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PEPERIKSAAN
SIJIL TINGGI PERSEKOLAHAN MALAYSIA
(MALAYSIA HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION)
CHEMISTRY
Syllabus and Specimen Papers
This syllabus applies for the 2012/2013 session and thereafter until further notice.
FOREWORD
This revised Chemistry syllabus is designed to replace the existing syllabus which has been in use
since the 2001 STPM examination. This new syllabus will be enforced in 2012 and the first
examination will also be held the same year. The revision of the syllabus takes into account the
changes made by the Malaysian Examinations Council (MEC) to the existing STPM examination.
Through the new system, the form six study will be divided into three terms, and candidates will sit
for an examination at the end of each term. The new syllabus fulfils the requirements of this new
system. The main objective of introducing the new examination system is to enhance the teaching
and learning orientation of form six so as to be in line with the orientation of teaching and learning in
colleges and universities.
The revision of the Chemistry syllabus incorporates current developments in chemistry studies and
syllabus design in Malaysia. The syllabus will give candidates exposure to pre-university level about
Chemistry as a central science that includes physical chemistry, inorganic chemistry and organic
chemistry. In tandem with the global needs for a sustainable environment, it is important to promote
awareness of the roles of chemistry in the understanding of nature and the universe. As such,
environmental chemistry relating to green chemistry as well as water and solid waste management
have been included in this revised syllabus. Accordingly, it is hoped that this syllabus will be able to
produce pre-university candidates which are mature minded, knowledgeable, and able to
communicate ideas effectively using various forms of communication.
The syllabus contains topics, teaching periods, learning outcomes, examination format, grade
description and specimen papers.
The design of this syllabus was undertaken by a committee chaired by Professor Datuk Dr. A. Hamid
bin A. Hadi from Universiti Malaya. Other committee members consist of university lecturers,
representatives from the Curriculum Development Division, Ministry of Education Malaysia, and
experienced teachers who are teaching Chemistry. On behalf of MEC, I would like to thank the
committee for their commitment and invaluable contribution. It is hoped that this syllabus will be a
guide for teachers and candidates in the teaching and learning process.
Chief Executive
Malaysian Examinations Council
CONTENTS
Syllabus 962 Chemistry
Page
Aims
Objectives
Content
First Term
2 10
Second Term
11 18
Third Term
19 30
31 32
32 33
Scheme of Assessment
34 35
Performance Descriptions
Summary of Key Quantities and Units
36
37 38
Periodic Table
39
Reference Books
40
Specimen Paper 1
41 63
Specimen Paper 2
65 89
Specimen Paper 3
91 113
115 117
Specimen Paper 5
119 141
SYLLABUS
962 CHEMISTRY
Aims
This syllabus aims to enhance candidates knowledge and understanding of chemistry. It also enables
them to advance their studies at institutions of higher learning and assists them to pursue a chemistryrelated career. It will also promote awareness of the roles of chemistry in the understanding of nature
and the universe.
Objectives
The objectives of this syllabus are to enable the candidates to:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
analyse, synthesise and evaluate information and ideas logically and critically;
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
FIRST TERM
Topic
1
Teaching
Period
1.1
Fundamental particles
of an atom
Learning Outcome
1.2
Relative atomic,
isotopic, molecular and
formula masses
Topic
1.3
Teaching
Period
3
Learning Outcome
Candidates should be able to:
(a) define mole in terms of the Avogadro constant;
(b) calculate the number of moles of reactants,
volumes of gases, volumes of solutions and
concentrations of solutions;
(c) deduce stoichiometric relationships from the
calculations above.
Electronic Structure of
Atoms
2.1
Electronic energy
levels of atomic
hydrogen
Atomic orbitals:
s, p and d
2.2
2.3
Electronic
configuration
2.4
Classification of
elements into s, p, d
and f blocks in the
Periodic Table
Topic
3
Teaching
Period
Chemical Bonding
20
3.1
Ionic bonding
Learning Outcome
3.2
Covalent bonding
15
(j)
Topic
3.3
Metallic bonding
Teaching
Period
1
Learning Outcome
Candidates should be able to:
(a) explain metallic bonding in terms of electron
sea model.
3.4
Intermolecular
forces: van der
Waals forces and
hydrogen bonding
States of Matter
14
4.1
Gases
4.2
Liquids
Topic
4.3
Solids
Teaching
Period
2
Learning Outcome
Candidates should be able to:
(a) describe qualitatively the lattice structure of a
crystalline solid which is:
(i) ionic, as in sodium chloride,
(ii) simple molecular, as in iodine,
(iii) giant molecular, as in graphite, diamond
and silicon(IV) oxide,
(iv) metallic, as in copper;
(b) describe the allotropes of carbon (graphite,
diamond and fullerenes), and their uses.
4.4
Phase diagrams
14
2
Topic
5.2
Rate law
Teaching
Period
4
Learning Outcome
Candidates should be able to:
(a) calculate the rate constant from initial rates;
(b) predict an initial rate from rate equations and
experimental data;
(c) use titrimetric method to study the rate of a
given reaction.
5.3
The effect of
temperature on
reaction kinetics
k = Ae
RT
5.5
Topic
6
Teaching
Period
Equilibria
32
6.1
10
Chemical equilibria
Learning Outcome
Ionic equilibria
10
Topic
Teaching
Period
Learning Outcome
(c) explain qualitatively the different properties of
strong and weak electrolytes;
(d) explain and calculate the terms pH, pOH, Ka,
pKa, Kb, pKb, Kw and pKw from given data;
(e) explain changes in pH during acid-base
titrations;
(f)
6.4
Phase equilibria
Topic
Teaching
Period
Learning Outcome
(d) explain the term azeotropic mixture;
(e) explain the limitations on the separation of two
components forming an azeotropic mixture;
(f)
10
SECOND TERM
Topic
7
Teaching
Period
Chemical Energetics
18
7.1
Enthalpy changes of
reaction, H
Learning Outcome
7.2
Hess law
7.3
Born-Haber cycle
11
Topic
7.4
The solubility of
solids in liquids
Teaching
Period
2
Learning Outcome
Candidates should be able to:
(a) construct energy cycles for the formation of
aqueous solutions of ionic compounds;
(b) explain qualitatively the influence on solubility
of the relationship between enthalpy change of
solution, lattice energy of solid and enthalpy
change of hydration or other solvent-solute
interaction.
Electrochemistry
26
8.1
8.3
Non-standard cell
potentials
8.4
Fuel cells
12
8.5
Topic
Teaching
Period
Electrolysis
Learning Outcome
Candidates should be able to:
(a) compare the principles of electrolytic cell to
electrochemical cell;
(b) predict the products formed during
electrolysis;
(c) state the Faradays first and second laws of
electrolysis;
(d) state the relationship between the Faraday
constant, the Avogadro constant and the
electronic charge;
(e) calculate the quantity of electricity used, the
mass of material and/or gas volume liberated
during electrolysis.
8.6
Applications of
electrochemistry
10
9.1
Physical properties of
elements of Period 2
and Period 3
13
Topic
Teaching
Period
Learning Outcome
(d) predict the electronic configuration and
position of unknown elements in the Periodic
Table from successive values of ionisation
energies.
9.2
Reactions of Period 3
elements with oxygen
and water
9.3
10 Group 2
10.1 Selected Group 2
elements and their
compounds
10
7
14
Topic
10.2 Anomalous behaviour
of beryllium
Teaching
Period
2
Learning Outcome
Candidates should be able to:
(a) explain the anomalous behaviour of beryllium
as exemplified by the formation of covalent
compounds;
(b) describe the diagonal relationships between
beryllium and aluminium;
(c) explain the similarity of aqueous beryllium
salts to aqueous aluminium salts in terms of
their acidic property.
11 Group 14
11.1 Physical properties of
Group 14 elements
10
2
15
Topic
Teaching
Period
Learning Outcome
(b) explain the uses of silicon as a semiconductor
and silicone as a fluid, elastomer and resin;
(c) describe the uses of silicates as basic materials
for cement, glass, ceramics and zeolites.
12 Group 17
12.1 Physical properties of
selected Group 17
elements
8
1
16
Topic
13 Transition Elements
13.1 Physical properties of
first row transition
elements
Teaching
Period
Learning Outcome
14
2
17
Topic
Teaching
Period
Learning Outcome
(i)
18
THIRD TERM
Topic
14 Introduction to Organic
Chemistry
14.1 Bonding of the carbon
atoms: the shapes of
ethane, ethene, ethyne
and benzene molecules
Teaching
Period
Learning Outcome
21
19
Topic
Teaching
Period
Learning Outcome
(c) classify isomers as structural, cis-trans and
optical isomers;
(d) identify chiral centres and/or cis-trans
isomerism in a molecule of given structural
formula;
(e) deduce the possible isomers for an organic
compound of known molecular formula.
20
Topic
Teaching
Period
Learning Outcome
(d) use the concept of resonance to explain the
differences in acidity between CH3CH2OH and
C6H5OH, as well as the differences in basicity
between CH3NH2 and C6H5NH2.
15 Hydrocarbons
15.1 Alkanes
21
7
(j)
21
Topic
15.2 Alkenes
Teaching
Period
6
Learning Outcome
Candidates should be able to:
(a) write the general formula for alkenes;
(b) name alkenes according to the IUPAC
nomenclature and their common names for C1
to C5;
(c) describe structural and cis-trans isomerism in
alkenes;
(d) state the physical properties of alkenes;
(e) define alkenes as unsaturated aliphatic
hydrocarbons with one or more double bonds;
(f)
15.3 Arenes
22
Topic
Teaching
Period
Learning Outcome
(c) describe the chemical reactions of arenes as
exemplified by substitution reactions of
haloalkanes and acyl chloride (Friedel-Crafts
reaction), halogen, conc. HNO3/conc. H2SO4
and SO3 with benzene and methylbenzene
(toluene);
(d) describe the mechanism of electrophilic
substitution in arenes as exemplified by the
nitration of benzene;
(e) explain why benzene is more stable than
aliphatic alkenes towards oxidation;
(f)
(j)
23
Topic
Teaching
Period
Learning Outcome
(f)
(j)
12
1
17.2 Alcohols
24
Topic
Teaching
Period
Learning Outcome
(c) classify the reactions of alcohols whereby the
R OH is broken and OH is replaced by other
groups: the formation of haloalkanes and the
dehydration to alkenes and ethers;
(d) explain the relative reactivity of primary,
secondary and tertiary alcohols as exemplified
by the reaction rate of such alcohols to give
haloalkanes, and the reaction products of
KMnO4/K2Cr2O7 oxidation in the presence of
sulphuric acid;
(e) explain the reaction of alcohol with the
structure CH3CH(OH) with alkaline aqueous
solution of iodine to form triiodomethane;
(f)
18 Carbonyl Compounds
25
Topic
Teaching
Period
Learning Outcome
(c) describe structural and optical isomerism in
carbonyl compounds;
(d) state the physical properties of aliphatic and
aromatic aldehydes and ketones;
(e) write the equations for the preparation of
aldehydes and ketones;
(f)
(j)
10
26
Topic
Teaching
Period
Learning Outcome
(d) state the physical properties of carboxylic
acids;
(e) write the equations for the formation of
carboxylic acids from alcohols, aldehydes and
nitriles;
(f)
(i)
(j)
19.3 Esters
27
Topic
Teaching
Period
Learning Outcome
(f)
28
Topic
Teaching
Period
Learning Outcome
(j)
21 Polymers
29
Topic
Teaching
Period
Learning Outcome
(f)
(j)
30
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
The Chemistry practical syllabus for STPM should achieve its objective to improve the quality of
students in the aspects as listed below.
