1 Harry

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www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/
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EXECUTIVE SUMMERY
It gives me great pleasure to present this project report on working capital finance
at bank of Maharashtra, credit department, head office, Pune. The project was
carried out
from 1st June 2007 to 31st July 2007.
The main objective of the project was to study various types of working capital
finance provided by banks. To know details the procedure of assessment of working
capital finance extended by banks.
Wheels of business cannot move without money. Availability of money is being
limited and wants being unlimited. So procurement of fund is one of the important
functions in commercial & non-commercial enterprises and utilizes it for
maximization
of business profits.
Business enterprises need funds to meet their different types of requirements,
i. Long-term requirement
ii. Medium-term requirement
iii. Short-term requirement
Working capital requirement is the short-term requirement. Working capital is the
investment needed for carrying out day-to-day operations of the business smoothly.
Bank
is one of the important sources of working capital requirement. Bank gives various
facilities to the borrowers.
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In this project I have considered various banking facilities for the working capital
finance to the industries. It covers almost important aspect relating to assessment
&
follow up of working capital finance. After discussing the procedure followed by
bank,
For assessing working capital requirement case studies have been given with
necessary
data in the prescribed forms demonstrate the calculable done by bank to arrive at
maximum permissible bank finance. An inventory & receivables constitute the major
portion of the total working capital requirement.
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Company Profile
The Birth
Registered on 16th Sept 1935 with an authorized capital of Rs 10.00 lakh and
commenced business on 8th Feb 1936.
The Childhood
Known as a common man's bank since inception, its initial help to small units has
given
birth too many of today's industrial houses. After nationalization in 1969, the bank
expanded rapidly. It now has 1292 branches (as of 30th September 2005) all over
India.
The Bank has the largest network of branches by any Public sector bank in the state
of
Maharashtra.
The Adult
The bank has fine tuned its services to cater to the needs of the common man and
incorporated the latest technology in banking offering a variety of services.
Our Philosophy
o Technology with personal touch.

Our Emblem
The Deepmal
o With its many lights rising to greater heights.
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The Pillar
o Our institution- Symbolizing strength.
The 3 M's
Symbolising
Mobilisation of Money
Modernisation of Methods and
Motivation of Staff.
Our Aims
The bank wishes to cater to all types of needs of the entire family, in the whole
country.
Its dream is "One Family, One Bank, Maharashtra Bank".
The Autonomy
The Bank attained autonomous status in 1998. It helps in giving more and more
services
with simplified procedures without intervention of Government.
Our Social Aspect
The bank excels in Social Banking, overlooking the profit aspect; it has a good share
of
Priority sector lending having 46% of its branches in rural areas.
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Other Attributes
Bank is the convener of State level Bankers committee
Bank has signed a MoU with EXIM bank for co-financing of project exports
Bank offers Depository services and Demat facilities in Mumbai.
Bank has captured 97.68% of its total business through computerization.
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OBJECTIVES
To know the various types of working capital finance provided by banks.
To analyze in detail the procedure of assessment of working capital finance
extended by bank.
To apply these procedure at a practical level with the help of case studies.
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This is analytical research area where we analyses information with cause and its
effects relationship. This analysis leads to the simple conclusions of whether to lend
money to the institution for business.
Also if the money is lend then there is reality the norms are not always perfect and
hence it is essential to priorities stringent parameters and secondary parameters.
Research Type Analytical
Source of Data Primary and Secondary
Sample Unit Industries applying for loan
Sample Case studies
Sample Technique Allocation of Case
Analysis Tool used Financial Analysis
Primary Data:
Observation, Discussion with the manager.
The company profile, annual reports have been obtained from BOM.
Secondary Data:
Secondary data relating to the procedure of assessment of working capital finance,
old
sanction proposals, RBI guidelines etc. have been sourced from reference books.
