Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
August 2012
Instructor:
J.B. Jones, P.E., PhD.
jbjones@odu.edu
15%
II.
15%
III.
Hydraulics Hydrology
(Session 3)
15%
IV.
7.5%
Wastewater Treatment
(Session 1)
15%
Water Quality
(Session 1)
15%
Water Treatment
(Session 2)
15%
V.
VI.
VII.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
WWTP Problems
Typical Activated Sludge Plant
#1 Wastewater Basin Sizing
#2 Wastewater BOD Planning
#3 Treatment Efficiency
#4 Grit Chamber Design
#5 Aeration Tank Detention Time
#6 Trickling Filter Design
#7 Trickling Filter Design #2
#8 Rotating Biological Contactor
#9 Anaerobic Lagoon
#10 Anaerobic Digester
#11 Anaerobic Digester #2
#12 Sludge Stabilization
#13-
CHAPTER TOPICS
WWTP Problems
Loading, #/day
Flow,
MGD
8.34
Dose, mg/l
lb MG
lbs
mg
lbs
Chemical Feed Rate,
day
mg
Dose Rate
l
(1) Molecular oxygen consumed during a specific incubation period for the
biochemical degradation of organic matter (carbonaceous BOD)
(2) Oxygen used to oxidize inorganic matter such as sulfide and ferrous iron
(3) Reduced forms of nitrogen (nitrogenous BOD) with an inhibitor
BODU
BOD exerted
t, days
Look at Table 28.3 Page 28-6 Strong & Weak Domestic Sewages
INFLUENT
SLUDGE
THICKENER
WAS
GRIT
CHAMBER
SLUDGE
DIGESTOR
PRIMARY
SLUDGE
PRIMARY
SEDIMENTATION
RAS
AERATION
TANK
SLUDGE DRYING
BEDS
AIR
DRAINAGE
RAS
CHLORINATION
(DECHLORINATION)
EFFLUENT
TO
RECEIVING
STREAM
Cl2
FINAL
CLARIFIER
DRAINAGE
PRIMARY
SLUDGE &
WAS
BAR SCREEN
GRIT TO
LANDFILL
MIXED
LIQUOR
Stagnant
Zone
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
1.3 h
3.2 h
3.8 h
4.6 h
SOLUTION:
E
Q
t
tA
V
fractional efficiency
flow rate
theoretical hydraulic detention time
actual hydraulic detention time
volume
3.5 m 15 m 3.0 m 24 hr d
V
3.8 h
3
Q
1000 m
d
m3/d
d
d
m3
Eqn 29.5
SOLUTION:
Assume that the typical person generates 0.2 lbm BOD/day-person (Refer to
Page 28-3, PE Manual)
PE
lbm BOD
PE
0.2
4
2000 hom es 1600 lbm BOD day
day person hom e
3 Treatment Efficiency
The BOD of a wastewater entering the primary clarifier is 210 mg/l. If the BOD
removal efficiency of the primary clarifier is 35% and the BOD removal efficiency
of a single stage trickling filter is 80%, what is the effluent BOD?
What is the overall efficiency?
SOLUTION:
Compute the BOD of the wastewater leaving the primary clarifier (and entering
the trickling filters).
mg
mg
mg
mg
Overall efficiency
210 27
87 %
210
0.6 feet
1.6 feet
8.8 feet
14 feet
SOLUTION:
Refer to page 29-6, PE Manual
dP
f
g
K
SGP
V
8 k g d P SG P 1
f
mm
9.81 m/s2
Eqn 29-3
1m
m
2.65 1
8 0.05 9.81 2 0.25 mm
1000
mm
sec
0.23 m s
0.03
A
D
Q
W
channel cross-section
depth
flow rate
width
ft2
ft
gal/day
ft
gal
ft 3
3.0 x 10 6
0.134
day
gal
Q
w
1.54 ft
d vel
m
ft
sec
gal
day
802,139 ft 3 day
gal
7.48 3
ft
6 x 10 6
QIN
Detention Time
202,500 ft 3
hr
x 24
6.06 hr
3
d
ft
802,139
d
Part (b)
lbs of BOD removed = 0.90 (12,000) = 10,800 lb/d
ft 3 min hr
6
3
60
Air Used 5000
24 7.2 x 10 ft d
min
hr
d
Therefore,
7.2 x 10 6 ft 3
ft 3
ft 3
667
lb BOD
lb BOD
10,800 lb
100
Eqn 29-14
W
1 0.0085
V F
where
E
W
V
F
1 0.1 R 2
= flow recirculate/raw wastewater flow
mg
W 195
1.0 MGD
L
lb
lb
MG
8.34 mg 1626 day
V=?
F = 1.0
Then,
82
100
1 0.0085
1626
V 1.0
100
Eqn 29-14
W
1 0.0085
V F
where
E
W
V
F
1 0.1 R 2
= flow recirculate/raw wastewater flow
137 30
E1
78% , convert the filter load rate from mg/l to lbs/day
137
lb MG
mg
lb
F
E
1 R
1 0.1 R 2
1.653 when R 1
100
1 0.0085
W
V F
V 1.132 ac ft
where
78
100
1 0.0085
2057
V 1.653
130,000 ft2
150,000 ft2
125,000 ft2
360,000 ft2
250,000 gal/day
210 mg/L
30 mg/L
2 gal/ft2 day
SOLUTION:
Ah
ft2
gal/day-ft2
gal/day
gal
Q
day
Ah
3.9 ac
4.6 ac
5.4 ac
5.8 ac
SOLUTION:
Step 1: Determine the mass flow rate
C
Q
m
BOD concentration
volumetric flow rate
mass loading rate
mg/L
gal/day
lbm/day
lb MG
lbs
mg
mg BOD
lb MG
gal 1 MG
14,000
6
m Q * C 2.6 x 10 5
x 8.34
day
L
mg
L
10
gal
ac
ft
lbm/103 ft3 -day
lbm BOD 1 ac
30,365
day 43,560 ft 2
m
OLR D
lbm BOD
15 3 3
10 ft
10 ft day
4.6 ac
tD
V
Q
Digestion Period
lb VSS
day
33,750 ft 3
lb VSS
0.16 3
ft * day
33,750 ft 3
ft 3
2000
day
5400
17 days
=
=
=
=
=
=
7200 mg/l
6600 lb/day
2300 lb/day
0.5 lb cells/lb BOD
0.03 day -1
20 days
SOLUTION:
Refer to Page 30-8 (PE Manual)
PX
YMAX
Q S 0 S E
1 k D SRT
PX
YMAX
KD
SRT
Q
S0
SE
PX
Eqn 30.24
YMAX
Q S 0 S E
1 k D SRT
lb VSS
lb BOD5
lb
lb
12 - Sludge Stabilization
A waste biological sludge is dewatered to 25% solids and then stabilized with a
lime dose rate of 320 g Ca (OH)2/kg dry solids. The plant wastes 18,000 gallons
of sludge daily at 10% solids. The locally available lime contains 24% inerts.
What is most nearly the monthly mass of lime required to stabilize the sludge?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
45,000 kg/month
58,000 kg/month
86,000 kg/month
190,000 kg/month
SOLUTION:
f
m
V
solids
dry solids mass flow rate
wet sludge flow rate
sludge density
%
kg/day
m3/d
kg/m3
Assume that for sludge at 10% solids, the sludge density is equal to that of water
(1000 kg/m3). See Page 30-13, Eqn 30.46:
gal
kg
m3
6813 kg d
1000 3 0.10 x 0.003785
m V f 18,000
day
gal
m
(This is the amount of sludge produced if all water were removed, i.e. only the dry portion
remained)
Ca OH 2
kg
d
6813 30
320 g
d month
kg dried solids
86,058 kg month
g
1 0.24 1000
kg
2500 gal/day
2600 gal/day
39,000 gal/day
48,000 gal/day
SOLUTION:
Dry mass flow rate = (% solids) x (wet sludge density) x (volumetric flow rate)
m f V f V
1
f V
V2 1 1
f2
, drops out
V2
0.012 50,000
0.24
gal
day
SOLUTION
lb MG
mg
lb
8557
Sludge removed 6.0 MGD 0.60 285
8.34
l
mg l
day
Volume
Weight
Density
8557
lb
day
lb
gal
20,100
gal
day
180 mL/g
270 mL/g
3700 mL/g
6700 mL/g
SOLUTION:
Refer to Page 30-5, PE Manual.
