribution and precautions to be taken during
collection, if any. List of synonyms in Sanskrit and also in other Indian regional languages.
The monograph further records macroscopic and microscopic description of the drug
highlighting diagnostic features for identification and authentication even if the drug is in
powdered state. The monograph further gives under Identity, Purity and Strength, certain
physico chemical parameters such as limits of foreign matter, moisture content, total ash,
acid insoluble ash, alcohol soluble extractive, water soluble extractive, volatile content (if
any) followed by thin layer chromatographic fingerprint profile. Wherever feasible, an Assay
of active/marker chemical constituent or a group of chemical constituents such as total
alkaloids or volatile oil etc have been given. There is always range of variations in data on
chemical constituents and certain physico chemical parameters due to geographical, climatic
and ontogenetic variability. Therefore, variations in results of such data pose difficulty in
fixing narrow range. The data has been given on the basis of average results of 3 samples
from different laboratories. Under the constituents major chemical constituents as reported in
the literature have been given.
Under each monograph, classical attributes of each drug according to the doctrine of
Rasa, Gua, Vrya, Vipka and Karma have been kept intact. These are considered a

XIX

reasonable basis and convenient reference point for a clinical classification. Such parameters
are not possible to measures by modern scientific methods thus not mandatory.
The legal notices and general notices have been provided for pharmaceutical and
regulatory purposes. The Appendices include details of the apparatus, reagents, chemicals,
solution tests, methods of preparation of samples for microscopic or chromatographic
examination.
The committee hopes that the publication of Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, PartI Vol-VI containing 101 monographs would add to the requirements under the Drugs and
Cosmetic Act. The regular monitoring of the manufactured and marketed Ayurvedic drugs,
on the basis of the standards prescribed here in would bear evidence of the usefulness of
these volumes and help ensure their quality and status revision for the future.
The Committee urges the Government of India to recommend the adoption of these
monographs for the purposes of identity, purity and strength of drugs for use in their
Government, Semi-Government and Government aided institutions and voluntary public
organizations. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-I, Vol. VI, 2008 would be added
to Rule 168 of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act and be notified by Government as standards to
be complied with by the manufacturers for sale or distribution of Ayurvedic drugs.
Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-I, Vol. I, II, III, IV and V are already included in the
First Schedule of Drugs & Cosmetics act 1940.

Prof. S.S.Handa

Chairman

Dr. S.K.Sharma

Dr. G.S.Lavekar

Vice-Chairman

Member Secretary

XX

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeial committee duly acknowledges the contributions

made by the staff of the participating institutions associate with the APC project work for
developing quality standards of single drugs of plant origin.

The committee expresses gratitudes of the Secretary, Department of AYUSH. Ms.

Anita Das and Shri Shiv Basant for providing constant support for completion of this work
and its further continuation and also sincerely thanks to Dr. M.M. Padhi, Deputy Director
[Tech.]; Shri. Vasantha Kumar, Asst. Director [Chem.] Dr. Pramila Pant, Research Officer
[Chem.], Dr. Bishnupriya Dhar, Research Officer [Phar.], Dr. M.N. Rangne, Dr. Chhote Lal,
Dr. AKS Bhadoria and Dr. Nikhil Jirankalgikar S.R.F. (Ayu.), Dr. Rajesh Singh S.R.F.
[Ayu.], Dr. Sandhya Rani S.R.F. [Ayu.], Mr. Chinmay Rath S.R.F. [Bot.] and other
associated officers of PLIM viz., Dr. Rajeev Kr. Sharma, Senior Scientific Officer
(Pharmacognosy), Shri N.S. Mahara, R.O. (Phg.), Dr. Jai Prakash, R.O. (Chem.), Shri V. C.
Srivastava, Sr. Research Assistant (Chem.), Shri B.B. Prasad, R.A. (Botany), Shri S.K. Gaur,
R.A. (Chem.), Shri C. Arunachalam, R.A. (Botany), Shri R.K. Pawar, R.A. (Chem.), Shri
Rajendra Singh, Lab. Asstt. (Chem.) and Shri Sanjeev Gupta, Lab. Asstt. (Botany) for their
constant efforts in bringing out this volume. Thanks to Mr. Ashish, Ms. Meenakshi, Ms.
Deepti, D.E.O., who took pains in typing and arranging all the technical data into a final
shape.

