Entropy of System by Ruth Ellen 13030194053 PKU 2013

ENTROPY OF SYSTEM
A. DATE OF START EXPERIMENT
B. DATE OF FINISH EXPERIMENT
C. PURPOSE OF EXPERIMENT

: Monday, April 6th 2015

: Monday, April 6th 2015
:
To study the change of entropy of

system in few of reactions.

D. BASIC THEORY
There is a drawback in working with entropy except for isolated
systems. If the system is not isolated, the system and surroundings have to be
combined, and at constant T and P, (Ssurr =Hsys/T) yields
Stot =Ssys+Ssurr =SsysH/T
This requires that
Stot >0 if process is spontaneous;
= 0 if process is reversible;
<0 if process is impossible.
Or, for short,
Stot 0
There is a way to get around the problem of having to use an
isolatedSystem or a system plus surrounding, rather than focusing on the system
only. This can be accomplished by usingfree energy functions, of which there are
two kinds: the Helmholtz free energyandthe Gibbs free energy(also calledGibbs
energy).
The Gibbs free energy is a property of the system only (surroundings
not included). The Gibbs energy is defined as
G = HTS
At constant temperature,
G = HTS
or
G/T = S H/T
and, if the pressure is also constant, we can write
G/T = Ssys+Ssurr =Stot
Thus, instead of using entropy of the system and surroundings, we can use the
Gibbs free energy, which refers to the system only, and write
GT,P/T <0 if process is spontaneous;
GT,P/T= 0 if process is reversible;
GT,P/T >0 if process is impossible.
Or for short,
GT,P 0.

Entropy of System by Ruth Ellen 13030194053 PKU 2013

Thus, if there is only PV work, GT,P =0 for a reversible change (system

in equilibrium) and negative for an irreversible change. This is a powerful
criterion for spontaneity.
The Gibbs energy discussed so far, although more convenient to work
with than entropy, is still not the most general. It is based on the assumption that
only PV work is present. If wother is also present, then at constant P and T,
H = U + PV
= qp PV + wother + PV
=qp+ wother
When the system exchanges heat with the surroundings, the heat lost
(gained) by the system is equal to the heat gained (lost) by the surroundings. The
process is treated as reversible.
qsys = qsurr = TSsurr.
Thus,
H = TSsurr+wother
For fixed T and P,
GT,P = H TSsys = TSsurr TSsys + wother
= TStot + wother
Since Stot 0, the right-hand side of Equation is less than or equal to wother and
GT,P wother
Again, for the change to proceed reversibly (in equilibrium), the change in Gat
constant P and T has to be equal to the non-PVwork, w other. If irreversible, the
change has to be less.
The relation between GP,T and wother is very useful, as it enables us to
obtain G from work measurements. An example (to be discussed later) is the
determination of the free energy from work measurements in electrochemical
studies.
(Bruno Linder, 2011: 33-35)
In 1865, Rudolf Clausius showed that the cyclic integral

dq

is

zero for an abstract Carnot engine operatingreversiblyaround a cyclic path:

dq
T =0
Thus the integrand, which Clausius namedentropy and gave the symbol
dS, is a thermodynamic function. This definition is one statement of the second

Entropy of System by Ruth Ellen 13030194053 PKU 2013

law of thermodynamics, which, like the first law, can be stated in many ways. It
b

follows that

dS= dq/T
a

is the entropy change of a system carried

reversibly over an arbitrary path from a to b and is independent of the path. This
powerful definition constitutes the second of the two great pillars of
thermodynamics. If we can devise
a way of calculatingSfor a reversible chemical reaction, we shall know it for all
chemical reactions having the same initial and final states (reactants and
products) because of path independence.
Clausius expanded upon the concept of entropy by writing the
complete statement as
dS

dq
T

which takes both reversible and irreversible changes into account. The
irreversible change dSirr > dqirr/T is the real case, a change that takes place in finite
time.
If we attempt to take an engine around an irreversible cycle to reproduce
its initial state, we shall fall short. We have received a certain amount of work
from the engine, but when it comes to the payback (in heat) we see the following
with regard to the second law:
dq
dS T

implies that dqirr < TdSirr

(Donald W. Rogers, 2011: 72)

We define entropy, S, as an additional thermodynamic state function.