The sludge volume index (SVI) is a
measure of the sludges settleability.
SVI is a parameter for operation
considerations to ensure that the
sludge settles during clarification and
does not carry over into a final
treatment process.
Mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) is the bacteria and other suspended
material in the mixed liquor, which is measured as mg/L.
Parameters
MLSS mixed liquor suspended solids
SV
Sludge volume
SVI Sludge volume
mg/L
mL/L
mL/g
mL
mg
385
1000
L
g
SV
SVI
g
L
mg
5700
TSS mg L
SVI mL g
L
6.4 min
20 min
27 min
32 min
SOLUTION:
Refer to Metcalf & Eddy, page 330.
The effect of temperature on the rate of kill can be represented by a form of the
vant Hoff-Arrhenius relationship. Increasing the temperature results in a more
rapid kill. In terms of the time, t required to effect a given percentage kill, the
relationship is:
ln
t1
E T2 T1
where
t2
R T1 T2
Because decreasing temperature results in a longer reaction time, take 210C as the
reference temperature (T1) and 170C as the temperature of interest (T2).
6400
290 K 294 K
t1
E T2 T1
mol
ln
0.15
cal
t2
R T1 T2
1.99
294 K 290 K
mol * K
t
t
t
ln 1 0.15 1 e 0.15 t 2 01.15 27 min
t2
e
t2
The equation
(Metcalf
Influent
Effluent
Cl2 feed
SOLUTION:
Part (a)
NT
1 0.23 CT t
N0
NT
N0
CT
, rearranges to
NT
N0
1 3
0.23 CT t
200 1 3
1
10,000
0.23 15
, rearranges to
CT
1 3
1 0.23 CT t
N 1 3
T
1
N 0
0.23 t
0.78 mg L
Part (b)
If Q= 13 MGD and Cl2 dose is 15 mg/L (as a code requirement in the problem
statement)
lb
day
lb MG
15 mg L 1626 lb
Q * c 13 mgd 8.34
day
mg
L
Most wastewaters contain more oxygen demanding materials than the amount of
DO available in air-saturated water. Therefore, it is necessary to dilute the
sample before incubation to bring the oxygen demand and supply into
appropriate balance.
BOD5
DOI DOF
VSAMPLE
VSAMPLE VDILUTION
Eqn 28.30
BOD5
Where
Eqn 28.34
BOD5
DOI DOF
VSAMPLE
VSAMPLE VDILUTION
3.30 mg L
13.2 mg L
75
300
Eqn 28.30
Eqn 28.31
Where
BODt = BOD in mg/L exerted after t days
BODu = Ultimate first stage BOD
KD = coefficient of deoxygenation (reaction rate coefficient)
t = time of days
BODU
BOD exerted
t, days
River Mixing
When wastewater is discharged to a receiving stream, the concentrations of
various parameters of the mixture may be determined from the following:
C S QS CW QW
QS QW
Eqn 28.35
K D BODU e K DT e K R t
KR KD
Eqn 28.36
DC
KD
BODU exp K DT M
KR
Eqn 28.39
And TM is the time at which the minimum dissolved oxygen of the mixture
occurs, and is found as follows:
TM
K D K K D
1
ln R 1 0 R
KR KD KD
K D BODU
Eqn 28.38
4.65 mg/L
8.02 mg/L
8.05 mg/L
8.18 mg/L
SOLUTION:
When wastewater is discharged to a receiving stream, the concentrations of
various parameters of the mixture may be determined from the following:
C S QS CW QW
QS QW
Eqn 28.35
gal ft 3
day
ft 3
23
15 x 10 6
day 7.48 gal 86,400 sec
sec
mg
ft 3
mg ft 3
1.20
8.10
2000
23
L
L sec
sec
C S QS CW QW
mg
C
8.02
3
3
QS QW
L
ft
ft
2000
23
sec
sec
The answer is (b).
QSTREAM = 18 cfs
BOD5 = 4 mg/L
BOD5
C S QS CW QW
can be rewritten:
QS QW
QWW QSTREAM
15.6 MGD
BOD5 8.1 mg L
Step 2:
BODT BODU 1 exp K D t
BODU
BOD5
1 exp K
Eqn 28.31
8.1
11.9 mg L 12 mg L
1 exp 0.23 5
6 mg/L
10 mg/L
20 0C
0.40 day-1
0.23 day-1
Assume that no other wastewater sources are discharged into the river.
Determine the time (days) of the critical dissolved oxygen concentration from the
point of wastewater discharge.
WWTP
X*
X=0
TM
K D K K D
1
ln R 1 0 R
KR KD KD
K D BODU
TM
Eqn 28.38
Non Quantitative
Problems
SOLUTION:
Refer to Chapter 27
The answer is (d).
2 - Coliforms
(b)
they are always present when pathogens are present, and normally
absent otherwise
(c)
(d)
SOLUTION:
Section 27-11, Page 27-4
3 Odor Constituents
Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal, and Reuse, 3rd edition, by Tchobanoglous &
Burton, McGraw Hill, 1991
What is the typical organic loading for domestic wastewater in the U.S.?
(a) 0.060 kg BOD/d per person
(b) 0.2 kg BOD/d per person
(c) 0.09 kg/BOD/d per person
(d) 0.4 kg/BOD per person
SOLUTION:
Refer to the top of page 28-3. The answer is (c).
5 Nitrogenous BOD
After 6-10 days of incubation during a BOD test, there is another phase of BOD
exertion called nitrogenous demand. What is the cause?
(a) oxidation of carbonaceous material
(b) oxidation of ammonia to nitrates and nitrates
(c) oxidation of phenolic compounds
(d) oxidation of mutagenic substrates
The answer is (b).
See Page 28-9, right column, second paragraph.
SOLUTION:
Refer to the Table 29.10, page 29-7. See also Page 29-3, Section 5. The answer is
(c).
8 Sludge Thickening
What are typical percent solids ranges for waste activated sludge and thickened
sludge respectively?
(a) WAS 0.5 - 1%, Thickened 4 -5%
(b) WAS 0.5-1%, Thickened 5-10%
(c) WAS 1-3%, Thickened 10-12%
(d) WAS, 1-2%, Thickened 20-25%
SOLUTION:
Refer to the page 30-14, Section 30-16.
The answer is (a).
11 Wastewater Generation
What is the typical design flow for new sewer systems?
(a) 80 gal/day/person
(b) 100 gal/day/person
(c) 150 gal/day/person
(d) 180 gal/day/person
SOLUTION:
Refer to the page 28-2. The answer is (b).