XXI

INTRODUCTION
The Ayurvedic system of medicine has been prevalent in India since the Vedic
period, and still remains the mainstay of medical relief to over 60 per cent of the population
of the nation. In earlier times the practitioners of Ayurveda (Vaidya) were themselves
collecting herbs and other ingredients and preparing medicines. For the purpose of acquiring
raw materials Vaidyas now depend on commercial organizations trading in crude herbal
drugs. Likewise, with passage of time a number of Ayurvedic Pharmaceutical units have
come up for the manufacture of Ayurvedic drugs and formulations on commercial scale.
Under the circumstances and responding to opinions of the scientific community after
independence, the Govt. of India began a series of measures to introduce a quality control
system, from 1964 onwards similar to that existing already under the Drugs and Cosmetics
Act, 1940, for western medicine. The Government of India introduced an amendment in 1964
to the Drug and Cosmetics Act 1940, to control to a limited measure the Ayurvedic, Siddha
and Unani drugs.
The Act was accordingly amended in 1964, to ensure only a limited control over the
production and sale of Ayurvedic medicines namely:i.

The manufacture should be carried out under prescribed hygienic conditions,

under the supervision of a person having prescribed qualifications;

ii.

The raw materials used in the preparation of drugs should be genuine and
properly identified; and

iii.

The formula or the true list of all the ingredients contained in the drugs should
be displayed on the label of every container.

To start with, development of standards for the identity, purity and strength of single
drugs and those of formulations at a later stage, assumed importance for the effective
enforcement of the provision of the Act. If the raw materials to be used in a medicine and
stage-by-stage processes of manufacturers are standardised, the final product namely, the
compound formulation could be expected to conform to uniform standards. The requirement
that the list of ingredients be displayed on the label will enable analysts to verify label
claims. It will also ensure that the manufacture do not make false claim. Arrangements to
evolve and lay down physical, chemical and biological standards, wherever even necessary,
to identify the drugs and ascertain their quality and to detect adulterations are an urgent
necessity of the profession. Setting up of Drug Standardisation Units, Research Centres,
Drug Testing Institutes and Central Drug Laboratories for Ayurvedic Medicines both at
national and regional level for this purpose are therefore, essential. The several Committees
appointed by the Government of India to assess and evaluate the status and practice of
Ayurvedic Medicine have stressed the importance of preparing an Ayurvedic
Pharmacopoeia, which is precisely a book of standards.
Having regard to all these considerations, the Central Council of Ayurvedic Research
recommended the constitution of Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia Committee consisting of experts
on Ayurveda and other sciences. The Government of India accepted the recommendations of

XXII

the Central Council of Ayurvedic Research and constituted the First Ayurvedic
Pharmacopoeia Committee, vide their letter No. 14-8/62-ISM, dated the 20th September,
1962 for a period of three years with effect from the date of its first meeting under the
Chairmanship of Col. Sir R.N. Chopra with the following member :1. Col. Sir Ram Nath Chopra, Drugs Research Laboratory, Srinagar

Chairman

2. Vaidya B.V. Gokhale, 29/14-15, Erandavane, Deccan Gymkhana, Poona-4

Member

3. Vaidya D.A. Kulkarni, Principal, Post Graduate, Training Centre in

Ayurveda, Jamnagar

Member

4. Kaviraj B.N. Sircar, 779-780, Nicholson Road, Kashmere Gate, Delhi-6

Member
5. Shri A.N. Namjoshi, Navyug Mansion, 19-A, Sleater Road, Bombay-7
Member
6. Dr.B.B.Gaitonde, Profossor of Pharmacology, Grant Medical College,
Bombay

Member

7. Dr. C.G. Pendse, Director, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi

Member

8. Dr. G.K. Karandikar, Dean, Medical College, Aurangabad

Member
9. Dr. G.S. Pande, Honorary Director, Indian Drug Research Association,
955-Sadashiv Peth, Lakshmi Road, Poona-2

Member

10. Dr. M.V. Venkataraghava, Chellakoti, Nungabakkum, Madras-34

Member
11. Ayurvedachara Kaladi K. Parameswaran Pillai, Laksmivilasam
Vaidyasala, Vanchiyur, Trivandrum

Member

12. Dr. V. Narayanaswamy, 70, Tana Street, Vepeiy, Madras-7

Member
13. Vaidya P.V.Dhamankar Shastri, Pardeshi Lane, Panvel, District Kolaba,
Bombay

Member

14. S.K. Borkar, Drug Controller (India), Directorate General of Health Services,
Government of India, New Delhi

Member

15. Shri Bapalal G.Vaidya, Principal, O.H. Nazar Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya,

Surat

Member

16. Kumari Savita Satakopan, Drugs Control Laboratory, Near Polytechnic,

National Highway 8, Baroda

XXIII

Member

17. Vaidya Vasudev M. Dwivedi, Director of Ayurveda,

Government of Gujrat, Ahmedabad

Member

18. Shri P.V. Bhatt, M.Sc., Chemist, The Ayurvedic Rasashala,

Deccan Gymkhana, Poona.