The infinitesimal change in entropy, dS, is defined as
dq
dS= rev
T
where rev on the infinitesimal for heat,dq, specifies that it must be the
heat, for a reversible process. The temperature, T, must be in kelvins. Integrating
the equation above, we get

Entropy of System by Ruth Ellen 13030194053 PKU 2013

S=

dq rev
T

where S

is now the change in entropy for a process. As indicated in

the previous section, for the Carnot cycle (or any other closed cycle)

S must

be zero.
For an isothermal, reversible process,the temperature can be taken out of
the integral and the integral can be evaluated easily:
dq
1
S= dq rev= rev
T
T
Demonstrates that entropy has units of J/K. These many seem like
unusual units, but they are the correct ones. Also, keep in mind that the amount
of heat for a process depends on the amount material, in grams or moles, and so
sometimes the unit for entropy becomes J/molK.
If we want to keep this in terms of infinitesimals (that is, without
integral signs) as well as include the original definition of dS, this becomes
dq
dS>
T
Where again the equality is applicable to irreversible processes.
But consider that a spontaneous process is an irreversible process.
Spontaneous processes will occur if they can. With that in mind, we have the
following generalizations:
dS>

dq
T

for irreversible, spontaneous processes

dS=

dq
T

also implies
dS<

dq
T

for reversible processes

not allowed

Entropy of System by Ruth Ellen 13030194053 PKU 2013

The last statement is particularly important: the infinitesimal change in S will not
be less than dq/T. It may be equal to or greater than dq/T, but it will not be less
than that.
Consider, then, the following description. A process occurs in an
isolated system. Under what conditions will the process occur? If the system is
truly isolated (there is no transfer of energy or matter between system and
surroundings), then the process is adiabatic, since isolation implies that q = 0,
and by extension dq = 0. Therefore, dq/T is equal to zero. We can therefore revise
the above statements:
dS> 0 if the process is irreversible and spontaneous
dS=0 if the process is reversible
dS< 0 is not allowed for a process in an isolated system

We conceptually collect the above three statements into one, which is

the second law of thermodynamics:
The second law of thermodynamics: For an isolated system, if a
spontaneous change occurs, it occurs with a concurrent increase in
the entropy of the system.
If a spontaneous change does occur, entropy is the sole driving force for
that change because both qand ware zeroand therefore

Uis zerounder

the stated conditions.

We calculated the entropy change for an isothermal process. What if the
process were not isothermal? For a given mass
dq = C dT
where C is the heat capacity, we can substitute for dq in the infinitesimal change
in entropy:

and then integrate:

for a constant heat capacity. Evaluating at the temperature limits and using the
properties of logarithms:

Entropy of System by Ruth Ellen 13030194053 PKU 2013

For n moles, this equation becomes

S =nC ln(Tf/Ti) and C will

have units of J/molK. If C has units of J/gK, then the mass of the system is
necessary. If the heat capacity is not constant over the specified temperature
range, then the temperature-dependent expression for C must be included
explicitly inside the integral and the function must be evaluated on a term-byterm basis.
(David W. Ball, 2003: 72-75)
Now that the entropy function has been defined and a method outlined
for the evaluation of entropy changes, we have gained a powerful tool for our
attack on the fundamental problem physicochemical equilibrium.
Any spontaneously occuring change in an isolated system is
accompanied by an icrease in entropy. From the first Law of Thermodynamics
we know that energy can be neither created nor destroyed, so that the internal
energy of an isolated system must be constant. The only way such a system could
gain or lose energy would be some interaction with its suroundings, but the
absence of any such interaction is just what we mean when we say that the
system is isolated-no work is done on it; no heat flows across its boundaries. A
sufficient condition for a system to be isolated is that it have a constant energy
and volume. The first sentence of this paragraph can thus be rephrased: In a
system at constant E and V, any spontaneous change is accompanied by an
increase in entropy.
Now, a system is said to be equilibrium when it has no further tendency
to change it properties. The entropy of an isolated system will increase until no
further spontaneous change can occur. When the entropy reaches its maximu, the
system no longer changes; the equilibrium has been attained. A criterion for
thermodynamic equilibrium is therefore the following: In a system at constant
energy and volume, the entropy is maximum. At constant E and V, the S is
maximum.