Instructor:
J.B. Jones, P.E., PhD.
jbjones@odu.edu
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LOW SERVICE
PUMP
WASTE
SLUDGE
BACKWASH
RECOVERY
BASIN
BACKWASH
RECYCLE
WATER
SOURCE
FILTER
SCREEN
HIGH SERVICE
PUMP
FLOCCULATION
DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
WASTE
SLUDGE
SEDIMENTATION
FILTER
AID
BACKWASH
PUMP
CLEARWELL
RAPID MIX
pH ADJUSTMENT,
PRIMARY OXIDANT,
COAGULANT
Hardness is the measure of soluble divalent metal cations (i.e. positive ions
having a valence of 2). The two main cations that cause hardness are calcium
(Ca) and magnesium (Mg). Water hardness is generally expressed as mg/L of
CaCO3. (This will be discussed in work sample problems)
Hardness can be categorized by either of two methods:
o Calcium and magnesium hardness
o Carbonate and noncarbonated hardness
Equivalent Weight EW
40 12 3 16 50
EW CaCO3
Multiplier
MW
Ch arg e
EW CaCO3
EW subs tan ce
or
50
127 mg as CaCO3
l
40
2
Calcium 51
mg
l
Magnesium 12
mg
l
2.5
4.1 factor
factor 127 mg
as CaCO3
49 mg
as CaCO3
as CaCO3
0.5 mg/L
80.2 mg/L
85.9 mg/L
19 mg/L
0
1.0 mg/L
0
185 mg/L
24.3 mg/L
46.0 mg/L
0
125 mg/L
mg/L as
substance
80.2
24.3
1
x
x
x
Factor from
Appendix 22.c
2.5
4.1
1.79
Hardness
=
=
=
=
Hardness expressed as
mg/L of CaCO3
200.5
99.63
1.79
302 mg/l
lbs
day
lb
mg MG
MG
lb
6.2
8.34
8
414 day
mg
l
d
lb
MG
mg
MG
lb
Available chlorine reqd 2
8.34
1.2
20 day
mg
l
d
20 lb
day
Total chlorine reqd
29 lb
day
0.70
% Available strength should go in the
denominator which makes the overall
amount increase.
gal
ft 3
2 min
931 ft 3
0.134
Volume Q * t 5 x 10 6
day
gal
1440
min
P G 2 VTANK
P
Eqn 26.25
1
lbf sec
3
800
2.359 x 10 5
931 ft 14,056 lbf ft sec
2
sec
ft
P G VTANK
2
( c) Determine HP requirement
Power Input to motor = Pump Power/Efficiency
14,056
Pa P
HP
lbf ft sec
550 lbf ft sec 34 HP 35HP
0.75
See inside cover of book for conversion factor. I will cover this in Chapter 18 as
well.
Parameter
GT
Temperature
Total Design Flow
Number of units
Dimension of units
Criterion
4000
100C
6 m3/s
2
1.5 m square x 2 m
deep
Unbaffled
Configuration
33 kW
42 kW
56 kW
61 kW
SOLUTION:
In 1943, T.R. Camp and P.C. Stein developed the relationship between the
velocity gradient and power imparted to the water as
P
P
G
VTANK
G 2 VTANK
Equation 26.25
1 .5 s
Q
m3
3
s
Calculate G
m
4000
m 2667 m
G
1.5 s
sm
1
N s
3 W s
2667
P G 2 VTANK 1.3077 x 10 3
42 kW
4.5 m
2
sec
m
N m
60 sec-1
1.75
1.2 ft/sec
(1)
(2)
(3)
SOLUTION:
(a) Determine the power requirement
Page 26-9, PE Manual
P G 2 VTANK
P
lbf sec
1
3
60
2.359 x 10 5
100,000 ft 8492 lbf ft sec
2
ft
sec
2
P G VTANK
2
Water HP
lbf ft
sec
15.4hp
lbf ft
550
hp sec
8,492
FD
vel
lbf ft
sec
7,077 lbf
ft
1 .2
sec
8,492
2 g FD
CD v 2
2 32.2
ft
7,077 lbf
sec 2
3,478 ft 2
2
SOLUTION:
From P.E. Manual, page 26-5, the settling velocity is 0.05 ft/sec.
The answer is (a).
9 - Clarifier Problem
A circular clarifier is to be designed with the following characteristics.
Flow rate
Detention period
Surface loading
(1)
1.3 MGD
2.5 hours
400 gal/ft2-day
(2)
(3)
If the initial flow rate is reduced to 0.8 MGD, what is the surface loading?
(a) 100 gal/day-ft2
(b) 150 gal/day-ft2
(c) 200 gal/day-ft2
(d) 250 gal/day-ft2
SOLUTION:
Part (1):
The surface area is
gal
Flow
day
gal
Loading Rate
400 2
ft day
1.3 x 10 6
ASURFACE
Since A D 2
4
Dia
4 3250
ft 2
64.3 ft
3250 ft 2
gal
1.3 x 10 6
2.5 hr
day
ASURFACE
gal
2
3250 ft 7.48 3
ft
Part (3)
Loading Rate
The answer is (d).
Flow
Area
gal
day
3,250 ft 2
8 x 10 5
gal
d 6.25 x 10 5 gpd
4 ba sin s
2.5 x 10 6
DetentionTime t D
Volume
Flow
75 ft 15 ft 12 ft 7.48 gal3
ft
4 hr
5 gal 1 d
6.25 x 10
d 24 hr
Flow
Horizontal Vel
gal
ft
d
0.32
min
6.25 x 10 5
11 Clarifier Basin
Two equally sized circular sedimentation basins handle a total design flow of
2.5 MGD. Each unit has an overflow rate of 700 gpd/ft2 and a detention time of
four hours.
(a)
(b)
SOLUTION:
Part (a)
gal
d 1.25 x 10 6 gal
d
2 units
2.5 x 10 6
Flow
Surface Area
Overflow Rate
Diameter
4A
gal
d 1.786 x 10 3 ft 2
gal
700
d ft 2
1.25 x 10 6
4 1.786 x 10 3 ft 2
48 ft
Part (b)
Weir length diameter 48 ft 150 ft
Weir loading
gal
d 8300 gpd
150 ft
ft
1.25 x 10 6
(1)
(2)
gal
Flow
day
99.2 ft 2
Loading Rate
gal
hr min
3.5
24
60
2
hr
min ft day
500,000
AREQ
Part b:
The volume of water used during backwashing is
Eqn 26.37
ft min
1800 ft 3 day
Volume 100 ft 2 1.5
12
min day
ft 3
gal
gal
1800
7.48 3 13,464
day
day
ft
gal
day
gal
500,000
day
13,464
0.026 (3%)
Loading Rate
min
gal
3.5
1440
2
d
min ft
Length 198 ft 2 14 ft
Part (b)
min
2
Backwash Volume 10
198 ft
d
Percentage
2.97 x 10 4
2.6% 3%
1 x 10 6
15 mingal ft
gal
2.97 x 10 4
d
1-x, 0 mg/L
25 mg/L
Resin Bed
x bypass fraction
1 x re sin bed fraction
Desired hardness 25 mg
25
11%
220
1 x 0 mg x 220 mg
l
l
The water is to be softened using a zeolite process (ion exchange) with the
following characteristics. The softener has an exchange capacity of 10,000
grains/ft3 and a salt requirement of 0.6 lbm per 1000 grains hardness removed.
How much salt is required to soften the water to 80 mg/L.
(a) 2500 lbm/MG
(b) 5200 lbm/MG
(c) 7200 lbm/MG
(d) 8200 lbm/MG
SOLUTION:
160
mg
mg
mg
mg
70
80
150
L
L
L
L
lb
mg
MG
Hardness removed 150
hardness 8.34
1250 lbm hardness / MG
mg
L
(2)
(3)
fraction processed
1 0.1875 0.8125
0 mg/L
320 mg/L
60 mg/L
Zeolite (81%)
Bypass (19%)
The answer is (a).
Step (2): The amount of hardness removed per vessel is
2.5 ft 25,000
3
8.93 lbm
lb
mg
MG
MG
0.8125 0.012
8.34
320
mg
day
L
Q * conc * conversion
hr
24
day
lbm
Hardness removal rate
1.08
hr
gr
7000
lbm
lb MG
lbs
mg
Run time
gr
ft 3
1.08 lbm hr
30,000 m3/d
75%
0.95 m3/m2-d
800 m2/m3
QO
fP
m3
m3
day
40,000
day
0.75
30,000
m3
G membrane flux rate, 0.95 2
m day
m3
Q
day
42,105 m 2
3
G
m
0.95 2
m day
40,000
AM
Non Quantitative
Problems
1 Algae
What is the primary threat from algae to water supplies?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
color
taste and odor
parasites
toxicity
SOLUTION:
Refer to Page 26-3, Section 26-6. The answer is (b).
