Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Vol.03,Issue.33
October-2014,
Pages:6565-6581
www.ijsetr.com
PG Scholar, Dept of EEE, Sri Mittapalli College of Engineering, Guntur, AP, India, E-mail: subanimseee@gmail.com.
Associate Professor, Dept of EEE, Sri Mittapalli College of Engineering, Guntur, AP, India, E-mail: kornesuresh@gmail.com.
Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive review on the UPQC to reinforce power quality. Typically this can be often
speculated to gift a broad outline on the varied possible intelligent controls used with UPQC. The most purpose of a UPQC is to
control on voltage flicker/unbalance, reactive power and harmonics. In different words, the UPQC has the potential of up power
quality at the purpose of installation on power industrial power systems. The appliance of computing is growing quick within the
space of power electronics and drives. From olden days to now days we are using twelve switches used in back to back
configuration. But now we are using nine switches instead of 12 switches. In 9 switch UPQC converters given the most useful
benefits compared to 12 switches power converter. The nine switches UPQC converter gets the best results by using of two
methods. They are one is PI controller technique and other one is ANN controller technique. By contrast PI and ANN, ANN is
better than PI for power quality enhancement and voltage sag and voltage swell mitigations. The factitious neural network
(ANN) is taken into account as a replacement tool to style management electronic equipment for power-quality (PQ) devices. A
whole simulation study is administrated to analysis the performance of the ANN controller and compares its performance with
the quality PI controller results. The nine-switch convertor has already been proved to possess sure benefits, additionally to its
part saving topological feature. Despite these benefits, the nine-switch convertor has thus far found restricted applications
because of its several perceived performance tradeoffs like requiring associate degree outsized dc-link capacitance, restricted
amplitude sharing, and unnatural part shift between its 2 sets of output terminals. Rather than acceptive these tradeoffs as
limitations, a nine-switch power conditioner is projected here that nearly converts most of those topological short comings into
fascinating performance benefits. Aiming more to cut back its switch losses, Harmonics, Voltage Sag & Swell associate degree
acceptable discontinuous modulation theme is projected and studied here thoroughly to doubly make sure that top reduction of
commutations is achieved. With associate degree suitably designed management theme with PI and ANN with physical
phenomenon controller then incorporated, the nine-switch convertor is shown to favorably raise the general power quality in
Simulation, thus justifying its role as an influence conditioner at a reduced value.
Keywords: ANN, Active Power Filters, PI Controller, Nine Switch Converter, Power Quality, UPQC.
I. INTRODUCTION
The use of electronic controllers within the electrical powersupply system has become quite common. These electronic
controllers behave as nonlinear load and cause serious
distortion within the distribution system and introduce
unwanted harmonics within the supply system, resulting in
slashed potency of the facility system network and
instrumentality connected within the network [1]. To satisfy
the wants of harmonic regulation, passive and active power
filters area unit being employed together with the standard
converters [2]. Presently, active power filters (APFs) have
become value-effective attributable to cost reductions in
power semiconductor devices, their auxiliary components, and
integrated digital management circuits. Additionally, the APF
conjointly acts as a power-conditioning device that provides a
cluster of multiple functions, like harmonic filtering, damping,
isolation and termination, load equalization, reactive-power
management for power-factor correction and voltage
regulation, voltage-flicker reduction, and/or their mixtures.
Comparison of PI and ANN Control Techniques for Nine Switches UPQC to Improve Power Quality
switch convertor. More significantly, a far larger dc-link
provided to clarify that the lot of restricted nine-switch
capacitance and voltage ought to be maintained, so as to
convertor won\'t underperform the lot of freelance back-to
supply similar ac voltage amplitudes as for the consecutive
back convertor even for sag mitigation. During voltage sags,
the second set of management schemes conjointly has the
convertor.
flexibility to endlessly keep the load voltages inside tolerable
Uncalled-for to mention, the larger dc-link voltage would
vary. This sag mitigation ability, along with different abstract
amplify the semiconductor switches unnecessarily, and would
findings mentioned during this paper however not within the
possibly to some extent overshadow the saving of 3
open literature, has already been verified in experiment with
semiconductor switches created potential by the nine-switch
favorable results discovered.