Entropy of System by Ruth Ellen 13030194053 PKU 2013

If instead of a system at constant E and V, a system at constant S and V

is considered, the equilibrium criterion takes the following form: At constant S
and V, the E is a minimum. This is just the condition applicablein ordinary
mechanics, in which thermal effects are excluded.
(W.J. Moore, 1962: 80-81)

Entropy of System by Ruth Ellen 13030194053 PKU 2013

E. TOOLS AND MATERIALS

Tools
Tools
Test Tube
Thermometer
Spatula
Role film container
Plastic
Maesuring Glass

Measure
0-1000C
1
10

Sum
3
1
1
3
1
1

Materials
NaOH solid
KNO3 solid
HCl 0,1 M solution
NH4Cl
Aquadest
Mg metal
Ba(OH)2

Entropy of System by Ruth Ellen 13030194053 PKU 2013

F. PROCEDURE OF EXPERIMENT
Experiment 1
Test Tube I

Tube II
10 mL of water
Measure the temperature and record
T1initial
Added spatula spoon measurable NaOH solid
Shake

T2final

Test Tube III

5 mL of 0,1 M HCl solution
Measure the temperature and record
T1initial
Added spatula spoon measurable Mg metal
Shake

T2final

Entropy of System by Ruth Ellen 13030194053 PKU 2013

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Entropy of System by Ruth Ellen 13030194053 PKU 2013

Experiment II
1 spatula spoon of Ba(OH)2 solid
Add spatula spoon NH4Cl solid
Measure the temperature
T1initial
Close the box and shake well
Open the lid
Gass smell
Record the temperature
T2final

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Entropy of System by Ruth Ellen 13030194053 PKU 2013

G. EXPERIMENT RESULT
No
1

Treatment

Result

Before
After
a.
- Water =
- Tube I
10 mL of water
colorless
Water + NaOH
- HCl solution
solid = colorless
Measure the temperature and record
= colorless
solution
- NaOH solid
T1initial = 29,5oC
T1initial
= white
T1final= 35oC
s = 0,01395
grain
Added spatula spoon measurable NaOH solid
- KNO3 solid
Shake
J/K
= white
H=
crystal
T2final
- Mg metal = -240,512585 J
black
- Tube II
powder
Water + KNO3
solid = colorless
10 mL of water
solution
T1initial = 29,5oC
Measure the temperature and record
T1final= 27,5oC
s = - 0,4226
T1initial
Added spatula spoon measurable KNO3 solid
Shake

T2final

J/K
H=+
84,71736 J
- Tube III

Reaction

Conclusion

Tube I
- Based
on
the
experiment,
we
got
NaOH (s) +
that in test tube I
H2O (l)
S = 0,01395
NaOH (aq)
Tube II
KNO3 (s) +
H2O (l)
KNO3 (aq)

J/K, and the reaction

is eksoterm H=

- 240,512585 J
Decrease
the
regularity,
Tube III
exothermic.
2HCl (aq) + - Based
on
the
Mg (s)
experiment, we got
MgCl2 (s) +
that in test tube II
H2 (g)
S = - 0,4226
J/K, and the reaction

is endoterm
H= + 84,71736 J
Increase
the
regularity,
endothermic.
- Based
on
the

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Entropy of System by Ruth Ellen 13030194053 PKU 2013

c.
5 mL of 0,1 M HCl solution

Measure the temperature and record

T1initial

Water + NaOH
solid = colorless
solution
T1initial = 29,5oC
T1final= 32oC
s = 0,0186

experiment, we got
that in test tube III
S = 0,0186

J/K
H = - 53,1289

- 53,1289 J.
Decrease
the
regularity,
exothermic reaction.