2 Hardness Calculations
What are the common units of hardness?
(a) meg L
(b) mg L as Ca 2
(c) mg L as CaCO3
(d) ppm
SOLUTION:
The answer is (c).
SOLUTION:
The answer is (b).
2 10 m 3 m 2 d
10 25 m 3 m 2 d
25 50 m 3 m 2 d
50 80 m 3 m 2 d
SOLUTION:
Refer to the first sentence on the top of Page 26-6.
The answer is (c).
SOLUTION:
See Page 26-13, Section 24.
The answer is (b).
SOLUTION:
Refer to the AWWA Operator Manuals
The answer is (c).
SOLUTION:
Refer to the AWWA Operator Manuals
The filtration process occurs in (3) phases that are repeated continuously:
Filtration water flows downward through the filter media and
particles are retained
Backwash flow is reversed to expand the bed
Conditioning term used as the first flush of water is cycled through
the bed. This water is wasted or returned to the front of the plant.
The answer is (b).
8 Treatment Plant Sequence
What is the usual sequence of water treatment unit processes?
(a) flash mix, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, chlorination
(b) filtration, flash mix, flocculation, sedimentation, chlorination
(c) chlorination, filtration, flash mix, flocculation, sedimentation
(d) sedimentation, flocculation, filtration, chlorination, flash mix
SOLUTION:
Refer to Class Handouts
The answer is (a).
9 Jar Tests
What is the basic design parameter for flocculation basins?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
velocity-time gradient
mixing power
solids flux
hydraulic loading rate
SOLUTION:
The velocity time gradient is Gt.
The answer is (a).
CaOCl2
NH2Cl
NaOCl
HOCl
SOLUTION:
See Page 26-20. Free chlorine exists in the form of HOCl and OCl.
The answer is (b).
11 Mixing Physics
The velocity gradient, G, is expressed usually in units of sec-1. It relates power,
tank volume, and velocity. This equation is typically applied to what treatment
sequence?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
filtration
flash mixer
disinfection
filtration
SOLUTION:
See Page 26-9. The answer is (b).
500-1000 sec-1
1500-2000 sec-1
2000-3000 sec-1
100-200 sec-1
SOLUTION:
See Page 26-11. The answer is (a).
Instructor:
J.B. Jones, P.E., PhD.
jbjones@odu.edu
TABLE OF CONTENTS
#1 Continuity Equation
#2 Tank Discharge via Orifice
#3 Darcy Weisbach Head Loss
#4 - Hazen Williams Head Loss
#5 Equivalent Length Method by Darcy Weisbach
#6 Equivalent Length Method with Elevation Change (Darcy Weisbach)
#7 Equivalent Length Method with Elevation Change (Hazen Williams)
#8 Pump Affinity Laws
#9 Pump Affinity Laws #2
#10 - Multiple Stage Pumps
#11 Pump and System Curves
Non-Quantitative Problems
#1 Bernoullis Equation
#2 Velocity Head
#3 Pipe Schedule
#4 Determining Friction Loss
#5 Moody Diagram
#6 Relative Roughness
#7 Pump Curves
#8 Water Network
#9 Water Network #2
#10 Hazen Williams Question
#11 Water Hammer
#12 Basic Flow
#13 Pump Speed Change
#14 Cavitation
CHAPTER TOPICS
Chapter 14: Fluid Properties
Chapter 15: Fluid Statics
Section 4: Fluid Height equivalent to Pressure
Section 13: Hydrostatic Forces on a Dam
Chapter 16: Fluid Flow Parameters
Fluid Energy Units
Bernoulli Equation
Pitot Tube
Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow
Energy Grade Line
Chapter 17: Fluid Dynamics
Conservation of Mass
Darcy Friction Minor Losses
Energy & Hydraulic Grade line with Friction
Discharge from Tanks
Series Pipe Systems
Venturi Meter
Orifice Meter
Water Hammer
Chapter 18: Hydraulic Machines
Centrifugal Pumps
Terminology
Pump Power
Cavitation
System Curves
Performance Curves
Affinity Laws
1 Continuity Equation
Water flows at 4 ft/sec in a 4-in diameter pipe that is connected through a
reducer to a 3-inch diameter pipe. What is the flow velocity in the 3-inch
diameter pipe?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
5 ft/sec
6 ft/sec
7 ft/sec
9 ft/sec
SOLUTION:
Because the specific information regarding the type of pipe is not given, assume
pipe diameters given are actual inside diameters.
A1, A2
d1,d2
A1
d12
4 in 2
in2
in
12.56 in 2
4
4
2
d 2 3 in 2
A2
7.07 in 2
4
4
V1
V2
ft
12.56 in 4 sec
ft/sec
ft/sec
AV
V2 1 1
A2
7.07 in 2
7.1 ft / sec
Eqn. 17.2
1000
700
1400
2100
sec
sec
sec
sec
SOLUTION:
2
4 in
2
12 in ft
d 0
A0
0.08727 ft 2
4
4
At
d t2
4
20 ft 2
4
314.16 ft 2
60 ft
20 ft
The time to drop from 60 feet to 30 feet is given by Equation 17.85.
Insert terms and original equation
2 At
z1 z 2
C d AO 2 g
2 315 ft 2 60 ft 30 ft
2130 sec
0.95 0.088 ft 2 2 32.2 ft sec 2
5 ft
11 ft
29 ft
43 ft
SOLUTION:
The D-W equation gives a frictional head loss for fluid flow based on a friction
factor. Friction factor is a function of the Reynolds number and the relative
roughness of the pipe.
Step 1: Compute velocity, Re, and relative roughness
D 3 inches 1 ft 12 inches 0.25 ft
A
0.25 ft 2
5.7 ft sec
D vel
0.25 ft 5.7
1.217 x 10
0.00085 ft
0.25 ft
0.0034
ft sec
1.2 x 10 5
ft 2 sec
Eqn. 16.23
friction factor
f
Eqn. 17.21
0.25
log
5
.
74
D
0.9
3.7 Re
0.25
5.74
log 0.0034
3.7 1.2 x 10 5
0.9
0.028
INSTEAD,
If you are given the pipe material but not the roughness, typical roughness
values can be found in Appendix 17.A and Table 17.2. It is easy to lose a zero
along the way.
Go to Appendix A-17B on Page A-33. Using the D values listed along the top
row, find the right Reynolds number range.
For this example, look on A-35, select the D value of 0.0035. Interpolate
between the Reynolds number ranges to obtain a friction factor of 0.028 which
matches the value found with Eqn. 17-21.
Eqn. 17.28
hf
f L V 2
2Dg
ft
sec
ft
2 0.25 ft 32.2
sec 2
11.3 ft
p2 V22
V12
Z1
Z 2 hL
2g
2g
p1
4 ft
28 ft
15 ft
46 ft
SOLUTION:
The H-W equation gives a frictional head loss for turbulent flow independent of
the Reynolds number. It gives good results for liquids with a viscosity similar to
that of water at 600F.
