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Abstract
Conductor string installation has always proven to be key element process for a successful well construction in offshore
project. However, challenging drilling environment such as rough current presents a huge resistance for the conductor string
installation with conventional drilling technique. Previous offshore exploration activities have seen many case studies with
failure on conductor installation causing significant delay on drilling operation consequently impacted with higher project cost.
Non-retrievable casing drilling technology, has gained wide reception from operators in Asia Pacific region for drilling top
hole sections in offshore project recent years. The high value realized in reduction on well construction costs and efficient
installation process across challenging drilling environment has contributed to the high popularity of this innovative drilling
technique in the regions offshore work.
A non-retrievable casing drilling bit has been successful in previous casing drilling application across Myanmar shallow water.
The previous success has raised interest for an attempt in pushing deeper conductor string setting depth to simplify well design
and determining the ultimate capability of this system in drilling a 549 m conductor string, the deepest 20-Inch string set with
casing drilling technique in Asia Pacific region. A new Leopard SD casing connector with higher torque capacity was first
time utilized on a casing drilling application in this project.
This paper introduces the planning and implementation process of the long interval 20 casing drilling through challenging
drilling environment in this project. In the paper it also discusses the detail running procedure, drilling parameters involved,
operational results of the casing drilling bit, casing connectors performance and lesson learnt from the project.
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Introduction
Conductor casing string installation is one of the most important processes in the construction of an offshore casing program.
The conductor string serves as the foundation for subsequent casing strings, and can be a predominant factor in the overall
success of the drilling and completion of each well.
Casing while Drilling technology has been developed and used by many operators since its inception in 1907. Recent
successes across offshore Asia Pacific (most notably in Australia, Malaysia, Vietnam, and Myanmar) have spurred this
technologys tremendous growth within the drilling industry. The non-retrievable CwD system uses the casing string as a drill
string, with a simple cement-in-place bottom hole assembly (BHA) comprised of a casing drill bit and a float collar.
Specialized design features on the casing drill bit allow it to subsequently be drilled-out with any conventional roller cone or
PDC bit.
This system provides a means for drilling, running casing, and cementing in single trip. CwD has proven to be a cost effective
solution for getting casing to bottom and mitigating hazards such as wellbore instability and lost circulation. Growing
numbers of operators have been choosing this simple and effective drilling technique for installation of top hole casing strings
on their exploration and appraisal wells. This single-trip operation helps reduce flat time from the drilling curve, hence
increasing the drilling efficiency and providing significant cost savings, especially for offshore projects (Galloway, 2004).
Strong subsea currents and seasonal tides in offshore Myanmar have presented a major challenge for the operators when
attempting to trip conductor casing into pre-drilled holes. This can be especially problematic when operating from a jack-up
rig, since the rig position cannot easily be moved to compensate for the effects of sea current on the casing string. In
numerous previous offshore operations in the area, it has required the assistance of a subsea casing guide and subsea
monitoring devices. A significant benefit of Casing while Drilling is that drilling and running casing are combined into a
single operation. This eliminates many of the difficulties associated with conventional techniques when running casing in
strong sea currents.
PTTEP planned to drill four exploration wells on a jack-up drilling rig in offshore Myanmar. The ASK-4 well is located in
Block M3 and is owned by PTTP Myanmar. The 20 inch conductor casing was planned to be set at a new record depth of 600
m below mud line, using CwD techniques. According to offset well data and past drilling experience in a similar block, the
lithology throughout this interval was expected to be comprised of sandstone, clay stone, and shale.
Furthermore, a new type of casing connector with increased torque capacity was utilized to help ensure the successful
implementation of the project.
Previous CwD Job Offshore Myanmar
Prior to the ASK-4 well, CwD was successfully implemented by PTTEP in offshore Southern Yangon waters in 2010 and
2011. On these previous CwD applications, a smaller 13-3/8 inch conductor was installed. Several different casing bit
designs available on the market were utilized on these projects. All of the casing bits evaluated reached the target depth
successfully.
The previous longest drilled interval by non-retrievable Casing while Drilling techniques within this region was approximately
390 m. Longer drilling intervals had not been attempted because of uncertainties about the limitations of the casing bits
cutting structure and formation compatibility.
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Casing
Top Drive
Float Collar
Casing Drive
System
Casing Bit
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The entire well geological stratigraphy includes different types of formations. The formation M4 lies at the top, followed by
formation M3, and then M2 where the payzone exists (see Fig. 4). The Casing while Drilling system was selected to drill the
M4 formation which comprises a thick sequence of claystones, sandstones, and siltstones that have been deposited by the
Paleo Ayeyarwady River and Deltaic system. Claystone is commonly light grey to medium grey and soft to firm hardness.
Sandstone is predominantly clear, transparent to transculent, very fine to fine grained, with traces of carbonaceous material
and shell fragments.