topology. The attractiveness of the nine-switch convertor, if so
any, is thus not nonetheless absolutely brought out by those
II. POWER QUALITY
existing applications mentioned in [13][15]. Though followPower Quality (PQ) connected problems area unit of most
up topological extensions will later be found in [16], wherever
concern today. The widespread use of equipment, like info
a Z-source network and different modulation schemes are
technology instrumentality, power physical science like
introduced, they didnt absolutely address those crucial
adjustable speed drives (ASD), programmable logic
limitations sweet-faced by the nine-switch convertor, and not
controllers (PLC), energy-efficient lighting, diode to a whole
its ancient consecutive counterpart. Investigating more by
modification of electrical hundreds nature. These hundreds
taking a more in-depth read at those existing applications
area unit at the same time the key causers and also the major
delineate earlier, a general note discovered is that they
victims of power quality issues [8]. Because of their nonnormally use the nine-switch convertor to exchange 2 shunt
linearity, of these hundreds cause disturbances within the
converters connected consecutive. Such replacement can limit
voltage undulation. alongside technology advance, the
the total functionalities of the nine-switch convertor, as
organization of the worldwide economy has evolved towards
explained in Section II. Within the same section, an alternate
globalisation and also the profit margins of the many activities
conception is mentioned, wherever the nine-switch convertor
tend to decrease [11]. The magnified sensitivity of the
is chosen to exchange a shunt associate degreed a series
overwhelming majority of processes (industrial, services and
convertor found in an integrated power conditioner, rather
even residential) to PQ issues turns the provision of electrical
than 2 shunt converters.
power with quality an important issue for fight in each activity
sector. The foremost crucial area unit as are the continual
method trade and also the info technology services [15]. Once
a disturbance happens, immense money losses could happen,
with the ensuing loss of productivity and fight. Though several
efforts are taken by utilities, some shoppers need tier of PQ
beyond the extent provided by fashionable electrical networks
[12]. this means that some measures should be taken so as to
attain higher levels of Power Quality.
Comparison of PI and ANN Control Techniques for Nine Switches UPQC to Improve Power Quality
input voltage vectors square measure taken to part secured
In order to own distortion less load voltage, the load
loop (PLL). With correct part delay, the unit vector templates
voltage should be adequate to these reference signals. The
square measure generated. The management strategy is
measured load voltages square measure compared with
predicated on the extraction of Unit Vector Templates from
reference load voltage signals. The error generated is then
the distorted input provide. These templates are going to be
taken to a physical phenomenon controller to get the desired
then a dore pure curving signal with unity (p.u.) amplitude.
gate signals for series APF. The unit vector templates are often
The extraction of unit vector templates is
applied for shunt APF to compensate the harmonic current
generated by non-linear load. The shunt APF is employed to
catch up on current harmonics likewise on maintains the dc
link voltage at constant level. to realize the higher than
(1)
mentioned task the dc link voltage is perceived and compared
with the reference dc link voltage. A PI controller then
processes the error. The signal from PI controller is increased
Multiplying the height amplitude of basic input voltage
with unit vector templates of equation (1) giving reference
with unit vector templates of equation (1) offers the reference
supply current signals. The supply current should be adequate
load voltage signals,
to this reference signal. So as to follow this reference current
*
(2)
V abc Vm .U abc
signal, the 3-ph supply currents square measure perceived and
The error generated is then taken to a physical phenomenon
compared with reference current signals. The error generated
controller to get the desired gate signals for series APF. The
is then processed by a physical phenomenon current controller
unit vector template are often applied for shunt Fig.3
with appropriate band, generating gating signals for shunt
Extraction of Unit Vector Templates and three- Reference
APF.
Voltages shown within the Fig.3.The unit vector templates
square measure generated APF to compensate the harmonic
V. CONTROL STRATEGY OF NINE SWITCH UPQC
current generated by non-linear load. The shunt APF is
A. Static Shunt Compensator using PI
employed to catch up on current harmonics likewise on
Nine Switch UPQC consists of series compensator and
maintains the dc link voltage at constant level [13-14]. To
shunt compensator. The shunt compensator is managementled
realize the higher than mentioned task. The dc link voltage is
by a PWM current control formula, whereas the series
perceived and compared with the reference dc link voltage. A
convertor is managementled by a PWM voltage control
PI controller then processes the error. The signal from PI
formula. In step with the adopted management theme, these 2
controller is increased with unit vector templates of equation
components of 9 Switch UPQC have totally different
(1) giving reference supply current signals. The supply current
functions as follows:
should be adequate to this reference signal. So as to follow
Static Shunt Compensator: Shunt electrical converter
this reference current signal, the 3-phase supply currents
control: during this study, shunt electrical converter
square measure perceived and compared with reference
undertakes 2 main duties. initial is compensating each current
current signals. The error generated is then processed by a
harmonics generated by nonlinear load and reactive power,
physical phenomenon current controller with appropriate
second is injecting active power generated by PV system. The
band, generating gating signals for shunt APF. The 9 Switch
UPQC uses 2 consecutive connected 3 part VSIs sharing a
standard dc bus. The physical phenomenon controller is
employed here to manage the switch of the each VSIs.