Member

19. Vaidya Ram Sushil Singh, Assistant Director of Ayurveda,

Director of Medical Services (Ayurveda), Govt. of U.P.

Member

20. Dr.Y. Kondal Rao, Secretary, Indian Medical Practitioners

Cooperative Pharmacy & Stores Limited, Adyar, Madras-20
Member
21. Dr. V. Srinivasan, M.Sc., M.B.B.S., Ph.D., Director, Sarabhai
Chemicals Research Institute, Shahibag, Ahmedabad-4
22. Dr. C. Dwarakanath, Adviser in Indian System of Medicine,
Ministry of Health, New Delhi

Member

Member Secretary

The Committee was assigned the following functions :1. To prepare an official Formulary in two parts :(a) Single drugs, of whose identity and therapeutic value there is no doubt; and
(b) Compound preparations, which are frequently used in Ayurvedic practice
throughout the country.
2. To provide standards for drug and medicines of therapeutic usefulness or
pharmaceutical necessity commonly used in Ayurvedic practice.
3. To lay down tests for identity, quality and purity.
4. To ensure as far as possible uniformity, physical properties and active constituents;
and
5. To provide all other information regarding the distinguishing characteristics,
methods of preparation, dosage, method of administration with various anupanas
or vehicles and their toxicity.
As a first step in this direction the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia Committee started
preparing the official Formulary of Ayurveda in two parts as mentioned under the assigned
functions of the Committee. Since the work of preparation of Ayurvedic Formulary could not
be completed after the expiry of first three years, the Government of India extended the term
of the Committee by another three years vide their notification No. F. 20-1/66-RISM, dated
14th January, 1966 and a gain for a further period of three years vide their notification No. F.
1-1/69-APC, dated 9th January, 1969.
During the years that followed, Ayurvedic Formulary, Part I and II and Ayurvedic
Pharmacopoeia of India, Part I, Volume I - V were published, the former containing the

XXIV

compound formulations from classical Ayurvedic texts prescribed in Schedule - I to the Drug
and Cosmetics Act, and the later, laying down standards for single drugs of plant origin.
Amendment to the provisions introduced in 1982 further strengthen the ASU system by
defining misbranded, adulterated and spurious drugs in the ASU system.
Subsequently under the 10th Five Year Plan a project was initiated by the Department
to develop Method of Preparation, Standard Operative Procedures, Pharmacopoeial
Standards and Shelf Life of Compound formulations of Ayurveda appearing in Ayurvedic
Formulary of India, Parts I & II.
The work of the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia Committee was transferred along with
some technical staff to Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, New Delhi as
a secretariat for APC vide letter no. X-19011/6/94-APC (AYUSH),dated 29th March, 2006.
Prof. A.N. Namjoshi (1972, 1981, 1988 and 1994) and Vaidya I. Sanjeeva Rao (1998)
and Dr. P.D. Sethi (2001) were Chairmen of reconstituted Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia
Committee during the specified periods.
The present Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia Committee (APC) was reconstituted under the
Deptt. of AYUSH vide letter No.X-19011/6/94-APC (AYUSH) dated 9st March, 2006
consisting of following members.
Ms. Savita Satakopan, M.Sc.
(Former Drug Analyst),
Government of Gujarat,
7/4, Padmam Flats, Seventh Street,
Nanganallur, Chennai 600 061.

Chairperson

Prof. S.S. Handa, M. Pharma, Ph.D.,

(Former Director, RRL, Jammu), 522-A, Block C,
Sushant Lok, Phase-I,
Gurgaon, Haryana 122 001.

Chairman
(23rd June, 2006 to
onwards)

Dr. S.K. Sharma, M.D. (Ayu.), Ph.D.

Advisor (Ayurveda),
Department of AYUSH,
Red Cross Society Building,
New Delhi 110 001.

Vice-Chairman

(9th May 2005 to

22nd June 2006)

OFFICIAL MEMBERS
1.

Dr. G.S. Lavekar, AVP; Ph.D.

Director,
Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha,
61-65, Institutional Area,
D-Block, Janakpuri,
New Delhi 110 058.

XXV

Member-Secretary
(Ex-officio)

2.