A
0.25 ft 2
5.7 ft sec
Eqn 17.30
(a) 72 ft
(b) 23 ft
(c) 95 ft
(d) 37 ft
SOLUTION:
For an equivalent length of threaded 2-inch schedule 80 PVC fittings, the
following characteristics apply:
Refer to Page A-31, Appendix 17.D,
Fitting
Quantity
coupling
900 ell
450 ell
Straight tee
Globe valve
15
8
4
6
1
Unit
Equivalent
Length (ft)
0.45
8.5
2.7
7.7
54
Total
Equivalent
Length (ft)
6.75
68
10.8
46.2
54
186
For friction head loss in the pipe (including equivalent length of fittings),
D
D = 1.939 in
= 0.000005 ft
Re
V
Appendix 16.D
Table 17.2, page 17-4
0.000005 ft 12 in
1.939 in
ft
0.000031
Reynolds number
flow velocity
kinematic viscosity
ft/sec
ft2/sec
ft
DV
sec
6.6 x 10 4
Re
2
ft 12 in
1.217 x 10 5
sec ft
Eqn 16.23
Eqn. 17.20
1.939 in 5
friction factor
f
0.25
5.74
log D
0.9
3
.
7
Re
0.25
5.74
log 0.000031
3.7 6.6 x 10 4
0.9
0.0197
Note that the friction factor could also be determined using a Moody diagram
with the same input values for using Reynolds number and relative roughness.
Refer to the Moody diagram on Page 17-6.
Eqn. 17.28
hf
f L Le V 2
2Dg
sec 2
12 in
23 ft
27 ft
85 ft
95 ft
41 ft
SOLUTION:
For an equivalent length of threaded 2-inch schedule 80 PVC fittings, the
following characteristics apply:
Refer to Page A-31, Appendix 17.D,
Fitting
Quantity
coupling
900 ell
450 ell
Straight tee
Globe valve
15
8
4
6
1
Unit
Equivalent
Length (ft)
0.45
8.5
2.7
7.7
54
Total
Equivalent
Length (ft)
6.75
68
10.8
46.2
54
186
I will skip the intermediate steps which are a repeat of the previous problem.
Eqn. 17.28
2
hf
f L Le V 2
2Dg
sec 2
12 in
h hZ h f
43 25 ft
23 ft 41 ft
Eqn 18.37
Elev = 43 feet
Elev = 25 feet
25 ft
C 1.85 D1.17
1401.85 0.167 1.17
1.85
hf
h hZ h f
Eqn 17.30
43 25 ft
25 ft 43 ft
Eqn 18.37
Elev = 43 feet
Elev = 25 feet
0.25 hp
0.45 hp
0.65 hp
0.75 hp
SOLUTION:
3 D5
P2 P1 2 23 25 P1
1 1 D1
2
2000 rpm
0.5 hp
1750 rpm
1
0.75 hp
Eqn 18.52
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
530 gal/min
680 gal/min
830 gal/min
1100 gal/min
SOLUTION:
Q1 n1
Q2
Q1 n2
n1
Eqn. 18.41
gal
2200 rpm
850
gal
min
1069
1750 rpm
min
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
1 stage
3 stages
6 stages
4 stages
SOLUTION:
This will be a variation of Eqn 18.28. This is not covered in the PE manual.
h
n
NS
Q
w
elevation head
number of stages
specific speed
pump discharge
rotating speed
NS
h
n
w Q
h
n
0.75
NS
nh
w Q
0.75
ft
gpm
rpm
w Q
NS
2300
350 ft
gal
not change, and the flow rate will remain the same
increase, and the flow rate will decrease
increase, and the flow rate will increase
decrease, and the flow rate will decrease
SOLUTION:
Refer to page 18-18, Section 18.23:
Pump Curve
4
TDH, ft
Discharge, gpm
Regardless of which method we use to calculate the friction losses in pipe (either
the DW or HQ method), smaller pipe will increase the energy losses.
Therefore, the friction loss will be greater in the 3-inch pipe. Although the same
pump curve applies, the system curve is different. The zero flow head is the
same, but the curve is shifted upwards. This will shift the operating point
upward and to the left. The head added by the pump will increase; the flow rate
will decrease.
The answer is (b).
PART B:
Referring to the previous problem, the pump is designed to pump 250 gal/min
at 30 feet of head. What approximate hydraulic power does the pump develop?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
1 hp
2 hp
3 hp
5 hp
SOLUTION:
Refer to Table 18.5, page 18-8:
WHP
hA Q SG
gal ft
3956
hp min
30 ft 250
gal
1.0
min
1.9 hp
gal ft
3956
hp min
BHP
WHP 1.9 hp
2.7 hp
0.70
nP
Non Quantitative
Problems
#1 Bernoullis Equation
What three parameters are included in the Bernoulli equation for an ideal fluid
flowing in a closed conduit?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
SOLUTION:
Refer to Eqn. 16.11 on Page 16-3.
The answer is (b).
#2 Velocity Head
For laminar flow in pipes, how does the kinetic energy change when the flow is
halved?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
It decreases by a factor of 2
It decreases by a factor of 4
There is no change since kinetic energy is a function of pressure, not
velocity
There is no change since kinetic energy is a function of elevation, not
velocity
SOLUTION:
Refer to Eqn. 16.11 on Page 16-3. Remember velocity = Q/A
The answer is (b).
#3 Pipe Schedule
As the schedule increases for common pipe, how do pipe diameters change?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
The wall thickness does not change as the outside and inside diameters
get larger
The inside diameter does not change as the outside diameter gets
larger
The inside and outside diameters change depending on the pipe
material
The outside diameter remains constant requiring the inside diameter
to decrease
SOLUTION:
Refer to Appendix 16 a, b, and c.
The answer is (d).
#4 Determining Friction Loss
Which equation is not useful for determining friction head loss in a pressurized
pipe?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Hazen Williams
Darcy Weisbach
Vant Hoff-Arrhenius
Chezy Manning
SOLUTION:
The vant Arrhenius is used to make temperature corrections to kinetic reaction
rate coefficients.
The answer is (c).
#5 Moody Diagram
If the Reynolds number and relative roughness are known, what information is
available from a Moody diagram?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
SOLUTION:
Refer to Figure 17.4 on page 17-6.
The answer is (d).
#6 Relative Roughness
What parameters define relative roughness for a pipe?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
SOLUTION:
Look at Moody Diagram on page 17-6.
Re lative roughness
The answer is (b).
#7 Pump Curves
What parameters are determined at the intersection of a pump curve and a
system curve?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
SOLUTION:
The intersection of the pump curve and system curve defines the head and flow
rate operating conditions.
The answer is (d).
#8 Water Network
Two pipes of equal length branch from a common pipe and terminate at a
common pipe. The pipe diameters are 6-inches and 12 inches respectively.
Which statement is most correct?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
The head loss in the smaller pipe is twice that of the larger pipe
The head loss in the smaller pipe is four times that of the larger pipe
The head loss in the smaller pipe is half that of the large pipe
The head loss in the smaller pipe is the same as that of the larger pipe
SOLUTION:
Refer to Section 17-31 on page 17-2.
The answer is (d).
#9 Water Network #2
In a pipe network, water can flow though multiple routes between nodes. Which
statement is most correct?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
SOLUTION:
Refer to Section 17-29 on page 17-20.
The answer is (b).
#14 Cavitation
During a pump cavitation event, what condition has likely occurred with respect
to the inlet and outlet pressures in the pump?
(a) absolute pressure at inlet is below the vapor pressure
(b) absolute pressure at the outlet is below the vapor pressure
(c) absolute pressure is equal on both sides
(d) absolute pressure at the inlet is less than the outlet
Refer to Page 18-14, Section 16. The answer is (a).
Instructor:
J.B. Jones, P.E., PhD.
jbjones@odu.edu
TABLE OF CONTENTS
#1 Rectangular Channel using Mannings Equation
#2 Rectangular Channel Depth of Flow by Trial & Error
#3 Head Loss in Trapezoidal Channel
#4 Circular Pipe General Calculations
#5 Trapezoidal Channel with Earthen Lining
#6 Cipoletti Weir
#7 Parshall Flume
#8 Hydraulic Jump Head Loss Calculation
#9 Hydraulic Jump Flow Calculation
#10 Hydraulic Jump over Spillway
#11 Culvert Flow Type Identification
#12-
Sluice Gate
CHAPTER 19 TOPICS
Note: Chapter 17, Fluid Dynamics will not be covered explicitly.