(a)
(b)
The ability to plan and carry out experiments using appropriate methods.
(c)
The ability to choose suitable equipment and use them correctly and carefully.
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
The ability to interpret, analyse and evaluate observations, experimental data and make
deductions.
(h)
(i)
(j)
31
The objective of this project work is to enable candidates to acquire knowledge and skills in
chemistry using information and communication technology as well as to develop soft skills as
follows:
(a)
communications,
(b)
teamwork,
(c)
(d)
flexibility/adaptability,
(e)
leadership,
(f)
organising,
(g)
(h)
(b)
candidates from private schools which have no permission to carry out the school-based
assessment of practical work,
(c)
(d)
candidates who do not attend classes of lower six and upper six in two consecutive years
(in government or private schools),
(e)
candidates who take Chemistry other than the package offered by schools.
Three structured questions on routine practical work and/or design of experiments will be set.
MEC will not be strictly bound by the syllabus in setting questions. Where appropriate, candidates
will be given sufficient information to enable them to answer the questions. Only knowledge of theory
within the syllabus and knowledge of usual laboratory practical procedures will be expected.
The questions to be set will test candidates ability to:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
interpret, draw conclusions from and evaluate observations and experimental (including
graphical) data,
(e)
(f)
describe tests for gases, ions, oxidising and reducing agents, and/or make deductions from
such tests.
32
Volumetric analysis
Experimental procedures and calculations such as purity determination and stoichiometry
from volumetric analysis of acid-base and redox titrations will be assessed.
(b)
(c)
Techniques
Techniques involving qualitative analysis of ions and functional groups and synthesis will
be assessed. It will be assumed that candidates will be familiar with the simple reactions of
the following ions: NH4+, Mg2+, Al3+, Ca2+, Cr3+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Ba2+,
Pb2+, CO32 , NO3 , NO2 , S2 , SO42 , SO32 , S2O32 , Cl , Br , I , MnO4 , CH3CO2 , C2O42 .
Knowledge of simple organic reactions, e.g. test-tube reactions indicating the presence of
unsaturation and functional groups will be required.
The substances to be asked in questions may contain ions not included in the above list; in
such cases, candidates will not be expected to identify the ions but to draw conclusions of a
general nature.
33
Scheme of Assessment
Term of
Study
Paper Code
and Name
First
Term
962/1
Chemistry
Paper 1
Mark
(Weighting)
Type of Test
Written Test
Duration
Administration
1 hours
Central
assessment
1 hours
Central
assessment
1 hours
Central
assessment
60
(26.67%)
Section A
15 compulsory multiple-choice
questions to be answered.
15
Section B
2 compulsory structured questions
to be answered.
15
Section C
2 questions to be answered out of 3
essay questions.
30
962/2
Chemistry
Paper 2
Written Test
60
(26.67%)
Section A
15 compulsory multiple-choice
questions to be answered.
15
Section B
2 compulsory structured questions
to be answered.
15
Section C
2 questions to be answered out of 3
essay questions.
30
962/3
Chemistry
Paper 3
Written Test
60
(26.67%)
Section A
15 compulsory multiple-choice to
be answered.
15
Section B
2 compulsory structured questions
to be answered.
15
Section C
2 questions to be answered out of 3
essay questions.
30
34
Term of
Study
First,
Second
and
Third
Terms
Paper Code
and Name
Mark
(Weighting)
Type of Test
962/5
Chemistry
Paper 5
962/4
Chemistry
Paper 4
School-based Assessment of
Practical
35
45
(20%)
225
to be
scaled to
45
(20%)
Duration
Administration
1 hours
Central
assessment
Throughout
the three
terms
School-based
assessment
Performance Descriptions
A Grade A candidate is likely able to:
(a)
(b)
(c)
select and synthesise data from various sources and present it in a clear logical form;
(d)
solve problems in any situation which may involve a wide range of variables;
(e)
(b)
(c)
(d)
solve a problem involving more than one step, but with a limited range of variables;
(e)
36
Common symbol
m
t
I
n
T
, T
V
cell potential
electromotive force
gas constant
Ecell
E
R
half-life
t 12
Ar
Ar
Mr
M
Vm
A
Z
N
L
F
c
C
q
H
H
I
c
h
e
E
E
o
Ecell
Unit
kg, g
m
s
A
mol
C, K
C, K
m3, dm3, cm3
kg m 3, g dm 3, g cm
Pa, atm
Hz
m, mm, nm
ms 1
Js
C
V
V
V
V
V
J K 1 mol
s
a.m.u.
g mol 1
dm3 mol
o
H lattice
bond energy
electron affinity
mol 1
C mol 1
Jg1 C 1
J C1
J, kJ
J, kJ
J mol 1, kJ mol
kJ mol 1
kJ mol 1
kJ mol
kJ mol
37
1
1
Quantity
rate constant
equilibrium constant
acid dissociation constant
base dissociation constant
mole fraction
concentration
solubility product
ionic product of water
Common symbol
k
K, Kp, Kc
Ka
Kb
x
c
Ksp
Kw
38
Unit
as appropriate
as appropriate
mol dm 3
mol dm 3
mol dm 3
as appropriate
mol2 dm 6
Periodic Table
Group
1
(I)
1.0
H
2
(II)
6.9
Li
9.0
Be
10
11
12
13
(III)
14
(IV)
15
(V)
16
(VI)
17
(VII)
18
(VIII)
4.0
He
2
10.8
B
12.0
C
14.0
N
16.0
O
19.0
F
1
a
X
b
39
27.0
Al
13
69.7
Ga
31
28.1
Si
14
72.6
Ge
32
31.0
P
15
74.9
As
33
32.1
S
16
79.0
Se
34
35.5
Cl
17
79.9
Br
35
20.2
Ne
10
40.0
Ar
18
83.8
Kr
36
23.0
Na
11
39.1
K
19
24.3
Mg
12
40.1
Ca
20
45.0
Sc
21
47.9
Ti
22
50.9
V
23
52.0
Cr
24
54.9
Mn
25
55.8
Fe
26
58.9
Co
27
58.7
Ni
28
63.5
Cu
29
65.4
Zn
30
85.5
Rb
37
133
Cs
55
[223]
Fr
87
87.6
Sr
38
137
Ba
56
[226]
Ra
88
88.9
Y
39
175.0
Lu
71
[262]
Lr
103
91.2
Zr
40
178
Hf
72
[261]
Rf
104
92.9
Nb
41
181
Ta
73
[262]
Db
105
95.9
Mo
42
184
W
74
[263]
Sg
106
[98]
Tc
43
186
Re
75
[264]
Bh
107
101
Ru
44
190
Os
76
[265]
Hs
108
103
Rh
45
192
Ir
77
[266]
Mt
109
106
Pd
46
195
Pt
78
[269]
Uuu]
110
108
Ag
47
197
Au
79
[272]
Uuu
111
112
Cd
48
201
Hg
80
[277]
Uub
112
115
In
49
204
Ti
81
119
Sn
50
207
Pb
82
122
Sb
51
209
Bi
83
128
Te
52
[209]
Po
84
127
I
53
[210]
At
85
131
Xe
54
[222]
Rn
86
140
Ce
58
141
Pr
59
144
Nd
60
[145]
Pm
61
150
Sm
62
152
Eu
63
157
Gd
64
159
Tb
65
163
Dy
66
165
Ho
67
167
Er
68
169
Tm
69
173
Yb
70
232
Th
90
231
Pa
91
238
U
92
237
Np
93
[244]
Pu
94
[243]
Am
95
[247]
Cm
96
[247]
Bk
97
[251]
Cf
98
[252]
Es
99
[257]
Fm
100
[258]
Md
101
[259]
No
102
Lanthanides
139
La
57
Actinides
227
Ac
89
Reference Books
Teachers and candidates may use books specially written for the STPM examination and other
reference books such as those listed below.
1.
Cann, P. and Hughes, P., 2002. Chemistry for Advanced Level. London: John Murray.
2.
Clugston, M. and Flemming, R., 2000. Advanced Chemistry. New York: Oxford.
3.
Lister, T. and Renshaw, J., 2000. Understanding Chemistry for Advanced Level. 3rd edition.
Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes.
4.
Ramsden, E.N., 2000. A-Level Chemistry. 4th edition. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes.
5.
Brown, T.L. et al., 2006. Chemistry: The Central Science. 10th edition. New Jersey: Pearson.
6.
Chang, R., 2007. Chemistry. 9th edition. New York: McGraw Hill.
7.
Hill, G. and Holman, J., 2000. Chemistry in Context. 5th edition. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes.
8.
Moore, J.W., Stanitski, C.L., and Jurs, P.C., 2008. Chemistry The Molecular Science. 3rd
edition. California: Thomson Brooks/Cole.
9.
Solomons, G. and Fryhle, C., 2008. Organic Chemistry. 9th edition. New Jersey: John Wiley &
Sons.
10.
Brown, W. and Poon, T., 2005. Introduction to Organic Chemistry. 3rd edition. New Jersey:
John Wiley & Sons.
11.
McMurry, J. and Simanek, E., 2007. Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry. 6th edition.
California: Thomson Brooks/Cole.
12.
Housecroft, C.E. and Sharpe, A.G., 2005. Inorganic Chemistry. 2nd edition. Essex: Pearson.
13.
Brady, J.E. and Senese, F., 2004. Chemistry. 4th edition. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
14.
Freemantle, M., 1997. Chemistry in Action. 2nd edition. London: Thomson Learning.
40
SPECIMEN PAPER
962/1
STPM
CHEMISTRY (KIMIA)
PAPER 1 (KERTAS 1)
One and a half hours (Satu jam setengah)
Instructions to candidates:
DO NOT OPEN THIS QUESTION PAPER UNTIL YOU ARE
TOLD TO DO SO.
There are fifteen questions in Section A. For each question, four choices
of answers are given. Choose one correct answer and indicate it on the
Multiple-choice Answer Sheet provided. Read the instructions on the
Multiple-choice Answer Sheet very carefully. Answer all questions. Marks
will not be deducted for wrong answers.
Answer all questions in Section B. Write your answers in the spaces
provided.
Answer any two questions in Section C. All essential working should be
shown. For numerical answers, unit should be quoted wherever appropriate.
Begin each answer on a fresh sheet of paper and arrange your answers in
numerical order.
Tear off the front page of this question paper and your answer sheets of
Section B, and tie both of them together with your answer sheets of Section C.
Answers may be written in either English or Bahasa Malaysia.
Total
(Jumlah)
41
blank page.
halaman kosong.)
BLANK PAGE
962/1
42
HALAMAN KOSONG
962/1
43
Which particle has the correct corresponding number of electrons and number of neutrons?
Particle
Number of electrons
Number of neutrons
10
16
7
18
2
8O
19
9F
19
79
35 Br
34
44
99.63
0.37
0
14
15 Mass/charge
C 4
D 6
C Al2O3
D Mg3N2
B 3
B SiCl4
Which molecule possesses polar bonds but its overall molecular dipole moment is zero?
A NH3
B H2S
C CCl4
962/1
44
D CH3Cl
Nombor elektron
Nombor neutron
10
16
7
18
2
8O
19
9F
19
79
35 Br
34
44
99.63
100
0.37
0
14
15
Jisim/cas
B 3
C 4
D 6
C Al2O3
D Mg3N2
B SiCl4
5 Molekul yang manakah yang mempunyai ikatan berkutub tetapi jumlah momen dwikutubnya
molekulnya adalah sifar?