dq 0
Tabc
cos
2
sin
3
1
2
2
cos
cos
3
3
2
2
sin
sin
3
3
1
1
2
2
(3)
(4)
(5)
where, Id is active and IQ is reactive a part of power. AC and
DC components is extracted by an occasional pass filter. In
this case:
Il I s I c
(6)
In Eq. 4, Is is that the supply current, Il is that the load current
and Ic is that the compensating current injected by shunt
electrical converter. If compensation reference currents area
unit thought-about as follow:
(11)
As it is shown in Fig.4, the reference currents can transfer to
fundamentals frame by reverse changing the synchronous
coordinate system, as Eq. 1. Resulted reference currents are
compared with shunt electrical converter output currents (I fa,
Ifb, Ifc) during a PWM current controller (hysteresist type) and
needed dominant pulses area unit generated. Applying these
signals to shunt electrical converter power switches gate,
needed compensation current is generated by electrical
converter.
In addition to earlier duties, shunt electrical converter
management ought to inject active power of PV system to the
grid once PV is working. Active power is injected to grid by
electrical condenser voltage dominant loop. In alternative
words, once voltage will increase and reaches to {the
worth|the worth} that is quite the reference voltage value,
shunt electrical converter injects active power to grid and once
it decreases to worth that is a smaller amount than the
reference voltage value; shunt electrical converter receives
active power from the grid.
B. Static Shunt Compensator using ANN
In Fig.5 the fast current of the nonlinear load is expanded
into three terms. the primary term is that the load functions
sent from PLL (Phase latched Loop) in accordance with
equation.(3)
I Ldq 0 Tabc dq 0 iLabc
(12)
(7)
I sd I ld , I sq I lq
(8)
In the Eq. 6, simply the load current harmonics area unit
remunerated. If power issue is taken into account too, the
reference currents would be as follow:
(9)
I sd I lq , I sq 0
(10)
So, no harmonic and reactive power are provided by the
supply. Switching losses and therefore the power that the
Fig.5. Control of the shunt Converter of the Nine Switch
series electrical converter receives from electrical condenser,
UPQC using ANN.
will scale back the voltage average worth of DC bus.
International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research
Volume.03, IssueNo.33, October-2014, Pages: 6565-6581
Comparison of PI and ANN Control Techniques for Nine Switches UPQC to Improve Power Quality
By this remodel, the basic positive sequence parts area unit
Vm
remodeled into dc Quantities in d and letter of the alphabet
*
dq 0
*
Vldq 0 Tabc .Vlabc 0
axes, which may simply be extracted by low-pass, filter (LPF).
All harmonic parts area unit remodeled into ac quantities
with a harmonic shift
I Lq i Lq iLq
(13)
Since
(14)
iL is ic
This means there\'s no harmonics and reactive parts within
the system currents. The change loss will cause the dc link
electrical condenser voltage to decrease. alternative
disturbances, like unbalances and unexpected variations of
masses can even cause this voltage to fluctuate. so as to avoid
this, in Figure four. a PI controller is employed. The input of
the PI controller is that the error between the particular
electrical condenser voltage and therefore the desired worth,
its output then additional to the reference current part within
the d-axis to create a replacement.
C. Series Inverter Control using PI
The duty of series electrical converter is compensating
voltage distortions that are caused by fault in distribution grid.
Series electrical converter management calculates the voltage
reference values, that are injected to grid by series electrical
converter.
Vm cos t
*
Vlabc
Vm cos t 120
Vm cos t 120
(15)
(16)
where, Vm is desired peak worth of load voltage and () is
voltage point that is calculated by section latched loop (PLL).