Dr. D.R. Lohar, M.Sc.; Ph.D.

Director,
Pharmacopoeial Laboratory for Indian Medicine,
Central Govt. Offices Complex,
Kamla Nehru Nagar,
Ghaziabad 201 002.

Member (Ex-officio)

3.

Managing Director,
Indian Medicines Pharmaceutical Corporation Ltd.,
Mohan, Via Ram Nagar,
Distt.- Almora, Uttranchal.

Member (Ex-officio)

4.

Drugs Controller General (India),

Ministry of Health & Family Welfare,
Nirman Bhawan, New Delhi 110 011.

Member (Ex-officio)

NON-OFFICIAL MEMBERS
Phytochemistry & Chemistry Sub-Committee
1.

Prof. V.K. Kapoor, M. Pharm., Ph.D.

(Former Dean and Chairman,
University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Panjab University, Chandigarh)
1473, Pushpac Complex, 49B,
Chandigarh - 160 047.

Chairman

2.

Dr. P.D. Sethi, M. Pharm., Ph.D.,

(Former Director,
Central Indian Pharmacopoeial Laboratory)
B-140, Shivalik Enclave,
New Delhi 110 017.
Shri J.K. Dhing, M.Sc.
Former Chief Manager (Exploration),
Hindustan Copper Ltd., SF-8, Sector-5,
(Gayatri Nagar) Hiran Magri,
Udaipur 313 002. (Rajasthan).

Member

3.

Member

Pharmacognosy Sub-Committee
1.

Ms. S. Satakopan, M.Sc.

(Former Drug Analyst),
Government of Gujarat,
7/4, Padmam Flats, Seventh Street,
Nanganallur, Chennai 600 061.

Chairman

2.

Dr. (Mrs.) Shanta Mehrotra, M.Sc., Ph.D.,

Emeritus Scientist,

Member

XXVI

National Botanical Research Institute,

Rana Pratap Marg, P.B. No.-436,
Lucknow 226 001 (U.P.).
3.

Prof. M.A. Iyengar, M. Pharma, Ph.D,

Former Professor and Head of Pharmacognosy,
14, HIG, HUDCO, Manipal 576 104

Member

4.

Dr. J. Mohanasundraram, M.D.,

Former Professor of Pharmacology
& Deputy Director of Medical Education, Chennai.

Member

Formulary Sub-Committee
(Rasa Shastra / Bhaishajya Kalpana Ayurvedic Pharmacy)
1.

Prof. S.K. Dixit, A.B.M.S.; D.Ay.M; Ph.D.

(Former Head, Deptt. of Rasa Shastra, BHU),
B-3/402, Shivala, Varanasi 221 005 (UP.).

Chairman

2.

Dr. B.L. Gaur, Ph.D.;

Vice-Chancellor,
Jodhpur Ayurvedic University,
Jodhpur, Rajasthan,

Member

3.

Prof. Siddhinandan Mishra, G.B.M.S.; Ph.D.

Pharmacy In-charge, SDM Ayurvedic College,
P.O. Kuthpady, Udupi 574 118,
(South Karnataka).

Member

4.

Prof. Ved Vrat Sharma, H.P.A.

(Former Principal, DAV Ayurvedic College),
House No. 65, Sector-8, Panchkula, Haryana.

Member

5.

Dr. P.K. Prajapati, M.D. (Ay.), Ph. D.,

Reader & Head, Deptt. of Ras Shastra,
IPGT & RA, Gujarat Ayurved University,
Jamnagar, Gujarat 361 008.

Member

6.

Dr. Narendra Bhatt, M.D. (Ay.),

Chief Executive Officer,
Zandu Pharmaceutical Works Ltd.,
70, Ghokhle Road (South), Dadar,
Mumbai 400 025.

Member

7.

Shri Ranjit Puranik,

General Manager,
Shree Dhootapapeshwar Ltd.,
135, Nanubhai Desai Road, Khetwadi,
Mumbai.

Member

XXVII

Ayurveda Sub-Committee
(Single Drugs of Plants, Minerals, Metals, Animal origin)
1.

Prof. V.K. Joshi, M.D. (Ay.), Ph.D.

Deptt. Dravyaguna,
Institute of Medical Sciences,
Banaras Hindu University (BHU),
Varanasi 221 005 (U.P.).

Chairman

2.

Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Ph.D.

(Former Reader, Deptt. of Dravyaguna, BHU),
18/7, Ratan Phatak,
Varanasi, (U.P.).

Member

3.