A NH3
B H2S
C CCl4
D CH3Cl
962/1
45
7 A mixture of 8.0 g of a monoatomic gas X and an unknown quantity of mass of diatomic gas Y
has a volume of V m3 at s.t.p. When 20.0 g of gas X is added to the mixture under the same
conditions, the volume of the mixture is 2V m3. What is the quantity of gas Y in the mixture?
[Relative atomic masses of X and Y are 4 and 1 respectively. Assume that gas X does not react
with gas Y.]
A 1g
B 2g
C 5g
D 6g
8 Boron nitride, BN, can exist in two different forms P and Q. P has a layered giant molecular
lattice with weak forces between the layers. Q has a giant lattice in which each atom is bonded to
another by four covalent bonds. The following statements are regarding P and Q.
I P and Q have high melting points.
II P and Q have the same density.
III Structure Q is harder than structure P.
IV Structure Q conducts electricity in molten state.
Which statements about P and Q are correct?
A I and II
B I and III
C II and IV
D III and IV
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7 Satu campuran 8.0 g gas monoatom X dan satu kuantiti gas dwiatom Y yang tidak diketahui
jisimnya mempunyai isi padu V m3 pada s.t.p. Apabila 20.0 g gas X ditambahkan kepada campuran
itu pada keadaan yang sama, isi padu campuran itu ialah 2V m3. Berapakah kuantiti gas Y dalam
campuran itu?
[Jisim atom relatif bagi X dan Y masing-masing ialah 4 dan 1. Anggap bahawa gas X tidak
bertindak balas dengan gas Y.]
A 1g
B 2g
C 5g
D 6g
8 Boron nitrida, BN, boleh wujud dalam dua bentuk yang berbeza, P dan Q. P mempunyai lapisan
kekisi molekul raksasa dengan daya yang lemah antara lapisan. Q mempunyai kekisi raksasa yang
mana setiap atom terikat kepada atom yang lain oleh empat ikatan kovalen. Penyataan yang berikut
berkaitan dengan P dan Q.
I P dan Q mepunyai takat lebur yang tinggi
II P dan Q mempunyai ketumpatan yang sama
III Struktur Q lebih keras daripada struktur P
IV Struktur Q mengkonduksi elektik dalam keadaan leburan
Penyataan yang manakah yang betul tentang P dan Q?
A I dan II
B I dan III
C II dan IV
D III dan IV
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9 The distribution of molecular kinetic energy of a gas at 279 K and 289 K is shown by the
Maxwell-Bltzman graph below.
Number of
molecules
Kinetic energy
Which statement best explains why the rate of reaction in a gas sample at 279 K increases two
folds when the temperature is increased to 289 K?
A The number of collisions increases two fold.
B The total area under the curve increases two fold.
C The average velocity of the molecules increases two fold.
D The numbers of molecules with energy equal to or greater than Ea increases two fold.
Ea
RT
B 10.5 kJ mol
C 38.1 kJ mol
D 87.5 kJ mol
R + S
CaO(s) + CO2(g)
10
11
atm at 500 K.
48
9 Taburan tenaga kinetik bagi gas pada 279 K dan 289 K ditunjukkan dalam graf MaxwellBltzman di bawah.
Bilangan
molekul
Tenaga kinetik
Penyataan yang manakah yang paling baik menerangkan mengapa kadar tindak balas dalam
sampel gas pada 279 K bertambah dua kali ganda apabila suhu dinaikkan kepada 289 K?
A Bilangan perlanggaran bertambah dua kali ganda.
B Jumlah luas kawasan di bawah lengkung bertambah dua kali ganda.
C Halaju purata molekul bertambah dua kali ganda.
D Bilangan molekul dengan tenaga yang sama atau lebih besar daripada Ea bertambah dua kali
ganda.
Ea
10 Persamaan Arrhenius diberikan sebagai k = Ae RT . Satu tindak balas berlaku 27 lebih cepat pada
52 C berbanding 22 C. Berapakah tenaga pengaktifan bagi tindak balas ini?
[Pemalar gas, R ialah 8.31 J K 1 mol 1]
A 1.04 kJ mol
B 10.5 kJ mol
C 38.1 kJ mol
D 87.5 kJ mol
R + S
CaO(p) + CO2(g)
10
11
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A Lewis acid
B Lewis base
C Brnsted-Lowry acid
D Brnsted-Lowry base
14 The following quantities may change when 0.10 mol dm3 ethanoic acid is diluted with water at
298 K.
I Acid dissociation constant
II pH value
III Degree of dissociation
IV Ionic product of water
Which quantities will change?
A I and II
B I and IV
C II and III
D III and IV
15 The graph below shows the variation of pH for the titration of 25.0 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm 3 aqueous
ammonia solution with 0.2 mol dm 3 hydrochloric acid.
pH
B q
C r
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D s
A asid Lewis
B bes Lewis
C asid Brnsted-Lowry
D bes Brnsted-Lowry
14 Kuantiti yang berikut boleh berubah apabila asid etanoik 0.10 mol dm3 dicairkan dengan air pada
298 K.
I Pemalar penceraian asid
II Nilai pH
III Darjah penceraian
IV Hasil darab ion bagi air
Kuantiti yang manakah yang akan berubah?
A I dan II
B I dan IV
C II dan III
D III dan IV
15 Graf di bawah menunjukkan ubahan pH bagi pentitratan 25.0 cm3 larutan akueus ammonia
0.2 mol dm 3 dengan asid hidroklorik 0.2 mol dm 3.
pH
B q
C r
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D s
BLANK PAGE
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52
HALAMAN KOSONG
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53
Source of particles
(a)
[1 mark]
....................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Draw the paths of the beams of electrons and hydrogen ions in the above diagram.
[2 marks]
(iii) If a beam of deuterium ions is passed through the electric field, explain the difference in
deflection angle between the beam of hydrogens ions and that of deuterium ions.
[2 marks]
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
(b) P+ and Q ions are isoelectronic with the
(i) State the nucleon number of the
40
18 X
40
18 X
isotope.
isotope.
[1 mark]
....................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Identity P+ and Q ions.
[2 marks]
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
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Sumber zarah
(a)
[1 markah]
....................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Lukis laluan alur elektron dan ion hidrogen pada gambar rajah di atas.
[2 markah]
(iii) Jika alur ion deuterium dilalukan melalui medan elektrik tersebut, jelaskan perbezaan
sudut pesongan antara alur ion hidrogen dengan alur ion deuterium.
[2 markah]
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
(b) Ion P+ and ion Q adalah isoelektronik dengan isotop
(i) Nyatakan nombor nukleon bagi isotop
40
18 X .
40
18 X .
[1 markah]
....................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Kenal pasti ion P+ dan ion Q.
[2 markah]
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
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17 The table below shows the temperature and pressure of critical point and triple point of substance
X.
Temperature/ C
Pressure/atm
Critical point
31
73
Triple point
57
[4 marks]
[1 mark]
....................................................................................................................................................................
(c) Solid X is known as dry ice.
(i) How is liquid X produced from dry ice?
[1 mark]
....................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) State an industrial use for dry ice.
[1 mark]
....................................................................................................................................................................
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17 Jadual di bawah menunjukkan suhu dan tekanan bagi takat genting dan takat ganda tiga bahan X.
Suhu/ C
Tekanan/atm
Takat genting
31
73
57
Pada tekanan atmosfera, X memejalwap pada suhu 78 C. Takat beku X bertambah sebanyak
2 C bagi setiap pertambahan tekanan 10 atm.
(a) Menggunakan maklumat di atas, lakar dan label gambar rajah fasa X.
[4 markah]
[1 markah]
....................................................................................................................................................................
(c) Pepejal X dikenal sebagai ais kering.
(i) Bagaimanakah cecair X dihasilkan daripada ais kering?
[1 markah]
....................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Nyatakan satu kegunaan industri ais kering.
[1 markah]
....................................................................................................................................................................
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BLANK PAGE
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HALAMAN KOSONG
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59
[1 mark]
(ii) Draw a labelled diagram illustrating the shapes of all the orbitals of an oxygen atom
with quantum number n = 2.
[3 marks]
(iii) Draw a labelled diagram to illustrate the overlapping of orbitals in a water molecule.
[3 marks]
(b) Draw the Lewis structures for ion I3 and molecule SF6, and state their geometries. [4 marks]
State why
(i) compound SF6 is used as an insulating gas in high voltage electrical appliances,
[1 mark]
(ii) compound SI6 does not exist,
[1 mark]
(iii) I3 and Br3 ions exist but F3 ion does not exist under normal conditions.
[2 marks]
19 Aqueous chlorine dioxide solution reacts with an alkaline solution according to the following
equation.
2ClO2(aq) + 2OH (aq)
[2 marks]
(b) The results of the kinetic experiment of the reaction of aqueous chlorine dioxide solution are
shown in the table below.
Experiment
number
[ClO2]/
mol dm 3
[OH ]/
mol dm 3
Initial rate/
mol dm 3 s 1
0.0575
0.0216
8.21 10
0.0713
0.0216
1.26 10
0.0575
0.0333
1.26 10
[7 marks]
[2 marks]
(iii) Calculate the pH of the aqueous chlorine dioxide solution, if its concentration is
0.100 mol dm 3 and the initial rate of the disproportionation reaction is 3.56 10 2 mol dm 3 s 1.
[4 marks]
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[1 markah]
(ii) Lukis gambar rajah berlabel yang mengilustrasikan bentuk semua orbital bagi atom
oksigen dengan nombor kuantum n = 2.
[3 markah]
(iii) Lukis gambar rajah berlabel untuk mengilustrasi pertindihan orbital dalam molekul air.
[3 markah]
(b) Lukis struktur Lewis bagi ion I3 dan molekul SF6, dan nyatakan geometri bagi ion I3 dan
molekul SF6.
[4 markah]
Nyatakan mengapa
(i) sebatian SF6 digunakan sebagai gas penebat dalam alat-alat elektrik bervoltan tinggi,
[1 markah]
(ii) sebatian SI6 tidak wujud,
[1 markah]
(iii) ion I3 dan ion Br3 wujud tetapi ion F3 tidak wujud dalam keadaan biasa.
[2 markah]
19 Larutan klorin dioksida akueus bertindak balas dengan larutan beralkali mengikut persamaan yang
berikut.
2ClO2(ak) + 2OH (ak)
[2 markah]
(b) Keputusan uji kaji kinetik dalam tindak balas larutan akueus klorin dioksida ditunjukkan
dalam jadual di bawah.
Nombor
uji kaji
[ClO2]/
mol dm 3
[OH ]/
mol dm 3
0.0575
0.0216
8.21 10
0.0713
0.0216
1.26 10
0.0575
0.0333
1.26 10
Kadar awal/
mol dm 3 s 1
[7 markah]
[2 markah]
(iii) Hitung pH larutan akueus klorin dioksida, jika kepekatannya ialah 0.100 mol dm 3 dan
kadar awal tindak balas penyahkadarannya ialah 3.56 10 2 mol dm 3 s 1.
[4 markah]
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20 (a) The Haber process is used in the industrial production of ammonia. The equation for the
reaction is as follows.
N2(g) + 3H2(g)
2NH3(g)
H = 92 kJ mol
An analysis of an equilibrium mixture obtained from the mixing of gaseous nitrogen and
hydrogen shows a composition of 40% of ammonia when the total pressure of the system is 20 atm.
(i) Determine the mole fraction of nitrogen, hydrogen and ammonia.
[3 marks]
(ii) Calculate the partial pressures for nitrogen, hydrogen and ammonia.