By subtracting the specified worth of d-axis section voltage
from Vsd, all distortions in d-axis are obtained. Also, the
specified worth of load section voltage in q-axis is zero. In
alternative words, Vsq represents total q-axis distortions. So,
series compensation reference voltage is resulted by
combining weight. 16:
*
*
V fdq
0 Vldq 0 Vsdq 0
(17)
These voltages are compared with associate angular wave
form in PWM controller and needed dominant pulses (g1,...,
g6) are generated to be applied to series voltage supply
electrical converter switches. This corrected methodology is
programmable with an occasional price. the opposite
advantage is that the dominant system`s calculation time is
shortened and then dominant system`s response is quicker.
Fig.6 shows the diagram of series compensator`s dominant
circuit applying synchronous frame of reference methodology.
so as to enhance series electrical converter operation, SPWM
methodology is employed wherever, the resulted worth of
subtracting from Vfabc is increased to a continuing constant
and also the obtained worth is superimposed to . Applying
this methodology distinctively improves operation of series
electrical converter.
Comparison of PI and ANN Control Techniques for Nine Switches UPQC to Improve Power Quality
This network is meant with 3 layers, the input layer with a
pair of, the hidden layer with twenty one, and therefore the
output layer with one vegetative cell, severally. The big
information of the dc-link current for n and (n-1) intervals
from the traditional methodology area unit collected and area
unit hold on within the Mat lab space. These information area
unit used for coaching the NN. The activation functions
chosen area unit tan colon for hidden and input layers and pure
linear within the output layer, severally. This multilayer feed
forward-type NN works as a compensation signal generator.
The topology of the ANN is as shown in Fig.10. The
compensator output depends on the evolution and its input.
The NN is trained for output basic reference currents. The
signals so obtained area unit compared during a physical
phenomenon band current controller to produce change
signals.
Comparison of PI and ANN Control Techniques for Nine Switches UPQC to Improve Power Quality
Comparison of PI and ANN Control Techniques for Nine Switches UPQC to Improve Power Quality
Without UPQC utility side voltage THD is 4.15% at 5 th
harmonic order.
rd
rd
Comparison of PI and ANN Control Techniques for Nine Switches UPQC to Improve Power Quality
Utility side current THD with PI 2.26% at 7th & 9th
Utility side voltage THD with ANN 1.35% at 5th
harmonic orders.
harmonic order.
Utility side voltage THD with ANN 1.37% at 7th & 9th
harmonic orders.
Comparison of PI and ANN Control Techniques for Nine Switches UPQC to Improve Power Quality
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Authors Profile:
Voltage and Current Source Harmonics, Journal of
Mr. SHAIK. MABUSUBANI is a
Electrical Engineering.
student of Sri Mittapalli College of
[19]
Ambrish Chandra, Bhim Singh, B.N.Singh, and
Engineering, Guntur, AP. Currently
Kamal Al-Haddad, An Improved Control Algorithm of
he is pursuing M.Tech in Power
Shunt Active Filter for Voltage Regulation, Harmonic
Electronics and Electrical Drives
Elimination, Power-factor Correction, and Balancing of
(12U91D5408) from S.M.C.E. He
Nonlinear loads, IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, vol. 15,
completed B.Tech (E.E.E.) in
no.3, May 2000, pp. 495-507.
Chalapati Institute of Technology.
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His area of interests include Power Quality by Custom
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pp. 373-380, 2007.
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renewable energy resources, Fuzzy controllers.
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using Matlab/power system blockset, IEEE Power
Mr.
SURESH.
KORNEPATI
Systems Conf. and Exp. 2004, PSCE 2004, vol. 3, pp.
presently working as Associate
1440-1443.
Professor & Head, Deportment of
[22] Basu M., Das S. P. and Dubey G. K., Comparative
EEE in Sri Mittapalli College of
evaluation of two models of UPQC for suitable interface
Engineering, Guntur, A.P. His area of
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interests include renewable energy
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Expo. 2004, APEC '04, vol. 1, pp. 573-579.
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Sudeep Kumar. R, Ganesan. P 250KVA unified
power quality controller center for development of
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[28 ]A. Kazemi, R. Rezaeipour Introducing a New
method for UPQC Control to Solve Power Quality
Problems Center Of Excellence For Power System
Automation And Operation. Iran University of Science
International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research
Volume.03, IssueNo.33, October-2014, Pages: 6565-6581