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in a twin or four start thread. When stabbed, the box swallows approximately 90% of the pin length. The stabbing guide
prevents cross-threading. Full make-up is achieved in less than half a turn with a four start thread and less than one turn for a
two start thread. To prevent back-off during casing drilling and to permit the connection to transmit torque, integral
antirotation tabs are engaged using a hand-held Hilti gun or manual shear tool. Utilization of the anti-rotation tabs increases
connectors breakout torque. The connector is fully made up in less than 1 turn with a required torque figure of 20 to 26 kips-ft
providing a fully preloaded connection. These connectors features are important criterias for withstanding the high casing
drilling torque expected to encounter while drilling through the medium soft formation.
Connector
Capacities
20"
x
0.625"
Leopard
SD
65ksi
(SD/044/3/3A)
Connector OD
21.190 "
0.538
Connector ID
18.000 "
0.457
Drift Size
17.813 "
0.452
Plain End Weight
133.0 PPF
197.9
Tension
2,310 KIPS
10.28
Compression
1,810 KIPS
8.05
Bending
900 KIPS/FT
1.22
Internal Pressure
3,500 PSI
24.12
Collapse Pressure
3,500 PSI
24.12
Material
Yield
Strength
65,000 PSI
448.16
Make-Up Torque
20 to 26
KIPS-ft
m
m
m
kg/m
MN
MN
MNm
MPa
MPa
MPa
MN
MNm
MPa
MPa
MPa
The Leopard SD connector has an integral 4 point anti-rotation feature, where sheer tabs located on the box connector can be
engaged into a profile on the pin connector, effectively locking pin and box together. The sheer tabs are activated by means of
Hilti Tool (which uses cartridges) or a manual sheer tool, both of which have a profiled chisel head designed to ensure that a
full and precise engagement of the tab achieved (see Fig: 8 & 9).
The connector is capable of accommodating up to 40 kips-ft of torque, however with all 4 of the anti-rotation tabs engaged this
figure can rise to 50 kips-ft. This considerably above what is required when DwC, making this connector the correct selection
for this application.
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11
12
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Anti-Rotation Tab
fully engaged
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At 138 m, the Top Drive Systems brake was found to be slipping. While attempting to stop drilling, the casing string became
stuck. A total of 350 klbs overpull force was required to successfully free the casing string. The wellbore was continuously
circulated with sea water through the casing drive tool throughout the 13.5 hour delay to repair the Top Drive System.
The drilling operation was then continued from 138 m until 392 m with parameters indicated below.
Rotation
: 50 80 rpm
Flow Rate
Pressure
WOB
: 3 10 klbs
Torque
: 3 18 kft-lbs
A 20 bbl hi-viscosity mud sweep was pumped at every casing connection. The drilling operation was halted for a second time
at 392 m, due to a similar Top Drive System brake slipping problem.
One joint of casing was pulled, leaving the casing bit off bottom at a depth of 380 m to allow continuous circulation while
troubleshooting the problem with the Top Drive System. The casing drive tool was re-engaged into the string after 22.5 hours.
Initial pick up weight was 220 klbs with no indications of stuck casing. The casing string was then reamed down to bottom at
392 m and the drilling operation was resumed. An increase in drilling torque was observed on the casing string, prompting the
operator to increase the volume of hi-viscosity sweeps to 40 bbl after drilling down each casing joint.
Drilling operations were paused at 488 m for another hour to replace the air supply hose between the rig floor and main deck.
A circulation rate of 2,850 lpm and rotation of 20 RPM was maintained on the casing string to ensure the annulus remained
clear of cuttings and limit the possibility of pack-off.
After drilling to 582 m, one joint of drill pipe was made up onto the top of the casing drive tool assembly. The 20 inch casing
bushing insert was removed from the rotary. CwD operations resumed to continue drilling the casing string down below
rotary table until the targeted depth of 600 m was reached. A 1,000 bbl hi-viscosity sweep was pumped at target depth to clean
the hole. The final pick up string weight was recorded at 280 klbs, rotary string weight at 270 klbs, and slack off weight at 280
klbs.
The casing spear assembly was retrieved to allow the installation of the casing hanger assembly and proceeds with the
cementation process as per designed procedure.
However, it was noted that at the end of the casing drilling operation when the casing spear was rigged down, one of the casing
drilling spear drag blocks segment had come free and hanging on the housing. The driller immediately stopped picking up the
casing spear to inspect the tool and later it was laid down on pipe deck for investigation. It came to field personnel knowledge
that two screws to lock the retainer sleeve and drag blocks housing via a locking block were found missing.
Further investigation in town discovered that the drag block was believed to be dropped out due to losing the holding
mechanism by the retainer sleeve after it was allowed to be rotated freely without the locking block in proper place as the
locking screws backed out.