[2 marks]
[2 marks]
(b) In an experiment, 0.100 moles of dinitrogen tetraoxide gas is allowed to dissociate to nitrogen
dioxide gas in a 1.0 dm3 container at 383 K. The graph of concentrations of both gases against time is
shown below.
Concentration/
mol dm 3
Time/min
(i) Calculate the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the above reaction at 383 K.
383 K.
[4 marks]
(ii) Calculate the pressure in the container after the system had attained equilibrium at
[4 marks]
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20 (a) Proses Haber digunakan dalam penghasilan industri ammonia. Persamaan bagi tindak balas
adalah seperti yang berikut.
N2(g) + 3H2(g)
2NH3(g)
H = 92 kJ mol
Analisis suatu campuran keseimbangan yang diperoleh daripada campuran gas nitrogen dan
hidrogen menunjukkan komposisi ammonia 40% apabila jumlah tekanan sistem adalah 20 atm.
(i) Tentukan pecahan mol nitrogen, hidrogen, dan ammonia.
[3 markah]
[2 markah]
[2 markah]
(b) Dalam satu uji kaji, 0.100 mol gas dinitrogen tetraoksida dibiarkan tercerai kepada gas
nitrogen dioksida di dalam bekas 1.0 dm3 pada 383 K. Graf kepekatan kedua-dua gas itu lawan masa
ditunjukkan di bawah.
Kepekatan/
mol dm 3
Masa/min
(i) Hitung pemalar keseimbangan, Kc, bagi tindak balas di atas pada 383 K.
[4 markah]
(ii) Hitung tekanan dalam bekas selepas sistem mencapai keseimbangan pada 383 K.
[4 markah]
[Pemalar gas, R, ialah 8.31 J K 1 mol 1.]
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64
SPECIMEN PAPER
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STPM
CHEMISTRY (KIMIA)
PAPER 2 (KERTAS 2)
One and a half hours (Satu jam setengah)
Instructions to candidates:
DO NOT OPEN THIS QUESTION PAPER UNTIL YOU ARE
TOLD TO DO SO.
There are fifteen questions in Section A. For each question, four choices
of answers are given. Choose one correct answer and indicate it on the
Multiple-choice Answer Sheet provided. Read the instructions on the
Multiple-choice Answer Sheet very carefully. Answer all questions. Marks
will not be deducted for wrong answers.
Answer all questions in Section B. Write your answers in the spaces
provided.
Answer any two questions in Section C. All essential working should be
shown. For numerical answers, unit should be quoted wherever appropriate.
Begin each answer on a fresh sheet of paper and arrange your answers in
numerical order.
Tear off the front page of this question paper and your answer sheets of
Section B, and tie both of them together with your answer sheets of Section C.
Answers may be written in either English or Bahasa Malaysia.
Total
(Jumlah)
65
blank page.
halaman kosong.)
BLANK PAGE
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66
HALAMAN KOSONG
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67
Na(g)
B Na(l)
Na(g)
C Na(l)
Na+(g) + e
D Na(g)
Na+(g) + e
The diagram below shows the Born-Haber cycle for the formation of sodium fluoride.
574 kJ mol
Na(s) + F2(g)
+107 kJ mol
+496 kJ mol
NaF(s)
+79 kJ mol
Na(g)
F(g)
928 kJ mol
275 kJ mol
Na+(g) + F (g)
What is the electron affinity of fluorine?
A
3
820 kJ mol
328 kJ mol
246 kJ mol
B Na+
C K+
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D Rb+
Na(g)
B Na(c)
Na(g)
C Na(c)
Na+(g) + e
D Na(g)
Na+(g) + e
Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan kitar Born-Haber bagi pembentukan natrium fluorida.
574 kJ mol
Na(p) + F2(g)
+107 kJ mol
+496 kJ mol
NaF(p)
+79 kJ mol
Na(g)
F(g)
928 kJ mol
275 kJ mol
Na+(g) + F (g)
Berapakah afiniti elektron fluorin?
A
3
820 kJ mol
328 kJ mol
246 kJ mol
B Na+
C K+
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D Rb+
The standard reduction potentials, E , for oxygen and manganese are as follows.
Electrode system
E /V
+0.68
+1.52
The chemical cell constructed by combining the two half-cells above may have the following
results.
I Mn2+ ion undergoes reduction to form MnO4 ion.
II H2O2 undergoes oxidation to form O2.
III The platinum electrode for oxygen half-cell is the positive electrode.
IV The e.m.f. of the cell is +0.84 V.
Which of the above statements are true for the chemical cell formed?
A I and II
B I and III
C II and IV
D III and IV
5 The graph below shows the standard reduction potentials, E , for the half-cell reactions of five
elements, P, Q, R, S and T.
E /V
Element
It can be concluded that from P to T,
A the electronegativity of the elements increases
B the chemical reactivity of the elements decreases
C the strength of the elements as reducing agents increases
D
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Keupayaan penurunan piawai, E , bagi oksigen dan mangan adalah seperti yang berikut.
Sistem elektrod
E /V
+0.68
+1.52
Sel kimia yang dibina daripada gabungan dua setengah sel di atas mungkin mempunyai keputusan
yang berikut.
I Ion Mn2+ mengalami penurunan untuk membentuk ion MnO4 .
II H2O2 mengalami pengoksidaan untuk membentuk O2.
III Elektrod platinum bagi setengah sel oksigen ialah elektrod positif.
IV D.g.e. sel ialah +0.84 V.
Penyataan di atas yang manakah yang benar bagi sel kimia yang terbentuk?
A I dan II
B I dan III
C II dan IV
D III dan IV
5 Graf di bawah menunjukkan keupayaan penurunan piawai, E , bagi tindak balas setengah sel lima
unsur, P, Q, R, S, dan T.
E /V
Unsur
Dapat disimpulkan bahawa daripada P hingga T,
A keelektronegatifan unsur-unsur bertambah
B kereaktifan kimia unsur-unsur berkurang
C kekuatan unsur-unsur sebagai agen penurunan bertambah
D
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The standard reduction potentials, E , for several copper and iron species are given below.
Electrode system
2+
E /V
Cu (aq)/Cu (aq)
+0.15
2+
Cu (aq)/Cu(s)
+0.34
Cu+(aq)/Cu(s)
+0.52
Fe2+(aq)/Fe(s)
0.44
Fe3+(aq)/Fe(s)
0.04
3+
2+
Fe (aq)/Fe (aq)
+0.77
B XY2
C X2Y
D X2Y2
The solubilities of two sulphates of Group 2 elements in the Periodic Table are given below.
Compound
CaSO4
2.3
10
BaSO4
2.3
10
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Keupayaan penurunan piawai, E , bagi beberapa spesis kuprum dan ferum diberikan di bawah.
Sistem elektrod
2+
E /V
Cu (ak)/Cu (ak)
+0.15
2+
Cu (ak)/Cu(p)
+0.34
Cu+(ak)/Cu(p)
+0.52
Fe2+(ak)/Fe(p)
0.44
Fe3+(ak)/Fe(p)
0.04
3+
2+
Fe (ak)/Fe (ak)
+0.77
B XY2
C X2Y
D X2Y2
Keterlarutan dua sulfat unsur Kumpulan 2 dalam Jadual Berkala diberikan di bawah.
Sebatian
CaSO4
2.3
10
BaSO4
2.3
10
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10 A tetrachloride of Group 14, XCl4, of the Periodic Table is thermally unstable and easily
hydrolysed. It decomposes at room temperature according the equation:
XCl4
XCl2 + Cl2
What is X ?
A Carbon
B Silicon
C Germanium
D Lead
11 Which statement is true of the oxides of Group 14 elements of the Periodic Table?
A All the oxides have covalent bonds.
B The oxides with +4 oxidation state can react with alkalis.
C The oxides with +4 oxidation state are more stable down the group.
D The acidity of the oxides with +2 oxidation state increases down the group.
12 An aqueous solution of X, a mixture of two compounds, has the following properties.
(i) Decomposes in the presence of light to form a gas.
(ii) Reacts with aqueous barium hydroxide to form salt and water.
(iii) Reacts with aqueous silver nitrate to form a precipitate which can dissolve in aqueous
ammonia.
The following compounds may be found in an aqueous solution of X.
I HCl
II HBr
III HOCl
IV NH4Cl
What could X be?
A I and II
B I and III
C II and IV
D III and IV
13 Halogens or their compounds are not used
A as detergents
B in photography
C as propellant in aerosol
D in the sterilisation of water
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10 Satu tetraklorida Kumpulan 14, XCl4, Jadual Berkala tidak stabil secara terma dan mudah
terhidrolisis. Tetraklorida itu terurai pada suhu bilik mengikut persamaan:
XCl4
XCl2 + Cl2
Apakah X ?
A Karbon
B Silikon
C Germanium
D Plumbum
11 Penyataan yang manakah yang benar tentang oksida unsur Kumpulan 14 Jadual Berkala?
A Kesemua oksida mempunyai ikatan kovalen.
B Oksida dengan keadaan pengoksidaan +4 boleh bertindak balas dengan alkali.
C Oksida dengan keadaan pengoksidaan +4 lebih stabil apabila menuruni kumpulan.
D Keasidan oksida dengan keadaan pengoksidaan +2 bertambah apabila menuruni kumpulan.
12 Satu larutan akueus X, suatu campuran dua sebatian, mempunyai sifat-sifat yang berikut.
(i) Terurai dalam kehadiran cahaya untuk membentuk gas.
(ii) Bertindak balas dengan akueus barium hidroksida untuk membentuk garam dan air.
(iii) Bertindak balas dengan akueus argentum nitrat untuk membentuk mendakan yang
melarut dalam ammonia akueus.
Sebatian yang berikut mungkin terdapat dalam larutan akueus X.
I HCl
II HBr
III HOCl
IV NH4Cl
Apakah X ?
A I dan II
B I dan III
C II dan IV
D III dan IV
13 Halogen atau sebatiannya tidak digunakan
A sebagai detergen
B dalam fotografi
C sebagai propelan dalam aerosol
D dalam pensterilan air
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14 In which compound does the transition element have the lowest oxidation state?
A NH4VO3
B K3Fe(CN)6
C CrO2Cl2
D MnC2O4
15 A transition element can act as a homogeneous catalyst because
A it exhibits variable oxidation states
B it decreases the enthalpy of reactions
C it supplies energy to increase the rate of effective collisions
D it supplies electrons to facilitate adsorption through the formation of temporary bonds
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14 Sebatian yang manakah unsur peralihannya mempunyai keadaan pengoksidaan paling rendah?
A NH4VO3
B K3Fe(CN)6
C CrO2Cl2
D MnC2O4
15 Unsur peralihan boleh bertindak sebagai mangkin homogen kerana
A unsur peralihan mempamerkan keadaan pengoksidaan yang berubah
B unsur peralihan mengurangkan entalpi tindak balas
C unsur peralihan membekalkan tenaga untuk menambah kadar perlanggaran efektif
D unsur peralihan membekalkan elektron untuk memudahkan penjerapan melalui pembentukan
ikatan sementara.
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BLANK PAGE
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HALAMAN KOSONG
962/2
79
(i) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between lead(II) oxide and aqueous nitric
[1 mark]
....................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) What is the property shown by lead(II) oxide in the reaction in part (i)?
[1 mark]
....................................................................................................................................................................
(iii) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between lead(IV) oxide and concentrated
hydrochloric acid.
[1 mark]
....................................................................................................................................................................
(iv) State the change in the oxidation number of lead in the reaction in part (iii).
[1 mark]
....................................................................................................................................................................
