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Investors measure asset risk by the variance of its return over future
periods. All other measures of risk are unimportant.
Investors always desire more return to less, and they are risk averse;
that is, they will avoid risk if all else is equal.
All possible investments are traded in the market and are available to
everyone, the assets are infinitely devisable, and there are no
restrictions on short selling.
The market is perfectly efficient. That is, every investor receives and
understands the same information, processes it accurately, and trades
without cost. There is no consideration of the effects of taxation.
More recent tests of the CAPM show that there are many apparent
shortcomings of the strict interpretation of the model. Examples include
seasonal fluctuations (such as unusually high returns for some companies in
January), and different average returns on Friday and Monday from that of
other days of the week. In addition, some analysts have argued that stock
returns are more closely related to the book value and total variability of the
stock, rather than a beta calculated using a market index.
Others argue that many apparent inconsistencies can arise in the CAPM
because a capital weighted index (such as the S&P 500) may not be an
appropriate proxy for the market portfolio. This is especially true if the
assumptions regarding short sales and risk free borrowing are violated.