J/K, and the reaction

is eksoterm H=

Added spatula spoon

measurable Mg metal
Shake

T2final

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Entropy of System by Ruth Ellen 13030194053 PKU 2013

Role film
1 spatula spoon of Ba(OH)2 solid
Add spatula spoon NH4Cl solid
Measure the temperature
T1initial
Close the box and shake well
Open the lid
Gass smell
Record the temperature

- Ba(OH)2
- Ba(OH)2 + 2NH4Cl Ba(OH)2 (s) - Based
on
the
solid =
= white coagulate
experiment, we got
+ 2NH4Cl
white
+ ammonia smell
that in test tube
(s) BaCl2
o
powder
T1initial = 29,5 C
s = - 5,4144 x
(s) +
o
- NH4Cl solid
T1final= 32 C
NH3(g) +
10-3 J/K, and the

= white
H
O
(l)
2
s = - 5,4144 x
reaction is endoterm
crystal
-3
10 J/K
H= + 2,233 J
Have
H= + 2,233 J
ammonia
Increase
the
smell (NH3)
regularity,
endothermic
reaction.

T2final

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Entropy of System by Ruth Ellen 13030194053 PKU 2013

H. ANALYSIS AND EXPLANATION

The purpose of this experiment is to study the change of entropy of
system in few of reactions. On the first experiment, we prepared three test tube.
Test tube I, we filled with 10 mL of aquadest, colourless. And we measured the
temperature. The temperature was 29,50C. Then we added with 0,4118 gram
NaOH solid, white grain. NaOH was soluble in water and form NaOH solution,
colourless solution. Then we measured the temperature of the solution when
NaOH was soluble. The temperature was 350C. The temperature of solution was
increased.
The reaction is:

NaOH(s) + H2O(l) NaOH(aq)

To test the spontaneity of the reaction, we calculated the entropy of

system by used the formulation:
T1
S=n Cp ln
T1
final

initial

0,4118 g
308
75,291 ln
40 g /mol
302,5

0,7751 0,018

0,01395 J / K
H=Q solution
Q=m c T

( 10 gram+0,4118 gram ) 4,2 ( 308302,5 ) K

240,51258 J

H=240,51258 J
Q=m c T

H=Q

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Entropy of System by Ruth Ellen 13030194053 PKU 2013

And we got the result of

S=0,01395

J
K , and

H=240,51258 J . From

the result, we knew that the reaction was exothermic reaction, and the reaction
was sopantaneous reaction. The entropy of system was positive.
NaOH solid showed the regularity, when the NaOH added with water
and became solution showed the decrease of regularity. The reaction showed the
increased of entropy and proved by the calculation of entropy of system was
positive. And the system released the heat, it was indicated by the increased of
temperature in solution, and the H

was negative.

Test tube II, we filled with 10 mL of aquadest, colourless. And we

measured the temperature. The temperature was 29,50C. Then we added with
0,0854 gram KNO3 solid, white crystal. KNO 3 was soluble in water and form
KNO3 solution, colourless solution. Then we measured the temperature of the
solution when KNO3 was soluble. The temperature was 27,50C. The temperature
of solution was decreased. The reaction was endothermic reaction.
The reaction is:
KNO (s) + H O(l) NaOH(aq)
3

To test the spontaneity of the reaction, we calculated the entropy of

system by used the formulation:
T1
S=n Cp ln
T1
final

initial

0,0854 g
300,5
75,291 ln
101 g/mol
302,5

0,0637 (6,6335)
0,4226 J /K

H=Q solution
Q=m c T
( 10 gram+0,0854 gram ) 4,2 ( 300,5302,5 ) K
84,71736 J

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Entropy of System by Ruth Ellen 13030194053 PKU 2013

H=+ 84,71736 J

And we got the result of

S=0,4226

J
K , and

H=84,71736 J . From

the result, we knew that the reaction was endothermic reaction The entropy of
system was negative.
KNO3 solid showed the regularity, when KNO 3 solid added with water
and became solution showed the increase of regularity. The reaction showed the
increased of entropy and proved by the calculation of entropy of system was
positive. And the system took the heat, it was indicated by the decreased of
temperature in solution, and the H

was positive.