(v) What is the property shown by lead(IV) oxide in this reaction?
[1 mark]
...................................................................................................................................................................
(vi) State the relative stability of lead(II) and lead(IV) compounds.
[1 mark]
...................................................................................................................................................................
(b) PbCl4 is a liquid at room temperature and undergoes hydrolysis.
(i) State the geometrical shape of PbCl4.
[1 mark]
....................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Why does PbCl4 undergo hydrolysis?
[1 mark]
....................................................................................................................................................................
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....................................................................................................................................................................
(iii) Tulis persamaan berimbang bagi tindak balas antara plumbum(IV) oksida dengan asid
hdroklorik pekat.
[1 markah]
....................................................................................................................................................................
(iii).
(iv) Nyatakan perubahan nombor pengoksidaan plumbum dalam tindak balas pada bahagian
[1 markah]
....................................................................................................................................................................
(v) Apakah sifat yang ditunjukkan oleh plumbum(IV) oksida dalam tindak balas ini?
[1 markah]
...................................................................................................................................................................
(vi) Nyatakan kestabilan relatif sebatian plumbum(II) dan sebatian plumbum(IV).
[1 markah]
...................................................................................................................................................................
(b) PbCl4 adalah cecair pada suhu bilik dan mengalami hidrolisis.
(i) Nyatakan bentuk geometri PbCl4.
[1 markah]
....................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Mengapakah PbCl4 mengalami hidrolisis?
[1 markah]
....................................................................................................................................................................
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17 (a) A bleach liquid can be prepared from the reaction of chlorine with aqueous solution of
sodium hydroxide at room temperature.
(i) Write a balanced ionic equation for the reaction that occurs.
[1 mark]
....................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) State the change in oxidation state of chlorine in the reaction.
[1 mark]
....................................................................................................................................................................
(iii) State the active substance of bleaching liquid formed.
[1 mark]
....................................................................................................................................................................
(b) Photochromic glass is made based on the concept of black-white photography.
(i) What is the additive substance of photochromic glass?
[1 mark]
....................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) State what happens when photochromic glass is exposed to light, and write a balanced
equation for the reaction.
[3 marks]
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
Equation:....................................................................................................................................................
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17 (a) Satu cecair peluntur boleh disediakan daripada tindak balas klorin dengan larutan akueus
natrium hidroksida pada suhu bilik.
(i) Tulis persamaan berimbang bagi tindak balas yang berlaku.
[1 markah]
....................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Nyatakan perubahan keadaan pengoksidaan klorin dalam tindak balas itu.
[1 markah]
....................................................................................................................................................................
(iii) Nyatakan bahan aktif cecair peluntur yang terbentuk.
[1 markah]
....................................................................................................................................................................
(b) Kaca fotokromik dibuat berdasarkan konsep fotografi hitam putih.
Sila koyakkan di sepanjang garis putus-putus ini.
[1 markah]
....................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Nyatakan apakah yang berlaku apabila kaca fotokromik terdedah kepada cahaya, dan
tulis persamaan berimbang bagi tindak balas itu.
[3 markah]
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
Persamaan:................................................................................................................................................
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83
BLANK PAGE
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84
HALAMAN KOSONG
962/2
85
H = 534.0 kJ
N2(g) + 2H2O(g)
chlorine.
Sodium
103
Aluminium
294
Chlorine
20.4
(i) Explain the variations in the enthalpies of vaporisation of sodium, aluminium and
[4 marks]
(ii) Sodium and aluminium react separately with chlorine to form sodium chloride and
aluminium chloride respectively. Which of these compounds has a higher enthalpy of vaporisation?
Justify your answer.
[3 marks]
19 Explain the variations of the following properties on descending Group 2 of the Periodic Table.
Write equations where appropriate.
(a) First ionisation energy of the elements.
[5 marks]
[5 marks]
[5 marks]
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86
H = 534.0 kJ
N2(g) + 2H2O(g)
(i) Dalam satu uji kaji, 1.0 g hidrazina dibakar dalam kalorimeter bom. Hitung perubahan
suhu jika jumlah muatan haba kalorimeter bom dan kandungannya itu ialah 5.86 kJ C1.
[5 markah]
(ii) Entalpi pembentukan wap air ialah 242.0 kJ mol1. Hitung entalpi pembentukan
hidrazina.
[3 markah]
(b) Entalpi pengewapan natrium, aluminium, dan klorin diberikan dalam jadual di bawah.
Unsur
Natrium
103
Aluminium
294
Klorin
20.4
[4 markah]
(ii) Natrium dan aluminium masing-masing bertindak balas secara berasingan dengan
klorin untuk membentuk natrium klorida dan aluminium klorida. Sebatian tersebut yang manakah
yang mempunyai entalpi pegewapan paling tinggi? Justifikasikan jawapan anda.
[3 markah]
19 Jelaskan ubahan sifat yang berikut apabila menuruni Kumpulan 2 Jadual Berkala. Tulis
persamaan di mana-mana yang sesuai.
(a) Tenaga pengionan pertama unsur.
[5 markah]
[5 markah]
[5 markah]
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20 (a) The common oxidation states of the transition metal ions below are +2 and +3. The graph
below shows the trend in standard reduction potentials of M 3+(aq)/M 2+(aq) system of selected
transition metal ions.
Standard
electrode
potential
/V
answer.
(i) Name two ions that have stable +2 oxidation state in aqueous solution. Justify your
[3 marks]
(ii) The standard reduction potentials, E , of several species are given below.
Reaction
E /V
Fe2+ + 2e
Fe
0.44
Fe3+ + 3e
Fe
0.04
Fe3+ + 3e
Fe2+
O2 + 4H+ + 4e
O2 + 2H2O + 4e
+
O2 + 2H + 2e
+1.77
2H2O
+1.23
4OH
H2O2
+0.40
+0.68
Using the appropriate E values, explain why an aqueous solution of iron(II) ions changes
from pale green to yellow when exposed to air.
[6 marks]
(b) (i) Name the complex ions [Ni(NH2CH2CH2NH2)3]2+ and [Ni(CN)4]2 according to IUPAC
nomenclature.
[2 marks]
(ii) Aqueous nickel(II) chloride reacts with aqueous ammonia to form a precipitate X. X
dissolves in excess aqueous ammonia to form a solution Y. Write the equations for the reactions that
occur, and state the colours of X and Y.
[4 marks]
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20 (a) Keadaan pengoksidaan lazim bagi ion logam peralihan di bawah ialah +2 dan +3. Graf
di bawah menunjukkan trend keupayaan penurunan piawai bagi sistem M 3+(ak)/M 2+(ak) bagi ion
logam peralihan yang terpilih.
Keupayaan
elektrod
piawai
/V
(i) Namakan dua ion yang mempunyai keadaan pengoksidaan +2 yang stabil dalam larutan
akueus. Justifikasikan jawapan anda.
[3 markah]
(ii) Keupayaan penurunan piawai, E , bagi beberapa spesis diberikan di bawah.
Tindak balas
Fe2+ + 2e
3+
Fe + 3e
3+
Fe + 3e
Fe
0.44
Fe
Fe
O2 + 4H + 4e
O2 + 2H2O + 4e
O2 + 2H+ + 2e
E /V
0.04
2+
+1.77
2H2O
+1.23
4OH
H2O2
+0.40
+0.68
Dengan menggunakan nilai E yang bersesuaian, jelaskan mengapa larutan akueus ion
ferum(II) berubah daripada hijau pucat kepada kuning apabila terdedah ke udara.
[6 markah]
(b) (i) Namakan ion kompleks [Ni(NH2CH2CH2NH2)3]2+ dan ion kompleks [Ni(CN)4]2
mengikut tatanama IUPAC.
[2 markah]
(ii) Nikel(II) klorida akueus bertindak balas dengan ammonia akueus untuk membentuk
mendakan X. X melarut dalam ammonia akueus berlebihan untuk membentuk larutan Y. Tulis
persamaan bagi tindak balas yang berlaku, dan nyatakan warna X dan Y.
[4 markah]
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90
SPECIMEN PAPER
962/3
STPM
CHEMISTRY (KIMIA)
PAPER 3 (KERTAS 3)
One and a half hours (Satu jam setengah)
Instructions to candidates:
DO NOT OPEN THIS QUESTION PAPER UNTIL YOU ARE
TOLD TO DO SO.
There are fifteen questions in Section A. For each question, four choices
of answers are given. Choose one correct answer and indicate it on the
Multiple-choice Answer Sheet provided. Read the instructions on the
Multiple-choice Answer Sheet very carefully. Answer all questions. Marks
will not be deducted for wrong answers.
Answer all questions in Section B. Write your answers in the spaces
provided.
Answer any two questions in Section C. All essential working should be
shown. For numerical answers, unit should be quoted wherever appropriate.
Begin each answer on a fresh sheet of paper and arrange your answers in
numerical order.
Tear off the front page of this question paper and your answer sheets of
Section B, and tie both of them together with your answer sheets of Section C.
Answers may be written in either English or Bahasa Malaysia.
Total
(Jumlah)
91
blank page.
halaman kosong.)
BLANK PAGE
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HALAMAN KOSONG
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2 When 0.1 mol of hydrocarbon X is burnt in excess oxygen, 17.6 g carbon dioxide is produced.
0.1 mol of X is found to react with 4.48 dm3 of bromine vapour under standard conditions. What is
the possible structural formula of X ?
[Relative atomic massess of C and O are 12.0 and 16.0 respectively ; the molar volume of a gas is
22.4 dm3 at stp.]
A CH3CH=CHCH3
B CH2=C=C=CH2
C CH3CH2CH2CH3
D CH2=CHCH=CH2
3
CH3CH2Cl + HCl
CH3OH + NaBr
C CH3CH=CH2 + HBr
CH3CHBrCH3
D CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH
CH3COOCH2CH3 + H2O
5 A mixture of excess ethane and chlorine is exposed to light. What is the major product of the
reaction?
A Cl3CCH3
B ClCH2CH3
C Cl2CHCH3
D Cl2CHCHCl2
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Sebatian yang manakah yang mempunyai atom karbon yang menunjukkan penghibridan sp3?
A CH2=CH CH=CH2
CH=CH2
B
CH3
C
D H C C H
2 Apabila 0.1 mol hidrokarbon X dibakar dalam oksigen berlebihan, 17.6 g karbon dioksida
dihasilkan. Didapati bahawa 0.1 mol X akan bertindak balas dengan 4.48 dm3 wap bromin dalam
keadaan piawai. Apakah formula struktur yang mungkin bagi X ?
[Jisim atom relatif bagi C dan O masing-masing ialah 12.0 dan 16.0; isi padu molar gas ialah
22.4 dm3 pada stp.]
A CH3CH=CHCH3
B CH2=C=C=CH2
C CH3CH2CH2CH3
D CH2=CHCH=CH2
3
CH3CH2Cl + HCl
CH3OH + NaBr
C CH3CH=CH2 + HBr
CH3CHBrCH3
D CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH
CH3COOCH2CH3 + H2O
5 Satu campuran etana yang berlebihan dan klorin terdedah kepada cahaya. Apakah hasil utama
tindak balas itu?