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INTRODUCTION TO WORKING CAPITAL
In accounting, Working capital is the difference between the inflow and outflow of
funds. In other words, it is the net cash inflow. It is defined as the excess of current
assets
over current liabilities and provisions. In other words, it is net current assets or net
working capital.
A study of working capital is of major importance to internal and external analysis
because of its close relationship with the day-to-day operations of a business.
Working
Capital is the portion of the assets of a business which are used on or related to
current
operations, and represented at any one time by the operating cycle of such items as
against receivables, inventories of raw materials, stores, work in process and
finished
goods, merchandise, notes or bill receivables and cash.
Working capital comprises current assets which are distinct from other assets. In the
first
instance, current assets consist of these assets which are of short duration.
Working capital may be regarded as the life blood of a business. Its effective
provision
can do much to ensure the success of a business while its inefficient management
can
lead not only to loss of profits but also to the ultimate downfall of what otherwise
might
be considered as a promising concern.
The funds required and acquired by a business may be invested to two types of
assets:
1. Fixed Assets.
2. Current Assets
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Fixed assets are those which yield the returns in the due course of time. The various
decisions like in which fixed assets funds should be invested and how much should
be
invested in the fixed assets etc. are in the form of capital budgeting decisions. This
can be
said to be fixed capital management.
Other types of assets are equally important i.e. Current Assets.
These types of assets are required to ensure smooth and fluent business operations
and
can be said to be life blood of the business. There are two concepts of working
capital
Gross and Net. Gross working capital refers to gross current assets. Net working
capital
refers to the difference between current assets and current liabilities. The term
current
assets refers to those assets held by the business which can be converted into cash
within
a short period of time of say one year, without reduction in value. The main types of
current assets are stock, receivables and cash. The term current liabilities refer to
those
liabilities, which are to be paid off during the course of business, within a short
period of
time say one year. They are expected to be paid out of current assets or earnings of
the
business. The current liabilities mainly consist of sundry creditors, bill payable, bank
overdraft or cash credit, outstanding expenses etc.
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NEED FOR WORKING CAPITAL
The need of gross working capital or current assets cannot be overemphasized. The
object
of any business is to earn profits. The main factor affecting the profits is the
magnitude of
sales of the business. But the sales cannot be converted into cash immediately.
There is a
time lag between the sale of goods and realization of cash. There is a need of
working
capital in the form of current assets to fill up this time lag. Technically, this is called
as
operating cycle or working capital cycle, which is the heart of need for working
capital.
This working capital cycle can be described in the following words.
If the company has a certain amount of cash, it will be required for purchasing the
raw
material though some raw material may be available on credit basis. Then the
company
has to spend some amount for labour and factory overheads to convert the raw
material in
work in progress, and ultimately finished goods. These finished goods when sold on
credit basis get converted in the form of sundry debtors. Sundry debtors are
converted in
cash only after the expiry of credit period. Thus, there is a cycle in which the
originally
available cash is converted in the form of cash again but only after following the
stages of
raw material, work in progress, finished goods and sundry debtors. Thus, there is a
time
gap for the original cash to get converted in form of cash again. Working Capital
needs of
company arise to cover the requirement of funds during this time gap, and the
quantum of
working capital needs varies as per the length of this time gap.
Thus, some amount of funds is blocked in raw materials, work in progress, finished
goods, sundry debtors and day-to-day requirements. However some part of these
current
assets may be financed by the current liabilities also. E.g. some raw material may
be
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available on credit basis, all the expenses need not be paid immediately, workers
are also
to be paid periodically etc. But still the amounts required to be invested in these
current
assets is always higher than the funds available from current liabilities. This is
precise
reason why the needs for working capital arise. From the Financial management
point of
view, the nature of fixed assets and current assets differ from each other
1. The fixed assets are required to be retained in the business over a period of time
and
they yield the returns over their life, whereas the current assets loose their identity
over a
short period of time, say one year.

2. In the case of current assets, it is always necessary to strike a proper balance
between
the liquidity and profitability principles, which is not the case with fixed assets. E.g.