Test tube III, we filled with 5 mL of HCl 0,1 M, colourless. And we

measured the temperature. The temperature was 29,50C. Then we added with
0,0599 gram magnesium metal, black powder. Resulted bubbles, colourless
solution, and black precipitate of Magnesium Chloride. Then we measured the
temperature of the solution when the bubbles was formed. The temperature was
320C. The temperature of solution was increased.
The reaction is:
Mg(s) + 2HCl (l) MgCl (s) + H (g)
2

To test the spontaneity of the reaction, we calculated the entropy of

system by used the formulation:
T1
S=n Cp ln
T1
final

initial

0,0599 g
305
75,291 ln
24,3 g/mol
302,5
3

2,2550( 8,2305 10 )
0,0186 J / K
H=Q solution
Q=m c T

( 5 gram+0,0599 gram ) 4,2 ( 305302,5 ) K

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Entropy of System by Ruth Ellen 13030194053 PKU 2013

53,1289 J

H=53,1289 J

And we got the result of

S=0,0186

J
K , and

H=53,1289 J . From the

result, we knew that the reaction was exothermic reaction and the reaction was
sopantaneous reaction. The entropy of system was positive.
Magensium solid showed the regularity, when the magnesium added
with HCl and and resulted H2 gas showed the decrease of regularity. The reaction
showed the increased of entropy and proved by the calculation of entropy of
system was positive. And the system released the heat, it was indicated by the
increased of temperature in solution, and the H

was negative.

On the second experiment, we put 1 spatula spoon (0,2484 gram) of

Ba(OH)2 solid, white powder into role film container. Then we added a half
spatula spoon (0,1062 gram) NH4Cl(s), white crystal. We measured the
temparature of the solid mixture. And we got the initial temperature of the
mixture was 300C. Then we closed the role film container and shaked the
mixture, we got white coagulate of BaCl 2 solid with H2O; and ammonia smell.
Then we measured the final tempearature of the reaction, the temperature was
28,50C.
The reaction is:

Ba(OH)2(s) + 2NH4Cl (l)

BaCl2 (s) + NH3 (g) + H2O(l)

To test the spontaneity of the reaction, we calculated the entropy of

system by used the formulation:
mass 0,284 gram
=
=1,45 103 =0,00145
Mr
gram
Mole of Ba(OH)2 =
171
mol

Mole of NH4Cl =

mass 0,1062 gram

=
=1,99 103=0,00199
Mr
gram
53,5
mol

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Entropy of System by Ruth Ellen 13030194053 PKU 2013

Ba(OH)2(s)

+ 2NH4Cl

BaCl(s) +

NH3 (g) +

H2O (l)

I 0,00145 mol 0,00199 mol

R 0,00145 mol 0,0145 mol 0,00145 mol 0,00145 mol 0,00145 mol
B 0,00054
0,00145 mol 0,00145 mol 0,00145 mol
T
S=n Cp ln 2
T1
0,00145 mol 75,291 ln

301,5
303

0,1091(4,9627 103 )
4

5,4144 10 J /K
And we got the result of

S=5,4144 103

J
K , and

H=2,2339 J .

From the result, we knew that the reaction was endothermic reaction and the
reaction was sopantaneous reaction. The entropy of system was negative.
Ba(OH)2 and NH4Cl solid showed the regularity, when they mixed up
and reacted to form ammonia gas they showed like to decrease of regularity. The
reaction showed the decreased of entropy and proved by the calculation of
entropy of system was negative. And the system took the heat, it was indicated
by the decreased of temperature in solution, and the H

was positive.

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Entropy of System by Ruth Ellen 13030194053 PKU 2013

I. CONCLUSION
The reaction can be known was included into exothermic and
endothermic because of the change of temperature before and after the reaction.
The endothermic reaction was indicated by the decrease of temperature, and the
exothermic reaction was indicated by the increase of temperature.
Exothermic liable to become less regularity, it was proved by the
calculation of entropy in experiment exothermic reaction the

was

positive. Endothermic liable to become increased in regularity reaction, it was

proved by the calculation of the experiment was negative. The increasing of
entropy in reaction leads to the less regularity reaction.