A Cl3CCH3
B ClCH2CH3
C Cl2CHCH3
D Cl2CHCHCl2
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C6H5CH2NH2 + HBr
(CH3)3COH + NaBr
C CH3CHBrCH3 + KCN
CH3CH(CN)CH3 + KBr
D CH3CH2CH2Br + KOH
CH3CH2CH2OH + KBr
9 When an optically active compound Z is heated with chromic acid, the product formed is not
optically active but react with alkaline iodine. Compound Z could be
A (CH3)2CHCH2OH
B CH3CH2CH(OH)CH2CH3
C CH3CH2CH2CH(OH)CH3
D
CH(OH)CH2CH3
96
6 Satu sebatian organik Z mengalami tindak balas penghidrogenan bermangkin. Z juga bertindak
balas dengan hidrogen bromida untuk membentuk 2-bromopropana.
Formula struktur Z ialah
A CH3CH2CH3
B CH2 CH2
C CH3CH CH2
D CH3CH(OH)CH3
7
C6H5CH2NH2 + HBr
(CH3)3COH + NaBr
C CH3CHBrCH3 + KCN
CH3CH(CN)CH3 + KBr
D CH3CH2CH2Br + KOH
CH3CH2CH2OH + KBr
9 Apabila sebatian Z yang aktif optik dipanaskan dengan asid kromik, hasil yang terbentuk tidak
aktif optik tetapi bertindak balas dengan iodin beralkali. Sebatian Z mungkin
A (CH3)2CHCH2OH
B CH3CH2CH(OH)CH2CH3
C CH3CH2CH2CH(OH)CH3
D
CH(OH)CH2CH3
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C6H5OH
Reagent II
CH3COOC6H5
Reagent II
A Na
CH3COCl
B PCl5
CH3COCl
C PCl5
CH3COOH
D NaOH
CH3COOH
KCN/ethanol
Na/ethanol
Amine
CH
CH
CH2OH
CH3
The peptide is
A a dipeptide
B a tripeptide
C a neutral compound
D an acidic compound
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98
O
N
CH
CH2CH2CH2NH2
OH
11 Sebatian yang manakah yang menghasilkan mendakan kuning apabila bertindak balas dengan
2,4-dinitrofenilhidrazina?
O
A CH3CH2CH2C OH
O
B CH3CH2C OCH3
O
C CH3CH2CH2C Cl
O
D CH3CH2CCH3
12 Fenol digunakan untuk menyediakan CH3COOC6H5 melalui perantaraan X seperti ditunjukkan
dalam skema yang berikut.
Reagen I
C6H5OH
Reagen II
CH3COOC6H5
Reagen II
A Na
CH3COCl
B PCl5
CH3COCl
C PCl5
CH3COOH
D NaOH
CH3COOH
13 Suatu amina dihasilkan dalam dua langkah tindak balas seperti ditunjukkan di bawah.
2-Bromopropana
KCN/etanol
Na/etanol
Amina
CH
CH
CH2OH
CH3
O
N
CH
CH2CH2CH2NH2
OH
Repeating unit
I Poly(propene)
CH(CH3)CH2
II Poly(styrene)
CHCH2CHCH2
III Terylene
OCH2CH2OCO
IV Nylon-6,6
CO(CH2)5NH
CO
Which is the correct match between a polymer and its repeating unit?
A I and II
B I and IV
C II and III
D III and IV
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100
15 Padanan yang berikut adalah tentang polimer dan unit ulangan yang mungkin.
Polimer
I Poli(propena)
II Poli(stirena)
Unit ulangan
CH(CH3)CH2
CHCH2CHCH2
III Terilena
OCH2CH2OCO
IV Nilon-6,6
CO(CH2)5NH
CO
Padanan yang manakah yang betul antara polimer dan unit ulangannya?
A I dan II
B I dan IV
C II dan III
D III dan IV
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BLANK PAGE
962/3
102
HALAMAN KOSONG
962/3
103
(ii) CH3CH2CH2COOH
(b) Write equations for the reactions between benzoyl chloride, C6H5COCl, and the following
compounds, and name the organic products according to the IUPAC nomenclature.
[4 marks]
(i) CH3NH2
(ii) C6H5OH
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104
(ii) CH3CH2CH2COOH
(b) Tulis persamaan bagi tindak balas antara benzoil klorida, C6H5COCl, dengan sebatian yang
berikut, dan namakan hasil-hasil organik itu mengikut tatanama IUPAC.
[4 markah]
(i) CH3NH2
(ii) C6H5OH
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105
17 (a) Compound X is a phenylalanine which is an essential amino acid that must be provided in the
diet for healthy growth. The structural formula of X is given below.
NH2
CH2
CHCOOH
[2 marks]
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Draw the structure of X at isoelectric point. State the direction of the movement of X
when a potential difference is applied to an aqueous solution of X at isoelectric point.
[2 marks]
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
....................................................................................................................................................................
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17 (a) Sebatian X ialah fenilalanina yang merupakan asid amino perlu disediakan dalam diet untuk
pertumbuhan yang sihat. Formula struktur X diberikan di bawah.
NH2
CH2
CHCOOH
[2 markah]
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Lukis struktur X pada takat isoelektrik. Nyatakan arah gerakan X apabila satu beza
keupayaan dikenakan pada larutan akueus X pada takat isoelektrik.
[2 markah]
[1 markah]
[1 markah]
[1 markah]
....................................................................................................................................................................
962/3
107
BLANK PAGE
962/3
108
HALAMAN KOSONG
962/3
109
[2 marks]
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
(iv) Describe a simple chemical test to detect the presence of methylbenzene. Write an
equation for the reaction involved.
[3 marks]
(b) Chlorine gas is bubbled into methylbenzene in the presence of light and in the absence of a
catalyst.
(i) Draw structural formulae of any two organic compounds formed and name them.
[4 marks]
(ii) Write the mechanism for the reaction.
[4 marks]
19 The table below lists the acid dissociation constants, Ka, for three hydroxy compounds in aqueous
solutions at 298 K.
Name of compound
Formula
Ka/mol dm
Cyclohexanol
OH
1.0
10
18
Phenol
OH
1.0
10
10
OH
6.8
10
11
4-Methylphenol
H3C
(a) Arrange the three compounds above in the order of increasing acidity. Justify your answer.
[7 marks]
(b) Describe a chemical test to differentiate the acidity between cyclohexanol and phenol.
[4 marks]
(c) State the reagents and reaction conditions in the oxidation and bromination of
4-methylphenol, and draw the structural formula of the products formed.
[4 marks]
962/3
110
[2 markah]
[1 markah]
[1 markah]
(iv) Perihalkan satu ujian kimia ringkas untuk mengesan kehadiran metilbenzena. Tulis
persamaan bagi tindak balas yang terlibat.
[3 markah]
(b) Gas klorin dilalugelembungkan ke dalam metilbenzena dalam kehadiran cahaya dan dalam
ketakhadiran mangkin.
(i) Lukis formula struktur mana-mana dua sebatian organik yang terbentuk dan
namakannya.
[4 markah]
(ii) Tulis mekanisme bagi tindak balas itu.
[4 markah]
19 Jadual di bawah menyenaraikan pemalar penceraian asid, Ka, bagi tiga sebatian hidroksi dalam
larutan akueus pada 298 K.
Nama sebatian
Formula
Ka/mol dm
Sikloheksanol
OH
1.0
10
18
Fenol
OH
1.0
10
10
OH
6.8
10
11
4-Metilfenol
H3C
(a) Susun tiga sebatian di atas mengikut tertib menaik keasidannya. Justifikasikan jawapan anda.
[7 markah]
(b) Perihalkan satu ujian kimia untuk membezakan keasidan antara sikloheksanol dengan fenol.
[4 markah]
(c) Nyatakan reagen dan keadaan tindak balas dalam pengoksidaan dan pembrominan
4-metilfenol, dan lukis formula struktur hasil yang terbentuk.
[4 markah]
962/3
111
20 A monobasic carboxylic acid Z has the following composition by mass: carbon, 54.5%; hydrogen,
9.1%; and oxygen, 36.4%. Titration of 0.10 g of Z requires 11.40 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm 3 sodium
hyroxide for complete neutralisation. Z can be synthesised from 1-propanol by a three-step reaction as
shown below.
I
II
CH3CH2CH2OH
III
[6 marks]
(b) State the reagents and the conditions required in each of the steps.
[3 marks]
[3 marks]
(d) A mixture of 1-propanol and Z is refluxed with concentrated sulphuric acid. Name the
reaction and the organic product formed, and write a balanced equation for the reaction involved.
[3 marks]
[Relative atomic masses of H, C and O are 1.0, 12.0 and 16.0 respectively.]
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112
20 Satu asid karboksilik monobes Z mempunyai komposisi mengikut jisim: karbon, 54.5%; hidrogen,
9.1%; dan oxigen, 36.4%. Pentitratan 0.10 g Z memerlukan 11.40 cm3 natrium hidroksida
0.100 mol dm 3 untuk peneutralan lengkap. Z dapat disintesiskan daripada 1-propanol melalui tiga
langkah tindak balas seperti ditunjukkan di bawah.
I
CH3CH2CH2OH
II
III
[6 markah]
(b) Nyatakan reagen dan keadaan yang diperlukan dalam setiap langkah itu.
[3 markah]
[3 markah]
(d) Satu campuran 1-propanol dan Z direfluks dengan asid sulfurik pekat. Namakan tindak balas
dan hasil organik yang terbentuk, dan tulis persamaan berimbang bagi tindak balas yang terlibat.
[3 markah]
[Jisim atom relatif bagi H, C, dan O masing-masing ialah 1.0, 12.0, dan 16.0.]
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114
SPECIMEN EXPERIMENT
962/4
STPM
CHEMISTRY
PAPER 4
115
STPM CHEMISTRY
Topic
Thermochemistry
Purpose
Materials :
Procedure :
(a) By means of a pipette, place 10.0 cm3 of KA 1 into a plastic cup. Record the
temperature of KA 1 as the initial temperature of mixture X in the table below.
By means of a measuring cylinder, add 30 cm3 of solution KA 3 into the plastic
cup containing KA 1. Stir mixture X carefully with a thermometer and record the
highest temperature attained in the table below. Pour away mixture X from the
plastic cup. Then clean and rinse the cup with distilled water.
Repeat the above procedure using
(i) 10.0 cm3 of KA 2 to replace KA 1 to obtain mixture Y, and
(ii) 10.0 cm3 of KA 4 and 30 cm3 of KA 5 to replace KA 1 and KA 3
respectively to obtain mixture Z.
Results
Mixture Y
KA 2 + KA 3
Mixture Z
KA 4 + KA 5
Highest temperature/ C
Initial temperature/ C
Increase in temperature/ C
Questions :
(c) If 4.2 Joules is required to raise the temperature by 1 C for 1 cm3 of solution,
calculate the heat released for each of the experiments conducted.
(d) Calculate the number of moles of the following solutions added into the plastic
cup.
(i) Sodium hydroxide
(ii) Potassium hydroxide
(iii) Hydrochloric acid
(iv) Nitric acid
(v) Acid W
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STPM CHEMISTRY
(e) Write an ionic equation for the reaction taking place in mixtures X, Y, and Z.
(f) Calculate the heat of neutralisation for each reaction.
(g)
(i) Explain why the values of the heat of neutralisation you obtained differ in
mixtures X, Y, and Z.
(ii) The heat of neutralisation between a strong acid and a strong base is
57.3 kJ mol 1. How would you improve the given procedure so that an
approximate value of 57.3 kJ mol 1 could be obtained?
962/4
117
118
SPECIMEN PAPER
962/5
STPM
CHEMISTRY (KIMIA)
PAPER 5 (KERTAS 5)
One and a half hours (Satu jam setengah)
Instructions to candidates:
DO NOT OPEN THIS QUESTION PAPER UNTIL YOU ARE
TOLD TO DO SO.
Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.