If
the size of current assets is large, it is always beneficial from the liquidity point of
view
as it ensures smooth and fluent business operations. Sufficient raw material is
always
available to cater to the production needs, sufficient finished goods are available to
cater
to any kind of demand of customers, liberal credit period can be offered to the
customers
to improve the sales and sufficient cash is available to pay off the creditors and so
on.
However, if the investment in current assets is more than what is ideally required, it
affects the profitability, as it may not be able to yield sufficient rate of return on
investment. On the other hand, if the size of current assets is too small, it always
involves
the risk of frequent stock out, inability of the company to pay its dues in time etc.
As
such, the investment in current assets should be optimum. Hence, it is necessary to
manage the individual components of current assets in a proper way. Thus, working
capital management refers to proper administration of all aspects of current assets
and
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current liabilities. Working Capital Management is concerned with the problems
arising
out of the attempts to manage current assets, current liabilities and interrelationship
between them. The intention is not to maximize the investment in working capital
nor is
it to minimize the same. The intention is to have optimum investment in working
capital.
In other words, it can be said that the aim of working capital management is to have
minimum investment in working capital without affecting the regular and smooth
flow of
operations. The level of current assets to be maintained should be sufficient enough
to
cover its current liabilities with a reasonable margin of safety. Moreover, the various
sources available for financing working capital requirements should be properly
managed
to ensure that they are obtained and utilized in the best possible manner.
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FACTORS AFFECTING WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT
The amount of working capital required depends upon a number of factors which
can be
stated as below
Nature of Business:
Some businesses are such, due to their very nature, that their requirement of fixed
capital
is more rather than working capital. These businesses sell services and not the
commodities and not the commodities and that too on cash basis. As such, no funds
are
blocked in piling inventories and also no funds are blocked in receivables. E.g. Public
utility services like railways, electricity boards, infrastructure oriented projects etc.
Their
requirement of working capital is less. On the other hand, there are some business
like
trading activity, where the requirement of fixed capital is less but more money is
blocked
in inventories and debtors. Their requirement of the working capital is more.
Length of Production Cycle:
In some business like machine tool industry, the time gap between the acquisitions
of
raw material till the end of final production of finished product itself is quite high. As
such more amounts may be blocked either in raw materials, or work in progress or
finished goods or even in debtors. Naturally, their needs of working capital are
higher.
On the other hand, if the production cycle is shorter, the requirement of working
capital is
also less.
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Size and Growth of Business:

In very small companies the working capital requirements are quite high overheads,
higher buying and selling costs etc. As such, the medium sized companies positively
have
an edge over the small companies. But if the business starts growing after a certain
limit,
the working capital requirements may be adversely affected by the increasing size.
Business I Trade Cycles:
If the company is operating in the period of boom, the working capital requirements
may
be more as the company may like to buy more raw material, may increase the
production
and sales to take the benefits of favourable markets, due to the increased sales,
there may
be more and more amount of funds blocked in stock and debtors etc. Similarly, in
case of
depression also, the working capital requirements may be high as the sales in terms
of
value and quantity may be reducing, there may be unnecessary piling up of stocks
without getting sold, the receivables may not be recovered in time etc.
Terms of Purchase and Sales:
Sometimes, due to competition or custom, it may be necessary for the company to
extend
more and more credit to the customers, as a result of which more and more
amounts is
locked up in debtors or bills receivables which increase working capital
requirements. On
the other hand, in case of purchases, if credit is offered by the suppliers of goods
and
services, a part of working capital requirement may be financed by them, but if it is
necessary to purchase these goods or services on cash basis, the working capital
requirement will be higher.