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Entropy of System by Ruth Ellen 13030194053 PKU 2013

References
Ball, David W. 2003. Physical Chemistry. London: Thomson Learning Inc.
Linder, Bruno. 2011. Elementary Physical Chemistry. Florida: World Scientific
Publishing.
Moore, W. J. 1962. Physical Chemistry 4th Edition. London: Prentice Hall.
Rogers, Donald W. 2011. Concise Physical Chemistry. New Jersey: John Willey and
Sons.
Tim Kimia Fisika. 2013. Petunjuk Praktikum Kimia Fisika II Fakultas MIPA
Universitas Negeri Surabaya. Surabaya: FMIPA Unesa.

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Entropy of System by Ruth Ellen 13030194053 PKU 2013

Question and Answer

1. Based on the experiment, determine the change of entropy quantitative and

qualitative.
a. Qualitative
The quantitative change of entropy is marked by the change of state in
reaction. The change of entropy showed the irregularity based on the serial of
regularity, namely solid > liquid > gas. Besides that, the change in
temperature in every reaction and the formed of bubbles in KNO 3 and water
reaction, and the formed of ammonia gas in reaction of NH4Cl and Ba(OH)2.
In the experimental data that we did, can be determined entropy change
qualitatively and quantitatively as follows. Entropy change qualitatively, that
is characterized by a phase change of substance. In this experiment the
changes can be characterized by a phase change from solid to liquid and gas.
Moreover, it can be analyzed also on the temperature, the higher the
temperature, the entropy is positive, so the randomness increases.
b. Quantitative
The quantitative change in entropy can be known by measuring the
temperature using the thermometer, and calculating the entropy theoretically
T2

S=m
c

ln
using formula
T1 .
a. Test Tube I
S=n Cp ln

T1
T1

final

initial

0,4118 g
308
75,291 ln
40 g /mol
302,5

0,7751 0,018

0,01395 J / K
b. Test Tube II

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Entropy of System by Ruth Ellen 13030194053 PKU 2013

S=n Cp ln

T1
T1

final

initial

0,0854 g
300,5
75,291 ln
101 g/mol
302,5

0,0637 (6,6335)
0,4226 J /K

c. Test Tube III

S=n Cp ln

T1
T1

final

initial

0,0599 g
305
75,291 ln
24,3 g/mol
302,5

2,2550(8,2305 103)
0,0186 J / K
Experiment II
Given:
Mass of Ba(OH)2
Mass of NH4Cl
T1 initial
T1 final

= 0,2484 gram
= 0,1062 gram
= 300C
= 303 K
= 28,50C
= 301,5 K
mass 0,284 gram
3
=
=1,45 10 =0,00145
Mr
gram
Mole of Ba(OH)2 =
171
mol

Mole of NH4Cl =

mass 0,1062 gram

=
=1,99 103=0,00199
Mr
gram
53,5
mol

Ba(OH)2(s) + 2NH4Cl

BaCl(s) +

NH3 (g) +

H2O (l)

I 0,00145 mol 0,00199 mol

R 0,00145 mol 0,0145 mol 0,00145 mol 0,00145 mol 0,00145 mol
B 0,00054
0,00145 mol 0,00145 mol 0,00145 mol
T2
S=n Cp ln
T1

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Entropy of System by Ruth Ellen 13030194053 PKU 2013

0,00145 mol 75,291 ln

301,5
303

0,1091(4,9627 103 )
5,4144 104 J /K
2. Describe your analysis.
In this experiment, the identification of the change in entropy of a substance. The
entropy change can be done by measuring the solubility, temperature changes,
(quantitative) as well as the phase change of the substance. From the results of
solubility (qualitative), if a substance is a solid and then transformed into a liquid
when dissolved in the solvent, then the substance is soluble in the solvent, which
means changing the phase from solid to liquid, as well as temperature
measurement, if the temperature is increased from the previous, significant
positive entropy value, so the randomness increases.