2
3
Total
(Jumlah)
119
blank page.
halaman kosong.)
(i) State the steps taken in transferring 25.0 cm3 of the aqueous solution of X into the
titration flask by using a pipette.
[3 marks]
(ii) The burette readings for the rough and accurate titrations are shown in the table below.
Complete the table.
[1 mark]
Titration
Accurate
Rough
First
Second
Third
Final reading/cm3
30.0
30.75
30.05
30.90
Initial reading/cm3
1.1
2.20
1.30
2.20
Volume of KMnO4
aqueous solution/cm3
28.9
(iii) By showing the suitable values of titres chosen, calculate the average titre value.
[2 marks]
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120
1 Satu uji kaji telah dijalankan untuk menentukan peratusan ammonium etanadioat, (NH4)2C2O4,
dalam satu campuran dua garam etanadioat.
Larutan akueus X disediakan dengan melarutkan campuran (NH4)2C2O4 dan KHC2O4 dalam air
suling.
(a) Dalam uji kaji ini, 25.0 cm3 larutan akueus X dipipetkan ke dalam kelalang pentitratan diikuti
25 cm3 asid sulfurik dan kemudian dipanaskan ke suhu lebih kurang 60 C. Larutan akues X kemudian
dititratkan dengan larutan akues kalium manganat(VII) 0.02 mol dm 3. Tindak balas yang terlibat
ditunjukkan dengan persamaan yang berikut.
2MnO4 (ak) + 5C2O42 (ak) + 16H+(ak)
(i) Nyatakan langkah-langkah yang diambil untuk memindahkan 25.0 cm3 larutan akueus
X ke dalam kelalang pentitratan dengan menggunakan sebuah pipet.
[3 markah]
(ii) Bacaan buret bagi pentitratan kasar dan jitu ditunjukkan dalam jadual di bawah.
Lengkapkan jadual ini.
[1 markah]
Pentitratan
Kasar
Jitu
Pertama
Kedua
Ketiga
Bacaan akhir/cm3
30.0
30.75
30.05
30.90
Bacaan awal/cm3
1.1
2.20
1.30
2.20
28.9
(iii) Hitung nilai purata titer dengan menunjukkan nilai-nilai titer yang sesuai digunakan.
[2 markah]
962/5
121
(iv) Calculate the concentration, in mol dm 3, of ethanedioate ions C2O42 in the aqueous
solution of X.
[2 marks]
[1 mark]
(b) When 25.0 cm3 of the aqueous solution of X was titrated with 0.05 mol dm 3 aqueous solution
of sodium hydroxide using a suitable indicator, it was found that 12.40 cm3 of aqueous solution of
sodium hydroxide was needed for a complete reaction.
(i) State a suitable indicator used for this titration.
[1 mark]
(ii) State the colour of the solution at the end point of the titration.
[1 mark]
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(iv) Hitung kepekatan, dalam mol dm 3, ion etanadioat C2O42 dalam larutan akueus X.
[2 markah]
(v) Namakan alat radas yang sesuai digunakan untuk menyukat 25 cm3 asid sulfurik.
[1 markah]
(b) Apabila 25.0 cm3 larutan akueus X dititratkan dengan larutan akueus natrium hidroksida
0.05 mol dm 3 dengan menggunakan penunjuk yang sesuai, didapati bahawa 12.40 cm3 larutan akueus
natrium hidroksida diperlukan bagi tindak balas lengkap.
(i) Nyatakan penunjuk yang sesuai digunakan dalam penitratan ini.
[1 markah]
[1 markah]
[2 markah]
[2 markah]
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123
An experiment is carried out to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction.
In the experiment, 50.0 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm 3 hydrogen peroxide solution and 20.0 cm3 of
1.0 mol dm 3 sulphuric acid are added into a conical flask containing 25.0 cm3 of 0.15 mol dm 3
potassium iodide solution, 10.0 cm3 of 0.050 mol dm 3 sodium thiosulphate solution and 10.0 cm3 of
0.5% starch solution.
(a) The duration from the instant hydrogen peroxide solution is added to the mixture until the
appearance of the blue colouration at different temperatures is recorded in the table below.
Complete the table.
[1 mark]
Temperature T/ C
18.0
28.0
38.0
48.0
Time t/s
73.0
49.0
36.0
25.0
1 1
/s
t
(i) Name a suitable apparatus used to measure 50.0 cm3 of hydrogen peroxide solution.
[1 mark]
(ii)
[1 mark]
(iii)
Write the equation for the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and potassium iodide.
[1 mark]
1
?
t
[1 mark]
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Satu uji kaji telah dijalankan untuk mengkaji kesan suhu terhadap kadar tindak balas.
Dalam uji kaji itu, 50.0 cm3 larutan hidrogen peroksida 0.10 mol dm 3 dan 20.0 cm3 asid sulfurik
1.0 mol dm 3 ditambahkan ke dalam satu kelalang kon yang mengandung 25.0 cm3 larutan kalium
iodida 0.15 mol dm 3, 10.0 cm3 larutan natrium tiosulfat 0.050 mol dm 3, dan 10.0 cm3 larutan kanji
0.5%.
(a) Tempoh masa dari ketika larutan hidrogen peroksida ditambahkan ke dalam campuran
sehingga kewujudan warna biru larutan pada suhu yang berlainan direkodkan dalam jadual di bawah.
Lengkapkan jadual ini.
[1 markah]
Suhu T/ C
18.0
28.0
38.0
48.0
Masa t/s
73.0
49.0
36.0
25.0
1 1
/s
t
(i) Namakan alat radas yang sesuai digunakan untuk menyukat 50.0 cm3 larutan hidrogen
peroksida.
[1 markah]
(ii)
[1 markah]
(iii)
Tulis persamaan bagi tindak balas antara hidrogen peroksida dengan kalium iodida.
[1 markah]
1
?
t
[1 markah]
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125
1
against T.
t
[2 marks]
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126
1
lawan T.
t
[2 markah]
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127
[1 mark]
........
(ii) compare the rates of the reaction at 30 C and 40 C. Explain your answer.
[2 marks]
........
........
........
(d) Describe a method to determine the appearance of the blue colouration.
[2 marks]
........
........
(e) Suggest an experiment to study the effect of concentration of hydrogen peroxide on the rate of
reaction.
[3 marks]
........
........
........
........
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[1 markah]
........
(ii) bandingkan kadar tindak balas pada 30 C dan 40 C. Jelaskan jawapan anda.
[2 markah]
........
........
........
(d) Perihalkan kaedah untuk menentukan kemunculan warna biru larutan.
[2 markah]
........
........
(e) Cadangkan satu uji kaji untuk mengkaji kesan kepekatan hidrogen peroksida terhadap kadar
tindak balas.
[3 markah]
........
........
........
........
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3 When water is added to a white solid U, a solution containing Al3+, NH4+ and SO42 ions is
obtained. The scheme below shows some observations obtained when certain reagents are added to
the white solid U and its aqueous solution.
K2CrO4(aq)
(iv)
Na2CO3(aq)
White solid U
Gases X and Y
Gas Z
Water
White fumes
Aqueous solution of U
NaOH(aq)
Pb(NO3)2(aq)
NH3(aq)
Ba(NO3)2(aq)
Nessler
reagent
(iv)
(i)
White precipitate
Excess
NaOH(aq)
(iii)
Dilute
HNO3
II
(ii)
(v)
Colourless
solution
Colourless
solution
I
White precipitate
Gas W
[1 mark]
........
Using Appendix A and Appendix B, answer the following questions.
(b) State the observations (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) and (vi).
[6 marks]
(i) .
(ii) .
(iii) .
(iv) .
(v) .
(vi) .
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3 Apabila air ditambahkan kepada satu pepejal putih, U, satu larutan mengandung ion Al3+, ion
NH4+ dan ion SO42 diperoleh. Skema di bawah menunjukkan beberapa pemerhatian yang diperoleh
apabila reagen tertentu ditambahkan kepada pepejal putih U dan larutan akueusnya.
K2CrO4(ak)
(iv)
Na2CO3(ak)
Pepejal putih U
Air
Wasap putih
Larutan akueus U
NaOH(ak)
Pb(NO3)2(ak)
Ba(NO3)2(ak)
NH3(ak)
Reagen
Nessler
(iv)
(i)
Mendakan putih
NaOH(ak)
berlebihan
(iii)
HNO3
cair
(v)
II
(ii)
Larutan tak
berwarna
Larutan tak
berwarna
I
Mendakan putih
Gas W
[1 markah]
........
Dengan menggunakan Lampiran A dan Lampiran B, jawab soalan yang berikut.
(b) Nyatakan pemerhatian (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), dan (vi).
[6 markah]
(i) .
(ii) .
(iii) .
(iv) .
(v) .
(vi) .
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[4 marks]
W:...................
X:....
Y:....
Z: ...................
(d) Name the reagents I and II, and state the conditions where appropriate.
[2 marks]
I: ....
II:
(e) Describe a method to test gas W.
[2 marks]
....
....
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[4 markah]
W:...................
X:....
Y:....
Z: ...................
(d) Namakan reagen I dan II, dan nyatakan keadaan di mana-mana yang berkenaan.
[2 markah]
I: ....
II:
(e) Perihalkan satu kaedah untuk menguji gas W.
[2 markah]
....
....
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Appendix A
Table of Cations Reactions
Reagent
NaOH(aq)
NH3(aq)
Na2CO3(aq)
K4Fe(CN)6(aq)
Na2HPO4(aq)
H2S in alkaline
medium or (NH4)2S
Others reagen
Cation
Al3+
White precipitate
soluble in excess.
Ba2+
White precipitate.
White precipitate,
soluble in mineral
acid and NaOH,
insoluble in
CH3COOH.
White precipitate in
concentrated
solution
White precipitate.
White precipitate,
soluble in HNO3 or
HCl.
Ca2+
White precipitate.
White precipitate.
Cr3+
Greyish green
precipitate, soluble
in excess to form
green solution.
Greyish green
precipitate soluble in
excess to form purple
solution.
Greyish green
precipitate.
Cu2+
Blue precipitate,
turns black when
heated.
Blue precipitate,
soluble in excess to
produce dark blue
solution. Soluble in
NH4Cl.
Blue precipitate,
turns black when
heated.
Redish brown
precipitate soluble
in excess NH3(aq)
to produce blue
solution.
Fe2+
Dirty green
precipitate.
Dirty green
precipitate.
Blue precipitate.
Fe3+
Brown precipitate.
Brown precipitate.
Brown precipitate.
Dark blue
precipitate.
134
White precipitate.
White precipitate.
White precipitate in
excess reagent.
Blue precipitate.
Yellowish white
precipitate, soluble
in mineral acids,
insoluble in
CH3COOH.
Black precipitate,
soluble in hot
HNO3.
Yellow precipitate.
Greyish green
precipitate.
Black precipitate.
Black precipitate.
Black precipitate.
Lampiran A
Jadual bagi Tindak Balas Kation
Reagen
NaOH(ak)
NH3(ak)
Na2CO3(ak)
K4Fe(CN)6(ak)
Na2HPO4(ak)
Kation
Al3+
Mendakan putih,
larut dalam
berlebihan.
Ba2+
Mendakan putih.
Mendakan putih,
larut dalam asid
mineral dan NaOH,
tak larut dalam
CH3COOH.
Mendakan putih
dalam larutan pekat.
Mendakan putih.
Mendakan putih,
larut dalam HNO3
atau HCl.
Ca2+
Mendakan putih.
Mendakan putih.
Cr3+
Mendakan hijau
kelabu, larut dalam
berlebihan
membentuk larutan
hijau.