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Profitability:
The profitability of the business may vary in each and every individual case, which
in its
turn may depend upon numerous factors. But high profitability will positively reduce
the
strain on working capital requirements of the company, because the profits to the
extent
that they are earned in cash may be used to meet the working capital requirements
of the
company. However, profitability has to be considered from one more angles so that
it can
be considered as one of the ways in which strain on working capital requirements of

the
company may be relieved. And these angles are:
Taxation Policy:
How much is required to be paid by the company towards its tax liability?
Dividend Policy:
How much of the profits earned by the company are distributed by way of dividend?
Effect of Inflation on Working Capital Requirement:
The phase of inflation can be identified with the situation of increasing price levels,
increasing demand and increasing supply. As such, the working capital requirements
multiply during the phase of inflation due to increasing cost of production and
increasing
level of sales turnover. However, in order to control the increasing demand for
working
capital during the period of inflation, the following measures may be applied.
Possibility of using cheaper substitute raw material, without affecting the quality,
should
be explored. For this purpose, research activities may be conducted. Attempts
should be
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made to reduce the production costs to maximum possible extent. For this purpose,
the
techniques like time and motion study, incentive schemes, cost reduction
programmes
etc. may be implemented. Attempts should be made to reduce the operating cycle
to the
maximum possible extent. Aiming at greater turnover at short intervals will go a
long
way to reduce the stress on working capital requirements. Attempts should be made
to
reduce the locked up working capital in non-moving or obsolete inventories. A clearcut
policy should be formulated and followed for timely disposal of non- moving and
obsolete inventories. Similarly, efficient management information system should be
developed to reflect the position of inventory from the various angles. Attempts
should be
made to reduce the amount looked up in receivables. Quicker realization of debts
will go
a long way to reduce the stress on working capital requirements. Attempts should
be
made to make the payments of to creditors in time. This helps the business to build
up
good reputation and increases its bargaining power with respect to period of credit
of
credit for payment and other conditions.
Attempts should be made to match the projected cash inflows and projected cash
outflows. If they do not match, some of the payments should be postponed or
purchases
of certain avoidable items should be deferred. Estimation of Working Capital
Requirements: First of all estimates of all current assets should be made. These
current
assets may include stock, debtors. Cash/Bank balance prepaid expenses etc.
Difference between the estimated current assets and current liabilities will represent
the
working capital requirements. To this sometime a standard percentage may be
added to
take care of the contingencies. This technique is known as Cash Cost technique of
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estimating of working capital requirements. There is another technique available for

estimating working capital requirements also and that is in the form of Balance
Sheet
Method. In this the forecast is made of various assets and liabilities, the difference
between assets and liabilities indicating either the surplus or deficiency of cash.
There are
various methods available for financing the working capital requirements:
Flied or Permanent or Core Working Capital:
This indicates the amount of minimum working capital, which is required to be
maintained by every business at any point of time, in order to carry on the business
on
permanent and uninterrupted basis.
Variable or Temporary Working Capital:
This indicates that amount of working capital required by the business which is over
and
above fixed or permanent or core working capital. This need of the working capital
may
vary depending upon the fluctuations in demand as a result of changes in
production or
sales.
As far as financing of the fixed or permanent needs of working capital are
concerned,
these needs should be met out of the long term sources of funds, Own generation of
funds, out of the profits earned, shares or debentures.
As far as financing of the variable or temporary needs of working capital are
concerned,
these needs can be met from the various sources:
1. A part of these needs may be financed by way of the credits available from the
suppliers of material or services and of delayed payment of expenses.
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2. A part of these needs may be financed by way of long term sources of funds in
the
form of own generation of funds, out of profits earned shares, debentures and other
long
term borrowings, public deposits etc.
3. A part of these needs may be financed by way of long term sources of funds in
the
form of own generation of funds, out of profits earned, shares, debentures and other
long
term borrowing.
4. A major portion of these working capital needs are financed by the Banks. In
financing the working capital needs of the business, the credit obtained from Banks
plays
a very important role.
Bank Credit as a Source of Meeting Working Capital Requirements:
While bank credit is considered as a major source of meeting the working capital
requirement of the industry, the banks have to consider the following factors before
meeting their requirements.