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Entropy of System by Ruth Ellen 13030194053 PKU 2013

Attachment
I. Experiment 1
a. Test Tube I

0,4118 gram
of NaOH
grain

10 mL of
aquadest
T1= 29,50C

10 mL of
water 29,50
+ NaOH
grain

10 mL of
water 29,50
+ NaOH
grain
T2=320C

10 mL of
water +
KNO3
crystal

10 mL of
water +
KNO3
crystal

b. Test Tube II

0, 854 gram
of KNO3
crystal

10 mL of
aquadest
T1= 29,50C

T2=27,50C

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Entropy of System by Ruth Ellen 13030194053 PKU 2013

c. Test Tube III

0,0599
gram Mg
metal
powder

5 mL of
HCl
T1= 29,50C

5 mL of
HCl + Mg
metal
powder

5 mL of
HCl + Mg
metal
T2=320C

II. Experiment II

0,1052
gram of
NH4Cl
powder

0,2484
gram of
Ba(OH)2
crystal

NH4Cl
+
Ba(OH)2

NH4Cl +
Ba(OH)2
T1= 300C

NH4Cl +
Ba(OH)2
shaked
T1=300C

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Entropy of System by Ruth Ellen 13030194053 PKU 2013

Calculation
I. Experiment I
Mass of NaOH

= 0,4188 gram

T1 initial

= 29,50C

T1 final

= 350C

= 308 K

Mr NaOH

= 40 gram/mol

Mass of KNO3

= 0,0854 gram

T2 initial

= 29,50C

T2 final

= 302,5 K

= 27,50C

= 302,5 K

= 300,5 K

Mr KNO3

= 101 gram/mol

Mass of Mg

= 0,0599 gram

T3 initial

= 29,35

T3 final

= 320C

= 302,5 K

= 305 K

Mr Mg

= 24,3 gram/mol

Volume of H2O

= 10 mL

Mass of H2O

Cp air

= 75,291

Mr HCl

= 36,5 gram/mol

d. Test Tube I
S=n Cp ln

T1
T1

= 10 gram

final

initial

0,4118 g
308
75,291 ln
40 g /mol
302,5

0,7751 0,018

0,01395 J / K

27

Entropy of System by Ruth Ellen 13030194053 PKU 2013

H=Q solution
Q=m c T

( 10 gram+0,4118 gram ) 4,2 ( 308302,5 ) K

240,51258 J

H=240,51258 J
e. Test Tube II
S=n Cp ln

T1
T1

final

initial

0,0854 g
300,5
75,291 ln
101 g/mol
302,5

0,0637 (6,6335)
0,4226 J /K

H=Q solution
Q=m c T
( 10 gram+0,0854 gram ) 4,2 ( 300,5302,5 ) K
84,71736 J
H=+ 84,71736 J

f. Test Tube III

S=n Cp ln

T1
T1

final

initial

0,0599 g
305
75,291 ln
24,3 g/mol
302,5

2,2550( 8,2305 103)

0,0186 J / K
H=Q solution
Q=m c T

28

Entropy of System by Ruth Ellen 13030194053 PKU 2013

( 5 gram+0,0599 gram ) 4,2 ( 305302,5 ) K

53,1289 J
H=53,1289 J

29

Entropy of System by Ruth Ellen 13030194053 PKU 2013

II.
Experiment II
Given:
Mass of Ba(OH)2 = 0,2484 gram
Mass of NH4Cl
= 0,1062 gram
T1 initial
= 300C
= 303 K
0
T1 final
= 28,5 C = 301,5 K
mass 0,284 gram
3
=
=1,45 10 =0,00145
gram
Mole of Ba(OH)2 = Mr
171
mol

Mole of NH4Cl =

mass 0,1062 gram

3
=
=1,99 10 =0,00199
Mr
gram
53,5
mol

Ba(OH)2(s) +
I
R
B

2NH4Cl

0,00145 mol
0,00145 mol
-

0,00199 mol
0,0145 mol
0,00054
T2
S=n Cp ln
T1
0,00145 mol 75,291 ln

BaCl(s) +

0,00145 mol
0,00145 mol

NH3 (g) +

H2O (l)

0,00145 mol 0,00145 mol

0,00145 mol 0,00145 mol

301,5
303

0,1091(4,9627 103)
4144 104 J / K
H=Q solution
Q=m c T

( 0,2484 gram+ 0,1062 gram ) 4,2 ( 301,5303 ) K

2,2339 J

H=2,2339 J

30