Mendakan hijau
kelabu, larut dalam
berlebihan membentuk
larutan ungu.
Mendakan hijau
kelabu.
Cu2+
Mendakan biru,
menjadi hitam
apabila dipanaskan.
Mendakan biru,
menjadi hitam
apabila
dipanaskan.
Mendakan coklat
kemerahan, larut
dalam NH3 (ak)
berlebihan
membentuk larutan
biru.
Fe2+
Mendakan hijau
kotor.
Mendakan hijau
kotor.
Mendakan biru.
Fe3+
Mendakan coklat.
Mendakan coklat.
Mendakan coklat.
135
Mendakan putih.
Reagen lain
Mendakan putih
dalam berlebihan.
Mendakan biru.
Mendakan putih
kekuningan, larut
dalam asid mineral,
tak larut dalam
CH3COOH.
Mendakan hitam,
larut dalam HNO3
panas.
Mendakan kuning.
Mendakan hijau
kelabu.
Mendakan hitam.
Mendakan hitam.
Mendakan hitam.
Reagent
Cation
NaOH(aq)
NH3(aq)
Na2CO3(aq)
K4Fe(CN)6(aq)
Na2HPO4(aq)
H2S in alkaline
medium or (NH4)2S
Others reagent
136
Mg2+
White precipitate,
soluble in NH4Cl.
White precipitate,
soluble in NH4Cl.
White precipitate,
soluble in NH4Cl.
White precipitate,
soluble in mineral
acid.
Mn2+
White precipitate,
turns brown.
White precipitate,
turns brown, soluble in
NH4Cl.
Yellowish brown
precipitate.
Yellowish brown
precipitate turns
brown when heated.
Yellowish brown
precipitate.
Ni2+
Green precipitate.
Green precipitate,
soluble in excess
forms blue solution.
Soluble in NH4Cl.
Green precipitate.
Green precipitate.
Green precipitate.
Black precipitate.
Pb2+
White precipitate,
soluble in excess.
White precipitate.
White precipitate.
White precipitate.
White precipitate.
Black precipitate.
Zn2+
White precipitate,
soluble in excess.
White precipitate,
soluble in excess,
soluble in NH4Cl.
White precipitate.
White precipitate,
soluble in alkali,
insoluble in
mineral acid.
White precipitate,
soluble in NaOH,
mineral acid or
NH4Cl.
White precipitate.
NH4+
Pungent gas
liberated when
heated.
Black precipitate.
Reagen
NaOH(ak)
NH3(ak)
Na2CO3(ak)
K4Fe(CN)6(ak)
Na2HPO4(ak)
Kation
Reagen lain
Mendakan putih,
larut dalam NH4Cl.
Mendakan putih,
larut dalam NH4Cl.
Mendakan putih,
larut dalam NH4Cl.
Mendakan putih,
larut dalam asid
mineral.
Mn2+
Mendakan putih
bertukar menjadi
coklat.
Mendakan putih
bertukar menjadi
coklat. Larut dalam
NH4Cl.
Mendakan coklat
kekuningan.
Mendakan coklat
kekuningan menjadi
coklat apabila
dipanaskan.
Mendakan coklat
kekuningan.
Ni2+
Mendakan hijau.
Mendakan hijau.
Mendakan hijau.
Mendakan hijau.
Mendakan hitam.
Pb2+
Mendakan putih,
larut dalam
berlebihan.
Mendakan putih.
Mendakan putih.
Mendakan putih.
Mendakan putih.
Mendakan hitam.
Zn2+
Mendakan putih,
larut dalam
berlebihan.
Mendakan putih,
larut dalam berlebihan.
Larut dalam NH4Cl.
Mendakan putih.
Mendakan putih,
larut dalam alkali,
tak larut dalam
asid mineral.
Mendakan putih,
larut dalam NaOH,
NH4Cl, atau asid
mineral
Mendakan putih.
NH4+
137
Mg2+
Mendakan hitam.
Appendix B
Table of Anion Reactions
Reagent
Anion
HCOO
CH 3 COO
C 6 H 5 COO
138
C2 O24
Cl
Br
Dilute HCl or
H2SO4
Concentrated H2SO4
BaCl2(aq) or
Ba(NO3)2(aq)
AgNO3(aq)
Pb(NO3)2(aq) atau
Pb(CH3COO)2(aq)
FeCl3(aq)
Others reagent
Choking gas is
liberated.
White precipitate in
concentrated solution,
soluble in HNO3 or
NH3(aq).
White precipitate,
soluble in hot water,
white crystal formed
upon cooling.
White precipitate,
soluble in hot water;
white crystal formed
upon cooling.
White precipitate,
soluble in hot water or
NH3(aq).
White precipitate.
Yellowish-brown
precipitate.
White precipitate,
soluble in HNO3 or
NH3(aq).
White precipitate,
soluble in HNO3.
White precipitate,
insoluble in HNO3 but
soluble in NH3(aq).
White precipitate,
soluble in hot water; or
concentrated HCl; white
crystal formed upon
cooling.
Redish-brown gas is
liberated.
Light yellow
precipitate, insoluble
in dulute HNO3 or
NH3(aq).
White precipitate,
soluble in hot water,
white crystal formed
upon cooling.
Yellow precipitate,
insoluble in dilute
HNO3 or NH3(aq).
Yellow precipitate,
soluble in hot water;
yellow crystal formed
upon cooling.
White
precipitate,
soluble in HCl,
HNO3 or H2SO4.
Lampiran B
Jadual bagi Tindak Balas Anion
Reagen
Anion
H2SO4 pekat
BaCl2(ak) atau
Ba(NO3)2(ak)
AgNO3(ak)
Pb(NO3)2(ak) atau
Pb(CH3COO)2(ak)
FeCl3(ak)
Reagen lain
HCOO
Gas terbakar
dengan nyalaan biru
dibebaskan.
Mendakan putih
menjadi hitam.
CH 3 COO
Mendakan putih
dalam larutan pekat,
larut dalam HNO3
atau NH3(ak).
Larutan merah;
mendakan coklat
apabila dididihkan.
Mendakan putih,
larut dalam air panas;
hablur putih apabila
disejukkan.
Mendakan putih,
larut dalam air panas;
hablur putih apabila
disejukkan.
Mendakan putih,
larut dalam air panas
atau NH3(ak).
Mendakan putih.
Mendakan coklat
kekuningan.
Mendakan putih,
larut dalam HNO3
atau NH3(ak).
Mendakan putih,
larut dalam HNO3.
Mendakan putih,
tidak larut dalam
HNO3 tetapi larut
dalam NH3(ak).
Mendakan putih,
larut dalam air panas
atau HCl pekat;
hablur putih apabila
disejukkan.
Mendakan kuning
pucat, tidak larut
dalam HNO3 cair
atau NH3(ak).
Mendakan putih,
larut dalam air panas;
hablur putih apabila
disejukkan.
Mendakan kuning,
tidak larut dalam
HNO3 cair atau
NH3(ak).
Mendakan kuning,
larut dalam air panas;
hablur kuning apabila
disejukkan.
C 6 H 5 COO
139
C2 O24
Cl
Br
Mendakan putih,
larut dalam HCl,
HNO3 , atau
H2SO4.
Larutan coklat
kemerahan.
Reagent
Anion
Dilute HCl or
H2SO4
Concentrated H2SO4
BaCl2(aq) or
Ba(NO3)2(aq)
AgNO3(aq)
Pb(NO3)2(aq) or
Pb(CH3COO)2(aq)
FeCl3(aq)
Others reagent
140
CO23
White
precipitate,
soluble in HCl
or dilute HNO3.
White precipitate
turned yellow in excess;
become brown when
heated.
White precipitate,
soluble in dilute HNO3.
Brown precipitate;
gas liberated which turn
lime water chalky.
SO23
White
precipitate,
soluble in HCl
or HNO3.
White precipitate,
soluble in HNO3,
NH3(aq), or SO32 in
excess; turn black
precipitate when heated.
White precipitate,
soluble in dilute HNO3.
S2 O23
Yellow precipitate;
brimstone smell gas/
burnt sulphur, gas
decolourise KMnO4/H+.
Yellow precipitate;
brimstone smell gas/
burnt sulphur, gas
decolourise KMnO4/H+.
White
precipitate in
concentrated
solution.
White precipitate,
soluble in excess S2O32 ;
turn black precipitate
when heated.
Purplish solution
decolourise.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Black precipitate,
soluble in hot HNO3.
Black precipitate.
A yellow sediment in an
acidic medium. A black
sediment in an alkaline
medium.
Redish brown
precipitated/solution
when heated.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
S2
White
precipitate,
insoluble in
HCl or HNO3.
SO24
NO2
NO3
MnO4
I2: decolourisation.
KMnO4/H+: decolourisation.
K2Cr2O7/H+: green solution.
Ammonium molybdate + H2SO4:
blue ring.
White precipitate,
soluble in aqueous
ammonium ethanoate.
White precipitate in
concentrated solution,
soluble in HNO3 or
NH3.
KMnO4/H+: decolourisation.
K2Cr2O7/H+: green solution.
FeSO4 + H2SO4: brown ring.
Devarda alloy: pungent gas.
KI + dilute acid: brown sol.
Reagen
HCl cair atau
H2SO4 cair
H2SO4 pekat
CO23
Mendakan putih,
larut dalam HCl
atau HNO3 cair.
Mendakan putih
menjadi kuning dalam
berlebihan; menjadi
coklat apabila
dididihkan.
Mendakan putih,
larut dalam HNO3 cair.
Mendakan coklat;
gas yang mengeruhkan
air kapur dibebaskan.
SO23
Mendakan putih,
larut dalam HCl
atau HNO3.
Mendakan putih,
larut dalam HNO3, NH3,
atau SO32- berlebihan;
mendakan hitam
apabila dididihkan.
Mendakan putih,
larut dalam HNO3.
Larutan merah;
mendakan coklat
apabila dididihkan.
S2 O23
Mendakan kuning;
gas berbau belerang/
sulfur terbakar,
gas menyahwarnakan
KMnO4/H+.
Mendakan putih
dalam larutan
pekat.
Mendakan putih,
larut dalam S2O32berlebihan;
mendakan hitam
apabila dididihkan.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
S2
Mendakan hitam,
larut dalam HNO3
panas.
Mendakan hitam.
Mendakan kuning
dalam medium berasid.
Mendakan hitam
dalam medium beralkali.
Mendakan/larutan coklat
kemerahan apabila
dipanaskan.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Anion
141
NO3
MnO4
AgNO3(ak)
Mendakan putih,
tidak larut dalam
HCl atau HNO3.
SO24
NO2
BaCl2(ak) atau
Ba(NO3)2(ak)
Wasap coklat
dibebaskan.
Wasap coklat
dibebaskan.
Wasap coklat
dibebaskan.
Pb(NO3)2(ak) atau
Pb(CH3COO)2(ak)
FeCl3(ak)
Reagen lain
I2: penyahwarnaan.
KMnO4/H+: penyahwarnaan.
K2Cr2O7/H+: larutan hijau.
Ammonium molibdat + H2SO4 pekat:
cincin biru.
Mendakan putih,
larut dalam ammonium
etanoat akueus.
Mendakan putih
dalam larutan pekat,
larut dalam HNO3 atau
NH3.
KMnO4/H+: penyahwarnaan.
K2Cr2O7/H+: larutan hijau.
FeSO4 + H2SO4 cair: cincin coklat.
Aloi Devarda: gas berbau hancing.
KI + asid cair: larutan coklat.