Types of Flow Refer to Table 19.1
Flow Parameters
Manning equation - Normal Depths
Energy Relationships (Bernoullis Equation)
Weirs & Spillways
Parshall Flumes
Specific Energy Relationships
Alternate Depths & Critical Flow
Hydraulic Jumps
Culvert Flow Types (1 6)
10
20
15
5
ft3/sec
ft3/sec
ft3/sec
ft3/sec
SOLUTION:
Refer to Appendix 19.A, page A-46: The Manning roughness coefficient for
concrete is 0.013.
bd
, where b = 5 ft and d = 1 ft
b 2d
bd
1.49
S
bd
n
b 2d
2
1.49
Q
AR 3
n
1.49 5
Q
5
0.013 7
Eqn. 19.13(b)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
0.2 ft
0.6 ft
1.0 ft
1.6 ft
SOLUTION:
Refer to Appendix 19.A, page A-46: The Manning roughness coefficient for is
0.025.
Using Table 19.2, page 19-3,
2d
d
2 2d
1 d
2
1.49
Q
AR 3
n
Eqn 19.13
d
ft 3
1.49
4
2 d
sec
0.025
d 1
0.01
d 52 3
0.33557
d 1
5
d 2
, By trial and error d 0.6 ft
0.0194
d 1
0.00065 m/m
0.0040 m/m
0.013 m/m
0.24 m/m
SOLUTION:
Page 19-3
For a unit length of smooth earthen channel, it is reasonable to assume that flow
is uniform and that all head loss is due to friction. With these assumptions, the
head loss is the product of the channel length and slope, with the slope
determined using the Manning equation.
b
d
RH
m
m
m
degree
For to 1-to-1 side slopes, the angle from the horizontal to the sidewall is 450.
0.366 m
b sin 2d
2 m sin 45 0 20.5 m
2
RH
hf
L
n
V
m/unit length
m
m/s
Use 1 m for the unit length of the channel. The Manning roughness coefficient
for a smooth earthen lining is 0.018. Refer to Appendix 19.A, page A-46.
1 m 0.018 3.2 m
2 2
Ln v
s
hf
Eqn. 19.30a
4 Circular Pipe
A 30 in diameter concrete pipe (n = 0.013) was installed on a 0.001 slope.
(a)
6.5 ft3/sec
13.0 ft3/sec
8.8 ft3/sec
4.2 ft3/sec
SOLUTION:
Using Eqn 19.13,
2
1.49
Q
AR 3
n
1.49 30 in
Q0
0.013 4 12 in
ft
Eqn. 19.13(b)
30 in
12 in 4
ft
ft 3
0.001 13.0
sec
If PVC pipe were used, what would the increase in full flow capacity be?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
22%
33%
44%
55%
SOLUTION:
Q is inversely proportional to n,
n
QPVC QCONCRETE CONCRETE
n PVC
The answer is (c).
QCONCRETE
0.013
1.44 QCONCRETE
0.09
5 m3/s
10 m3/s
13 m3/s
18 m3/s
SOLUTION:
degrees
1
3
tan 1 18.4 0
A
b
d
m2
m
m
1m
d
1 m 5.0 m 2
d 2 m
A b
0
tan
tan 18.4
wetted perimeter
1m
d
8 .3 m
2 m 2
P b 2
0
sin
tan 18.4
S
L
z
S
n
Q
channel slope
change in distance
change in elevation
m/m
m
m
25 m
0.0025 m
m
m
10 km 1000
km
m3/s
1 53
A
n
Q 2
P 3
5
m
1
2
5 m 3 0.0025
m3
0.018
m
9
.
9
s
8.3 m 2 3
6 Cipoletti Weir
What is the flow rate through a 24-inch Cipoletti weir when the water height
above the notch is 10 inches?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
3.8 ft3/sec
4.1 ft3/sec
5.1 ft3/sec
12 ft3/sec
SOLUTION:
Refer to Page 19-13.
b
h
Q
weir length
head above notch
flow rate
ft
ft
ft3/sec
The discharge equation giving flow rate in ft3/sec for a Cipoletti weir when b
and h are given in feet is:
Q 3.367 b H
1 ft
1 ft
10 in
3.367 24 in
12
12
in
in
3
5.1 ft
sec
7 Parshall Flume
A Parshall flume has a throat width of 4 ft. The upstream head measured from
the throat floor is 24 in.
(a)
40 ft3/sec
50 ft3/sec
60 ft3/sec
65 ft3/sec
SOLUTION:
Refer to Section 19-19, page 19-14:
0.026
Q K b H an
24 in
4 4 ft
in
12
ft
1.578
Eqn. 19.63
1.578
47.8
ft 3
sec
Eqn. 19.64
1.4 m
1.8 m
2.3 m
4.2 m
SOLUTION:
Refer to Page 19-22, Section 33
d1
Q
v1
w
upstream depth
water flow
upstream water velocity
channel width
m
m3/sec
m/s
m
m3
3 .0
Q
sec
v1
8m s
0.15 m 2.5 m
d1 w
d2
g
v2
d 2 0.5 d1
2 v12 d1
0.25 d12
g
m
9.81 m/s2
m/s
Eqn 19.91
d 2 0.5 0.15 m
2 8 m
s
0.15 m
m
9.81 2
s
0.25 0.15 m
1.4 m
The specific energy lost in the jump can be solved using Eqn 19.94.
d 2 d1 3
4 d1 d 2
1.4 m 0.15 m 3
4 0.15 m 1.4 m
2.3 m
ft
3 ft
sec 2
1 ft 3 ft 13.9 ft sec
2 1 ft
32.2
v1
ft
ft 3
Q v A 13.9
ft
ft
6
1
83
sec
sec
17 ft-lbf/lbm
25 ft-lbf/lbm
35 ft-lbf/lbm
45 ft-lbf/lbm
SOLUTION:
d 2 d1
4 d1 d 2
5 ft 0.3 ft 3
4 0.3 ft 5 ft
17 ft
Eqn 19.95
Type 1
Type 2
Type 4
Type 6
SOLUTION:
Refer to Figure 19.25
Pipe Diameter D
42 in
2.5 ft
in
12
ft
2.2
D
2.5 ft
1.8
2.0
3.8
5.4
ft2
ft2
ft2
ft2
SOLUTION:
A0
Cd
g
h
Q
ft2
-32.2 ft2/sec
ft
ft3/sec
Because a partially open gate has the characteristics of a submerged orifice, the
following equation applies.
v0 C d
Q0 A0 C d
A0
2gh
Q
C d 2 gh
40
0.75
ft 3
sec
ft
2 32.2
3 ft
sec 2
3.8 ft 2
Non Quantitative
Problems
#1 Weirs
What weir types are best suited for measuring very small flows?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Cipoletti
proportional
rectangular
V-notch
SOLUTION:
Note: I got this one wrong. I picked (d). I have looked on the web for a better
explanation. Anyway, I toss this one in with some hesitation.
#2 Wetted Perimeter
Water is flowing in a rectangular channel with a normal depth of 5 feet and a
base of 25 feet. What is most nearly the wetted perimeter of the channel?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
31 feet
35 feet
39 feet
43 feet
SOLUTION:
The wetted perimeter is the length of the channel cross section that has water
contact. For a rectangular channel,
PW b 2d 25 ft 2 5 ft 35 ft
SOLUTION:
For a specified scour velocity:
As diameter increases, the required slope decreases.