Drilling with Casing Performance Results
The non-retrievable CwD technology was successfully implemented to drill in a long 20 inch conductor string in Offshore
Myanmar, notably known for its strong sea currents. A total of 49 joints of 20 inch conductor were successfully drilled down
to the planned depth of 600 m MDRT, which is the longest interval drilled to date for this size conductor. Average ROP was
very high at 51.72 m/hr over10.72 on-bottom drilling hours. The drilling operation was performed in a safe manner with no
recordable incidents or accidents.
The expected lost circulation problem while drilling was mitigated, as no major losses were encountered during the entire
Casing while Drilling operation. This suggests that the CwD technology added value with the smear effect mechanism for
limiting lost circulation.
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Throughout the 20-Inch conductor string casing drilling process, there are a total of 119 hours downtime to repair the
Drawworks which the casing remained stationery in hole with only circulation. After each repair and maintenance process, the
casing string was still able to be rotated and resumed with drilling oiperation, none indication of hole packoff problem.
Excellent verticality of the well was maintained throughout the operation with inclination measuring less than one degree.
These combined results demonstrate that the non-retrievable CwD system offers a simple BHA configuration and cost
effective means of top hole casing installation.
After a careful pre-job analysis of the formation lithology and offset wells, the proposed eight-bladed 20 x 24 inch PDC casing
bit performed as designed. Coupled with the new premium casing connectors which allowed higher drilling torque, the bit
aggressively drilled down through the medium soft formation until reaching the planned depth in a single run.
The charts (see Fig. 10) show the performance parameter of the casing bit drilling through the formation.
The 20 x 24 casing bit was drilled out with a subsequent section 17.5 PDC bit. However, the PDC bit was return with a
unfavorable condition, suspecting could be due to drilling out the fallen bolt inside the string from the casing spears drag
block during the rig down incident.
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100
ROP , RPM
200
300
400
ROP ,m/hr
RPM
WOB, kip
FLOW , SPP
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
0
0.0
0.5
DxC
1.0
0
Flow, lpm
SPP, psi
TRQ, kft.lb
100
100
100
200
200
200
200
200
300
300
300
300
300
400
400
400
400
400
500
500
500
500
500
600
600
600
600
600
700
700
700
10000 20000 30000 40000
700
700
Depth
Depth
100
Depth
100
10
WOB
15
20
TORQUE
1.5
2.0
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The screws should be applied with removable thread lock compound before installation to firmly attach on the
locking block.
Washers have to be used along with screws to enhance the locking mechanism.
Field personnel are advised to frequently check for loose screws during drilling operation.
A 50 bbl hi-viscosity sweep was pumped every three joints on this Casing while Drilling operation. It is highly recommended
to pump 20-40 bbl of hi-viscosity sweep on every joint of conductor to promote good hole cleaning and cuttings removal
throughout the CwD operation. Compared to conventional drilling techniques, CwD provides smaller annular clearance
between the formation and the pipe. Excessive cuttings accumulation in the annulus could potentially lead to stuck casing or
casing string pack-off problems. Therefore, it is recommended to pump hi-viscosity sweeps on every joint drilled to limit the
potential for such problems.
On the subsequent well utilization casing drilling technology on the same top hole 20 section with similar casing bit in the
nearby area, the casing bit was drilled out with roller cone bit and return with a favorable condition. A roller cone bit can be
considered for drilling out the casing bit in the near future.
Conclusions
Casing while Drilling techniques mitigated difficulties associated with the conventional methods of stabbing the
conductor casing into a pre-drilled hole in strong subsea currents.
The 20 inch conductor was efficiently drilled and set at a depth of 600 m a record for the longest top hole section in
offshore Myanmar.
Pre-job analyses of the lithology and offset wells guided the applications team to select a 20 x 24 inch PDC casing bit
with a cutting structure capable of drilling the entire interval at high ROP in a single trip.
The high probability of lost circulation was mitigated with the smear effect mechanism as seen in many other CwD
applications.
Acknowledgements
We would like to take this opportunity to express appreciation to PTTEP, Weatherford and Oil States for allowing this paper
to be published and to IPTC for hosting this conference to highlight this project.
References
1.
Galloway, G. 2003. Rotary Drilling with CasingA field proven method of reducing wellbore construction cost. Paper
WOCD-0306-02 presented at the World Oil Casing Drilling Technical Conference, Houston, Texas, USA, 67
March.
2.
Galloway, G. 2004. Cement in Place Drilling with Casing System Provides Safe, Reliable Method for Improving
Drilling Efficiency. Paper OTC 16565 presented at the Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, 36 May.
3.
Watts, R.D., Greener, M.R., McKeever, S., Scott, P.D., and Beardmore, D. 2010. Particle Size Distribution Improves
Casing-While-Drilling WellboreStrengthening Results. Paper IADC/SPE 128913 presented at the IADC/SPE
Drilling Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, 24 February.
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Nomenclature
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