Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
The mechanical properties of metals and foundries are influenced by the chemical
composition, production of material, heat treatment, environmental conditions,
heating and cooling rate, and especially the degree of resistance to deformation
generated by forces external and internal to them that they should be constantly.
You must have a high awareness of the extreme conditions in which they work
materials, especially metals, as this is the material in which we capture our
knowledge of design, maintenance, production and construction. This rest is the
best way to understand the steels by tests on experimental specimens.
In general, when undergoes a material to a set of forces occurs both Flex, such as
shear or torque , these efforts involve the emergence of tensions both of traction as
compression. Although engineering is distinguished between the effort of
compression (axial) and compression stress.
Trials practiced for measuring compressive stress are contrary to those applied to
the traction, the direction of the applied force. It has several limitations:
Hard.
Semi-hard.
Soft.
Ceramic materials.
Drive: Makes different particles that compose a piece, to separate each other,
tending to extend it. For example, when a lamp hung from a string, the string is
subject to a tractive effort, tending to increase their length.
APPLICATIONS
This type of testing is important in applications such as packaging, design of
bridges, buildings and other structures.
By means of the compression test characteristics of the materials can be
determined as modulus of elasticity, determining the supported load and
deformation presented in the used probe.
These properties are decisive for determining the quality of a material, are used as
a basis to audit their characteristics and measurements in large projects.
ASTM STANDARDS
ASTM-E9-89a: Test methods of compression testing of metallic materials at room
temperature. These test methods cover the disruption, signs and the procedure for
testing of axial compression, load of metallic materials at room temperature.
ASTM C-773: Established for high strength ceramic.
ASTM D-695: Test methods standard for compression of rigid plastics, established
for polymers properties.
ASTM C-39: Established for concrete.
REQUIREMENTS AND CONDITIONS FOR PERFORMING THE TEST
Determine the strength of the material: hard, medium-hard, soft and ceramic
materials and deformation of each. In many cases the compression test is easy to
spot depending on the metal, and therefore previous calculations, tables of results
and graphs for satisfactory results should be done.
hydraulic press.
The friction between the bridges of trial machine or the support
plates and surfaces of the ends of the test specimen due to lateral
expansion of this.
We see a remarkable difference between the theoretical results
and practical.
We detect that there are three types of dimensions suggested for
the samples, for example: the short are for use in metal
antifriction, medium-sized utility and the long test that determines
Figure 1: Micrometer of
Outdoor, 1 in.
Figure 2: 6 in Vernier.
THEORETICAL BASIS
Shortening (h): As the material is subjected to compression loads suffer
deformation of shortening. The usually cylindrical specimens of flats, thus
shortening are the variation of height.
Where h0 is the calibrated length and hf the length at the end of the trial
Normal effort (): the effort is perpendicular to the area, therefore is called normal
effort. The effort is defined as the intensity of force per unit area. Figure 20 shows
the cross-section nn of a test tube, if the axial force acting on the central axis of
the area (A) efforts is distributed uniformly; the following equation is used to
determine the magnitude of the efforts:
When the material is compressed area tends to expand. If the area is used initial
(ator) of the specimen in the ecuacion16 for the calculation of the effort, the effort is
called nominal effort or conventional compression effort.
Unitary deformation (): in the same way which is determined in the tensile test,
unitary deformation is determined directly by dividing the change in height
(shortening) between the calibrated original height (h o). If it is assumed that unitary
deformation is constant in the calibrated region (h or constant), defined nominal
unitary deformation as:
Real efforts (): as defined in the tensile test, due to the change in the area of the
test piece during the test, determines the actual or true effort considering the
variable area into the equation for the calculation of the effort 16. Thus determines
the real effort on compression:
Where P and Af are the load and actual area, respectively. The area is normally
determined by conservation of volume and is greater than the initial area, because
it is the crushed material.
Figure 13: Curves stress - strain nominal and real for the compression test.
for
some
function
in
which
no
effort
of
compression.
The compression tests are not very costly to perform.
Have safety as companies that have their materials standardized
by the corresponding associations, there is a control with respect
to compressive stress.
You have the materials suitable for processes that involved
compressive stress, produces less the possibility of a failure at
these, consequently avoid stoppages, poor production and
unplanned expenses.
Disadvantages
o Having no knowledge of which may lead to compression in materials,
creates the possibility of an unexpected failure during your time.
o Compressive stress generated expenses by changes of materials.
o Not controlled materials, compressive stress generate accidents
because of it.
CONCLUSIONS
To put an end to this research it is important to have controlled the events that
happen to the types of metals that are in use, in this case the compressive stress
have controlled. The use of rules of associations dedicated to the study of the
characteristics of the metals is a great way of testing with metals and using that
have the understanding of what form is most appropriate for use. Finally, it is
advisable to follow the procedures for the use of metals which can cause failures
not be occupied properly and in cases more serious accidents in staff by low
resistance that could have a material before an event such as compressive stress
that occurs in an area where it is circled by people.