Using Eqn 19.12,
1.49 2 3
V
R
n
Eqn. 19.12(b)
#4 Froude Number
What is the relationship between Froude number and critical flow in a
rectangular channel?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Fr = 0 at critical flow
Fr is positive at critical flow
Fr is negative for critical flow
Fr = 1 at critical flow
SOLUTION:
See Section 19-27, page 19-18. Also refer to Figure 19.13 on page 19-15.
The answer is (d).
#5 Hydraulic Radius
For a circular pipe, if the hydraulic radius flowing half full is 6 inches, what is the
hydraulic radius when the pipe flows full?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
12 inches
9 inches
3 inches
6 inches
SOLUTION:
The answer is (d).
d = 0.67 w
d = 0.33 w
d = 0.25 w
d = 0.50 w
SOLUTION:
Refer to Section 19-12, page 19-9.
The answer is (d).
d=2R
d=3R
d = 3.5 R
d = 2.5 R
SOLUTION:
Refer to Section 20-12, page 19-9.
The answer is (a).
0.95 d
1.0 d
1.02 d
0.90 d
SOLUTION:
Refer to Section 19-7, page 19-5.
The answer is (a).
velocity increases
velocity decreases
velocity could increase or decrease
velocity remains the same
SOLUTION:
Refer to Section 6, page 19-4.
The answer is (a).
HYDROLOGY
September 2012
Instructor:
J.B. Jones, P.E., PhD.
jbjones@odu.edu
TABLE OF CONTENTS
#1 Rainfall Data Averaging
#2 Normal Ratio Method
#3 Hydrology Short Answer
#4 Rainfall Intensity based on Return Period
#5 Calculation of Risk
#6 SCS Curve Number
#7 - Detention Basin
#8 Peak Runoff with Different Land Uses
#9 Vegetative Cover SCS Determination
#10 Time of Concentration with Steel Formula
#11 Peak Runoff using Steel Formula
#12 Short Calculations for Hydrographs
Non-Qualitative Problems
#1 IDF Curves
#2 Detention Basin #1
#3 Detention Basin #2
#4 Detention Basin #3
CHAPTER 20 TOPICS
Hydrologic Cycle
Precipitation Data & Estimation Methods
Time of Concentration
Rainfall Intensity
Flood Prediction
Hydrographs
Unit Hydrographs
Synthetic Unit Hydrographs
NRCS
Espey
Rational Method for Peak Flow
NRCS Curve Numbers
Reservoir Sizing
SOLUTION:
Refer to Section 20.4, Paragraph 1 & 2:
Normally, missing rainfall data can be estimated using a simple average when
the precipitation measurements at surrounding stations are within 10% of each
other. When the precipitation shows differences greater than 10%, the normalratio or a similar weighted method should be used.
The answer is (c).
Station
A
B
C
D
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
31 inches
37 inches
40 inches
48 inches
SOLUTION:
Because the normal annual precipitation between Station C and the other three
stations varies by more than 10%, the normal ratio method should be used for
computing an estimate of the missing record.
N
P
inches
inches
P
P 42 34 28 32
PA
37 inches
B D
N A N B N D 3 39 31 37
Eqn 20.3
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
0.40 in/hr
0.60 in/hr
1.5 in/hr
1.2 in/hr
SOLUTION:
d
t
rainfall depth
storm duration
in
hr
From the illustration, for mean annual precipitation of 27 inches and a storm
duration of 2.5 hours, the rainfall depth is about 1.5 inches.
i
rainfall intensity
in/hr
1.5 in
d
0.60 in hr
t
2.5 hr
5 Acceptable Risk
A manufacturing facility is willing to accept only 1% risk of flooding during its
50 yr design life. What is the annual probability that flooding will occur during
the facility design life?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
0.01%
0.02%
0.20 %
1%
SOLUTION:
Refer to Page 20-6: Example 20-2 solves a similar problem for the probability of a
flood occurring within the useful life of a plant.
This example calculates the probability of a flood occurring during a years time
(i.e. annual probability).
n
PF
R
period of interest
annual probability of a flood event
acceptable risk of a flood event occurring
R 1% 0.01
PF 1 1 R n 1 1 0.01 50 0.00020
1
0.020%
yr
0.7 inches
1.2 inches
2.5 inches
3.1 inches
=
=
=
=
runoff (inches)
curve number
potential maximum retention of water by soil (inches)
accumulated rainfall (inches)
For CN = 50
1000
10
CN
Solving for S,
1000
10 10 inches
50
P 0.2 S
Q
P 0.8 S
5.0 0.2 x 10
5.0 0.8 x 10
0.69 inches
Eqn 20.44
7 Detention Basin
A community requires developers to store the entire runoff of a 24 hour 10 yr
storm on site. The design rainfall at this location is 4 inches. A developer is
proposing a 100 acres subdivision on acre lots. What is most nearly the
required detention pond volume if the subdivision will be located on a parcel
with hydrologic soil group C?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
11 ac-ft
17 ac-ft
23 ac-ft
26 ac-ft
SOLUTION:
Using the NRCS method, a curve number, CN, is identified for each combination
of land use and soil type. The maximum water storage can be calculated using
the NRCS method
1000
10
CN
1000
10 2.5 in
80
P 0.2S 2
P 0.8S
4 0.22.52
4 0.82.5
2.0 inches
Eqn 20.44
Over the entire area of the development, the total volume of water to be stored is:
1 ft
17 ac ft
Q A 2.0 inches 100 acres
12 inches
Land Use
Apartments
Landscaped open space (park)
Light industrial
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
24 ac-ft/hr
26 ac-ft/hr
72 ac-ft/hr
310 ac-ft/hr
Area (%)
30
25
45
SOLUTION:
Refer to Appendix 20.A on Page A-54. I am assuming these values for the
illustration of this type of problem. You would be supplied more definitive
values for C.
Land Use
Apartments
open space (park)
Light industrial
C
0.50
0.10
0.50
C AVE
Area (%)
30
25
45
ac
C j Aj
Aj
i
storm intensity
in/hr
From the illustration, the storm intensity is 6 in/hr
Q
runoff
ac-ft/hr
0.40
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
43
54
61
81
SOLUTION:
Determine the SCS Runoff Curve Number for the entire area. For Soil Group B,
with good vegetative cover in urban, fully developed open space (parks, lawns),
the appropriate SCS Curve Number can be found on Page 20-18.
CN = 61
The answer is (c).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
15 min
26 min
42 min
75 min
SOLUTION:
d
i
t
depth of rainfall
intensity
storm duration
cm
cm/hg
hr
From the illustration, for a 50-year recurrence interval and 2 h duration storm,
the rainfall depth is 9 cm.
9 cm
d
4.5 cm hr
t
2h
For the Steel formula, refer to Equation 20.13 on page 20-5. However, units must
be in units of in/hr.
cm 1 in
1.8 in hr
i 4 .5
hr 2.54 cm
b
K
TC
constant
constant
time of concentration
min
in-min/hr
min
tC
K
tC b
K
b
i
Eqn. 20-14
in min
hr
25 min 75 min
in
1 .8
hr
180
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
180 ft3/sec
380 ft3/sec
460 ft3/sec
530 ft3/sec
SOLUTION:
Use Table 20.2, page 20-6
K = 106
b = 17
K
tC b
106
1.71 in hr , pay attention to units
45 17
Eqn. 20.14
QCi A
Eqn 20.36
in
ft 3
1.4 cm
2.5 cm
3.0 cm
4.0 cm
SOLUTION:
V AD PAVE
PAVE
AD
Eqn 20.21
6 x 10 6 m 3
m
200 km 2 1000 km
0.030 m 3.0 cm
2.