A].What should be the amount of working capital assistance?
B].What should be the form in which working capital assistance may be extended?
C].What should be the security that should be obtained for extending the working
capital
assistance?
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Amount of Assistance:
To obtain the bank credit for meeting the working capital requirements, the
company will
be required to estimate the working capital requirements and will be required to
approach
the banks along with the necessary supporting data. On the basis of the estimates
submitted by the company, the bank may decide the amount of assistance which
may be
extended, after considering the margin requirements. This margin is to provide the
cushion against the reduction in the value of security. If the company fails to fulfill
its
obligations, the bank may be required to realize the security for recovering the
dues.
Margin money is meant to take care of the possible reduction in the value of
security. The
percentage of margin money may depend upon the credit standing of the company,
fluctuations in the price of security or the directives of Reserve Bank of India from
time
to time.
Form of Assistance:
After deciding the amount of overall assistance to be extended to the company, the
bank
can disburse the amount in any of the following forms
Non-Fund Based Lending
Fund Based Lending
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Non-Fund Based Lending
In case of Non-Fund Based Lending, the lending bank does not commit any physical
outflow of funds. As such, the funds position of the lending bank remains intact. The
Non-Fund Based Lending can be made by the banks in two formsa.

Bank Guarantee:
Suppose Company A is the selling company and Company B is the purchasing
company.
Company A does not know Company B and as such is concerned whether Company
B
will make the payment or not. In such circumstances, D who is the Bank of
Company B,
opens the Bank Guarantee in favour of Company A in which it undertakes to make
the
payment to Company A if Company B fails to honour its commitment to make the
payment in future. As such, interests of Company A are protected as it is assured to
get
the payment, either from Company B or from its Bank D. As such, Bank Guarantee is
the
mode which will be found typically in the sellers market. As far as Bank D is
concerned,
while issuing the guarantee in favour of Company A, it does not commit any outflow
of
funds. As such, it is a Non-Fund Based Lending for Bank D. If on due date, Bank D is
required to make the payment to Company A due to failure on account of Company
B to
make the payment, this Non-Fund Based Lending becomes the Fund Based Lending
for
Bank D which can be recovered by Bank D from Company B. For issuing the Bank
Guarantee, Bank D charges the Bank Guarantee Commission from Company B
which
gets decided on the basis of two factors-what is the amount of Bank Guarantee and
what
is the period of validity of Bank Guarantee. In case of this conventional for of Bank
Guarantee, both company A as well as Company B get benefited as it is able to

make the
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credit purchases from Company A without knowing Company A. As such, Bank
Guarantee transactions will be applicable in case of credit transactions.
In some cases, interests of purchasing company are also to be protected. Suppose
that
Company A which manufactures capital goods takes some advance from the
purchasing
Company B. If Company A fails to fulfill its part of contract to supply the capital
goods
to Company B, their needs to be to be some protection available to Company B. In
such
circumstances, Bank C which is the banker of Company A opens a Bank Guarantee
in
Favour of Company B in which it undertakes that if Company A fails to fulfill its part
of
the contract, it will reimburse any losses incurred by Company B due to this non
fulfillment of contractual obligations. Such Bank Guarantee is technically referred to
as
performance Bank Guarantee and it ideally found in the buyers market.
b. Letter of Credit:
The non-fund based lending in the form of letter of credit is very regularly found in
the
international trade. In case the exporter and the importer are unknown to each
other.
Under these circumstances, exporter is worried about getting the payment from the
importer and importer is worried as to whether he will get the goods or not. In this
case,
the importer applies to his bank in his country to open a letter of credit in favour of
the
exporter whereby the importers bank undertakes to pay the exporter or accept the
bills or
drafts drawn by the exporter on the exporter fulfilling the terms and conditions
specified
in the letter of credit.