Vaidya Devender Triguna, Ayurvedacharya,

PADAM SHREE, 143-Sarai Kale Khan,
Nizamuddin East, New Delhi.

Member

4.

Dr. M.R. Uniyal, M.D. (Ay.), Ph.D.

(Former Director, CRIA, CCRAS),
Director (Drugs), Maharishi Ayurved Products,
17/18, NOIDA Export Processing Zone,
NOIDA 201 305.
Prof. V.V. Prasad,
Director,
Rashtriya Ayurveda Vidyapeeth,
Dhanvantri Bhawan,
Road No. 66, Punjabi Bagh (West),
New Delhi 110 026.

Member

5.

CO-OPTED MEMBERS
1.

Dr. G.V. Satyavathi,

Former Director General-ICMR,
Prasad-Nilaya, D-55/82, EAST-END (B),
Main Road, 9th Block,
Jaynagar, Bangalore 500069.

2.

Dr. G.P. Dubey,

Ex.Dean, Ayurveda,
Project Investigator,
Center of Psychosomatic & Biofeedback
Medicine,
Faculty of Ayurveda,
Institute of Medical Sciences,
Banaras Hindu University,
Varanasi 221 005.

XXVIII

Member

1.

The term of the Committee shall be for a period of three years from the date of its
first meeting and the members shall hold office for that period.

2.

The Chairman of the APC shall have the powers to form sub-committees whenever
required and to co-opt experts from outside for such sub-committees.

3.

The Committee shall have the power to frame procedures of functioning.

4.

The functions of the Committee shall be as follows:

(i)
(ii)

To prepare Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India of single and compound drugs.

To prescribe the working standards for compound Ayurvedic formulations including
tests for identity, purity, strength and quality so as to ensure uniformity of the finished
formulations.

(iii)

Keeping in view the time constraint, to identify such methods, procedures and plan of
work as would enable to publish the formulary and standards of all commonly used
drugs to be brought out in a phased manner.

(iv)

To prepare remaining parts of the official formulary of compound preparations from

the classical texts including standardized composition of reputed institution.

(v)

To develop and standardize methods of preparations, dosage form, toxicity profile

etc.

(vi)

To develop quality standards, safety, efficacy profile of intermediates likes extracts of

Ayurvedic raw drugs.

(vii)

To develop the quality standards, safety, efficacy profile of different parts of the
plants; as well as to include new plants as Ayurvedic drugs.

(viii) Any other matter relating to the quality standards, shelf life, identification, new
formulations etc.
5.

The following are the targets focus of the Committee:

(i)

To evolve standards of single drugs mentioned in the Ayurvedic Formularies of India.

(ii)

To evolve standards for compound formulations mentioned in the Ayurvedic

Formularies of India & other Ayurvedic formulations of National Priority.

(iii)

To prepare drafts SOP of Ayurvedic Formularies of India from the classical texts and
other authentic sources.

XXIX

CONTRIBUTING LABORATORIES & INSTITUTIONS

1.

B.V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education & Research Development Centre,

Ahmedabad.
(Dr. (Mrs). M.Rajani)

2.

Captain Srinivasa Murti Drug Research Institute for Ayurveda (CSMDRIA),

Chennai.
(Dr. (Ms.) A. Saraswathy)

3.

Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha (CCRAS), New Delhi
(Dr. V.K. Lal)

4.

Central Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Hyherabad

(Dr. Sheikh Imam)

5.

Govt. Drug Testing Laboratory, Joginder Nagar

(Dr. Arjun Singh Kharwal)

6.

IPGTRA Gujarat Ayurveda University, Jamnagar

(Dr. Subrata De)

7.

National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR), Lucknow.

(Dr. (Mrs) Shanta Mehrotra, Dr. A.K.S. Rawat, Adarsh Kumar Agnihotri,
Miss.Vartika Rai, Miss. Manisha Agarwal and Madan Mohan Pandey)

8.

National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, SAS Nagar

(Dr. K.K. Bhutani)

9.

Pharmacopoeial Laboratory for Indian Medicine (PLIM), Ghaziabad.

(Dr. D.R. Lohar, Dr. Rajeev Kr. Sharma, Ravindra Singh and C.
Arunachalam)

10.

Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute (TBGRI), Thiruvanathapuram.

(Dr. S. Rajasekharan, Dr. V. George, Dr. Mathav Dass, M. Navas, J.
Ushakumari and S.R. Rajani Kurup)

11.

University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Punjab University, Chandigarh.

(Prof. Karan Vasisht)

XXX