100 m3/s-cm
130 m3/s-cm
210 m3/s-cm
300 m3/s-cm
SOLUTION:
Refer to Page 20-8: A unit hydrograph discharge is the peak discharge divided
by the excess precipitation.
m3
400
3
Q
s 133 m
Q P
3.0 cm
P
s cm
1 x 106 m3
2 x 106 m3
1 x 107 m3
2 x 107 m3
SOLUTION:
The design flood hydrograph volume for a 5 cm storm is determined by
multiplying the unit hydrograph volume by 5. For the unit hydrograph,
V HYDROGRAPH
V 6 x 10 6 m 3
m3
2 x 10 6
3.0 cm
P
cm
6 m
5 cm 1 x 10 7 m 3
V 2 x 10
cm
Non Quantitative
Problems
2 Detention Basin #1
What method of sizing a storm water detention basin would be appropriate for a
small water shed of 20 acres and limited hydrologic data?
3 Detention Basin #2
Which of the following must be considered when designing a stormwater
detention basin?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
SOLUTION:
See Page 20-20
The design storm is chosen by assumption of risk, economics, and regulations.
Peak outflow depends on current and future downstream uses and channel
capacity.
Storage volume is the largest factor in terms of cost and liability.
The answer is (d).
4 Detention Basin #3
Which of the following, besides storage volume and outlet structure, should be
considered in the design of a stormwater detention pond?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Downstream impacts
Impact of extreme flood events on the structure
An effective sediment and erosion control plan
All of the above
SOLUTION:
The answer is (d).
Groundwater
September 2012
Instructor:
J.B. Jones, P.E., PhD.
jbjones@odu.edu
CHAPTER TOPICS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
#1 Confined Aquifer Multiple Parts
#2 - Unconfined Aquifer Multiple Parts
#3 Groundwater Drawdown
#4 Solute Velocity
#5 Aquifer Storage
#6 Groundwater Well Clogging
#7 Groundwater Specific Yield
#8 Solute Velocity
Ground Level
100 ft
Initial Water Level
10 ft
150 ft
R1 = 400 ft
Y2 =140 ft
R2 = 0.75 ft
Y1 =150 ft
K y12 y 22
r
ln 1
r2
gal
ft 3
150 2 140 2 ft 2
0.134
40
2
gal
day ft
400 ft
sec
86,400
ln
day
0.75 ft
0.09 ft 3 sec
y1= 150 ft at r1
r1 = 400 ft
r2 = 100 ft
Q = 0.34 ft3/sec
Ground Level
100 ft
Initial Water Level
10 ft
R2 = 100 ft
R1 = 400 ft
150 ft
Y2
Y1 =150 ft
y 22 y12
r
Q ln 1
r2
150 ft 2
ft 3 400
0.09
ln
sec 100
gal
40
2
day ft
y 2 148 ft
ft
sec
86,400
ft
day
ft 3
0.134
gal
(a) 4 hp
(b) 1 hp
(c) 8 hp
(d) 12 hp
From Table 18.5 (Page 18.8), the hydraulic horsepower can be calculated:
ft 3
100 ft 10 ft 0.09 1
sec
h A V SG
1.1 hp
8.814
sec
8.814 4
0.70
ft hp
Ground Level
Rock
Rock
100 ft
50 ft
Initial Water Level
10 ft
R2 = 0.75 ft
100 ft
R1= 400 ft
Y2= 90 ft
Y1= 100 ft
1.
The 18-inch diameter well extends 250 feet below the ground surface to
the bottom of the aquifer. The aquifer transmissivity is 6,000 gal/day-ft.
What is the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer?
(a) 25 gal/day-ft2
(b) 60 gal/day-ft2
(c) 100 gal/day-ft2
(d) 200 gal/day-ft2
The aquifer depth, Y, is 100 feet. Y is the thickness of the aquifer, not the
height of the water table or piezometric surface. See Page 21-3, Section 5.
From Equation 21.13
gal
day ft
60 gal day ft 2
100 feet
6,000
What is steady discharge in the well if the radius of influence is 400 feet
with a 10 foot drawdown at the well?
y1= 100 ft at r1
r1 = 400 ft
The well casing radius is
18 in
r2 2 0.75 ft
in
12
ft
gal
100 ft 90 ft 100 ft
2 60
day ft 2
2 K y1 y 2 Y
r1
400 ft
ln
ln
0.75 ft
r2
=60,040 gpd
3 ft
17 ft
130 feet
450 feet
Solve for R2
Ground Level
Rock
Rock
100 ft
50 ft
Initial Water Level
5 ft
R2 = ?
100 ft
R1= 400 ft
Y2= 95 ft
2 K y1 y 2 Y
r
ln 1
r2
r
Y
ln 1 2 K y1 y 2
Q
r2
gal
100 ft 95 ft 100 ft
2 60
day ft 2
r1
ln
3.139
gal
r2
60,040
day
Y1= 100 ft
r2
1
3.545
400 ft
17.3 feet
e 3.139
3 - Groundwater Drawdown
An unconfined aquifer has a pumped well. The pumped well diameter is 6 in.,
and the aquifer thickness is 20 feet with a hydraulic conductivity of 8 ft/day.
The observation well is located 30 feet from the pumped well, and after 10 hr of
pumping at 25 gal/min shows a steady-state drawdown of 12 inches. What is
the radius of influence of the pumped well?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
2.3 feet
31 feet
37 feet
53 feet
SOLUTION:
y1
y2
aquifer thickness
observation well drawdown
ft
ft
1 ft
19 ft
y 2 20 ft 12in
12 in
r2
r1
hydraulic conductivity
pumping rate
distance from pumped well
to observation well
radius of influence
y12 y 2
Q K
r
ln 1
r2
ft/day
gpm
30 ft
ft
Eqn 21.25
ft 3
ft 3
min
gal
1440
4824
Q 25
0.134
gal
day
day
min
4824
ft
day
ft
20 ft 2 19 ft 2
day
r
ln 1
30 ft
r1 37 ft
Pump Well
Observation Well
20 feet
19 feet
30 feet
37 feet
4 Solute Velocity
In an environmental remediation site, groundwater monitoring wells are
located 3000 feet apart. Over this distance, there is a 4 feet drop in the
groundwater elevation. What is the approximate solute actual velocity for the
site if the hydraulic conductivity is 0.85 ft/day, the soil porosity is 0.40, and the
retardation factor is 1.90?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
0.0056 ft/day
0.0015 ft/day
0.0021 ft/day
0.0029 ft/day
SOLUTION:
Note: Retardation is when a pollutant travels at a slower rate than the
groundwater (due to absorption). The surface solids of the porous media have
an imbalanced electrical charge, which is satisfied by the adsorption of a
charged ion.
i
groundwater gradient
L dis tan ce between groundwater contour lines of int erest
h elevation change over dis tan ce L
i
h
4 ft
0.0013
L
3000 ft
K hydraulic conductivity
ne effective porosity
r f retardation factor
ft / day
vS
ft / day
vS
solute velocity
Ki
ne r f
Eqn 21.6
ft
0.85
0.0013
day
0.0015 ft day
0.40 1.90
ft
ft
500 km2
40 m
0.45
0.50 cm/sec
0.23
m2
m3
m
1000 m
8
3
Vd h S Aa 4 m 0.23 500 km
4.6 x 10 m
km
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
SOLUTION:
Carbonate hardness can precipitate out on the screen, and iron-fixing bacteria
can form slime at the well screen.
The answer is (d).
7 Groundwater Specific Yield
What effect does permeability have on specific yield?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
SOLUTION:
Section 21-6 on page 21-3:
Specific yield is the water yielded when water-bearing material drains by
gravity. Higher permeability soils allow water to drain more freely, so the
specific yield will increase.
The answer is (a).
8 Solute Velocity
How does sorption influence solute movement through a soil?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
SOLUTION:
Sorption means that the solute is attracted and trapped on the surface of the soil
particle. In groundwater systems, this is called retardation and will slow the
solute velocity.
The answer is (a).