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Theory
EI, m
Figure 1.
The governing differential equation for the transverse displacement y(x, t) of a simplysupported beam subject to an axial load applied at its free end is
2
d2
2 y( x , t )
y( x , t ) + m
= 0
EI(x ) 2 y( x , t ) + P
x x
x 2
x
t2
(1)
where
E
is the length
2
d2
d2
2 y( x , t )
EI(x )
y( x , t ) + P
y( x , t ) + m
= 0
x 2
x 2
x 2
t2
(2)
d 2 d 2
EI
Y( x ) + P
dx 2 dx 2
d2
Y( x ) m 2 Y( x ) = 0
dx 2
(9)
d2
d t2
f ( t ) + 2 f ( t ) = 0
(10)
The product of the test function and the differential equation is integrated over the domain.
The integral equation is set to zero.
Mass and Stiffness Matrices
The elemental mass and stiffness matrices are taken from References 3 and 4.
156 22 54 13
4 13 3
hm
Mj=
156 22
420
(36)
12 6 12 6
4 6
2
EI
K j =
12 6
h3
36 3 36 3
4 3 1
P 1
+
36 3
h 30
(37)
where h is the element length.
An example is given in Appendix B.
References
1. L. Meirovitch, Analytical Methods in Vibration, Macmillan, New York, 1967.
2. L. Meirovitch, Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics, Sijthoff & Noordhoff,
The Netherlands, 1980.
3. T. Irvine, Transverse Vibration of a Beam via the Finite Element Method, Revision A,
Vibrationdata, 2000.
APPENDIX A
Example 1
Model the simply-supported beam in Figure A-1 as a single element using the mass and
stiffness matrices in equations 36 and 37. The model consists of one element and two
nodes as shown in Figure B-1.
E1
N2
N1
Figure A-1.
Note that h = L.
156 22 54 13
3
4
13
L m 22
M=
420 54 13 156 22
4
13 3 22
(A-1)
The stiffness matrix is
12 6 12 6
4 6
2
EI
K j =
12 6
h3
36 3 36 3
4 3 1
P 1
+
36 3
h 30
(A-2)
2 EI
(A-3)
L2
Let
P = 0.4 P cr
P =
P =
(A-4)
0.4 2 EI
(A-5)
L2
2 2 EI
(A-6)
5 L2
6 12 6
12
6
4
2
6
EI
K j =
L3 12 6 12 6
2
4
6
6
36 3 36 3
4 3 1
2 2 EI 1 1
+
36 3
5 L2 L 30
(A-7)
6 12 6
12
6
4
2
6
EI
K j =
L3 12 6 12 6
2
4
6
6
36
2 EI 3
+
75 L3 36
36
36
3
1
3
4
(A-8)
420
L3 16.74 6.395 16.74 6.395 y 2
156 22 54 13 y1
22
3 h 1
4
13
54 13 156 22 y 2
4 h 2
13 3 22
(A-10)
=
16.74 6.395 16.74 6.395 y 2
156 22 54 13 y1
22
3 h 1
4
13
54 13 156 22 y 2
4 h 2
13 3 22
(A-11)
where
L4 m
2
=
420 EI
(A-12)
420 EI
=
L4 m
(A-13)
y1 = 0
(A-14)
y2 = 0
(A-15)
The first row and first column are struck out to meet the first boundary condition. The
third row and third column are struck out to meet the second boundary condition.
The resulting eigen equation is thus
4 3 h 1
4.527 1.868 h 1
=
3 4 h
1.868 4.527 h
2
(A-17)
1 0.3799
= 6.395
(A-18)
1 0.6164
2 2.5288
(A-19)
The finite element results for the natural frequencies are thus
1
=
2
1
=
2
420 EI 0.6164
m L4 2.5288
(A-20)
12.632
m L4 51.826
(A-21)
EI
The finite element results are compared to the classical results in Table B-1.
Table B-1.
P = 0.4 Pcr Case, Natural Frequency Comparison, 1 Element
Finite Element
Model
Classical
Solution
Mode
m L4
EI
12.632
m L4
EI
11.679
The finite element value is 8.15 % higher than the classical solution. The classical result is
taken from Reference 6.
Note that
L4
= 9.871
EI
Reference 5.
The analysis is repeated for other model sizes, representing the same beam, in Table B-2.
Table B-2.
P = 0.4 Pcr Case, Fundamental Frequency for Various Model Sizes
Classical
Solution
Finite Element
Model
Elements
in Model
m L4
EI
Error
m L4
EI
12.631
11.679
8.15 %
11.714
11.679
0.30 %
11.672
11.679
-0.06 %
11.758
11.679
0.68 %
16
11.465
11.679
-1.83 %
10