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Fund Based Lending
In case of Fund Based Lending, the lending bank commits the physical outflow of
funds.
As such, the funds position of the lending bank gets affected. The Fund Based
Lending
can be made by the banks in the following formsLoan: In this case, the entire amount of assistance is disbursed at one time only, either in
cash or
by transfer to the companys account. It is a single advance. The loan may be
repaid in
instalments, the interests will be charged on outstanding balance.
Overdraft: - In this case, the company is allowed to withdraw in excess of the
balance
standing in its Bank account. However, a fixed limit is stipulated by the Bank
beyond
which the company will not be able to overdraw the account. Legally, overdraft is a
demand assistance given by the bank i.e. bank can ask for the repayment at any
point of
time. However in practice, it is in the form of continuous types of assistance due to
annual renewal of the limit. Interest is payable on the actual amount drawn and is
calculated on daily product basis.

Cash Credit: In practice, the operations in cash credit facility are similar to those of overdraft
facility
except the fact that the company need not have a formal current account. Here also
a
fixed limit is stipulated beyond which the company is not able to withdraw the
amount.
Legally, cash credit is a demand facility, but in practice, it is on continuous basis.
The
interests is payable on actual amount drawn and is calculated on daily product
basis.
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Bills purchased or discounted: This form of assistance is comparatively of recent origin. This facility enables the
company to get the immediate payment against the credit bills raised by the
company.
The bank holds the bill as a security till the payment is made by the customer. The
entire
amount of bill is not paid to the company. The Company gets only the present worth
of
the amount of bill, the difference between the face value of the bill and the amount
of
assistance being in the form of discount charges. On maturity, bank collects the full
amount of bill from the customer. While granting this facility to the company, the
bank
inevitably satisfies itself about the credit worthiness of the customer. A fixed limit is
stipulated in case of the company, beyond which the bills are not purchased or
discounted
by the bank.
Working Capital Term Loans: To meet the working capital needs of the company, banks may grant the working
capital
term loans for a period of 3 to 7 years, payable in yearly or half yearly installments.
Packing Credit: This type of assistance may be considered by the bank to take care of specific
needs of
the company when it receives some export order. Packing credit is a facility given by
the
bank to enable the company to buy the goods to be exported. If the company holds
a
confirmed export order placed by the overseas buyer or a letter of credit in its
favour, it
can approach the bank for packing credit facility.
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Operating cycle:
The time between purchase of inventory items (raw material or merchandise) and
their conversion into cash is known as operating cycle or working capital cycle. The
longer the period of conversion the longer will be the period of operating cycle. A
standard operating cycle may be for any time period but does not generally exceed
a
financial year. Obviously, the shorter the operating cycle larger will be the turnover
of the
fund invested for various purposes. The channels of investment are called current
assets.
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OPERATING CYCLE
Cash
Receipt from
debtors
Creation of
receivables
(Debtors)
Sales of
Finished
Goods
Creation of
A/c payable
(Creditors)
Purchase of
raw material,
components
Warehousing
of Finished
Goods
Manufacturing
operation: wages &
salaries, fuel,
power, etc
Office, selling,
distribution and
other expenses
Payments to
creditors
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WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE
A manufacturing concern needs finance not only for acquisition of fixed assets
but also for its day-to-day operations. It has to obtain raw materials for processing,
pay
wage bills & other manufacturing expenses, store finished goods for marketing &
grant
credit to the customers. It may have to pass through the following stages to
complete its
operating cyclei.
Conversion of cash into raw materials raw material procured on credit, cash
may have to be paid after a certain period.
ii. Conversion of raw materials into stock in process.
iii. Conversion of stock in process into finished goods.
iv. Conversion of finished goods into receivables/debtors or cash.
v. Conversion of receivables/debtors into cash.
A non-manufacturing trading concern may not require raw material for their
processing, but it also needs finance for storing goods & providing credit to its
customers.
Similarly a concern engaged in providing services, it may not have to keep
inventories
but it may have to provide credit facility to its customers. Thus all enterprises
engaged in
manufacturing or trading or providing services require finance for their day-to-day
operations, the amount required to finance day-to-day operation is called working
capital
& the assets & liabilities are created during the operating cycle are called current
assets &
current liabilities. The total of all the current assets is called gross working capital &
the
excess of current assets over current liabilities is called net working capital.
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When entrepreneurs for financing working capital requirements approach the
banks, the bank has to examine the viability of the project before agreeing to
provide
working capital for it. Financial institutions & bank while providing term loan finance
to
unit for acquisition of fixed assets does a detailed viability study. They have to
ensure
that the project will generate sufficient return on the resources invested in it. The
viability
of a project depends on technical feasibility, marketability of the products, at a
profitable
price, availability of financial resources in time & proper management of the unit. In
brief
the project should satisfy the tests of technical, commercial, financial & managerial
feasibility.
Proper co-ordination amongst banks & financial institution is necessary to judge
the viability of a project & to provide working capital at appropriate time without
any
delay. If a unit approaches banks only for working capital requirement & no viability
study has been done earlier which is done at the time of providing term loans, a
detailed
viability study is necessary before agreeing to provide working capital finance.
In the view of scarcity of bank credit, its increasing demand from various sectors
of economy & its importance in the development of economy, bank should provide
working capital finance according to production requirements. Therefore it is
necessary
to make a proper assessment of total requirement of the working capital, which
depends
on the nature of the activities of an enterprise & the duration of its operating cycle.
It has
to be ensured that the unit will have regular supply of raw material to facilitate
uninterrupted production. The unit should be able to maintain adequate stock of
finished
goods for smooth sales operation. The requirement of trade credit, facilities to be
given
by the unit to its customers should also be assessed on the basis of practice
prevailing in
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the particular industry/trade which assessing above requirements, it should also be
ensured that carrying cost of inventories & duration of credit to customers are
minimized.
After assessing the total requirement of working capital, a part of working capital
requirement should be financed for the long term & partly by determining maximum
permissible bank finance.
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ASSESSMENT OF WORKING CAPITAL
A unit needs working capital funds mainly to carry current assets required for its
operations. Proper assessment of funds required for working capital is essential not
only
in the interest of the concerned unit but also in the national interest to use the scare
credit
according to production requirements. Inadequate levels of working capital may

result in
under-utilization of capacity and serious financial difficulties. Similarly excessive
levels
may lead to unproductive use of credit and unnecessary interest Burdon on the unit.
Proper assessment of working capital requirement may be done as underI. Norms for inventory and receivables:
If the bank credit is to be linked with production requirements, it is necessary to
assess
the requirements on the basis of certain norms. The study group to frame
guidelines to
follow-up of bank credit (Tandon Study Group) appointed by Reserve Bank of India
had suggested the norms for inventory and receivables regarding 1: major
industries on
the basis of company finance studies made by Reserve Bank process periods in the
different industries, discussions with the industry experts and feed-back received on
the
interim report. The norms suggested by Tandon Study Group are being reviewed
from
time to time by the Committee of Direction constituted by the Reserve Bank to keep
a
constant view on working capital requirements. The committee has representatives
from a few banks and it generally once in a quarter. It also consults the
representatives
from industry and trade. It keeps a watch on the various issues relating to working
31
capital requirements and gives various suggestions to suit the changing
requirements of
the industry and trade.
Banks make their own assessment of credit requirements of borrowers based on a

total
study of borrowers business operations and they can also decide the levels of
holding
each item of inventory as also of receivables which in their view would represent a
reasonable built up of current assets for being supported by banks finance. Banks
may
also consider suitable internal guidelines for accepting the projections made by the
borrowers regarding sundry creditors as sundry creditors are taken as a source of
financing current assets (inventories, receivables, etc.), it is necessary to project
them
correctly while calculating need of bank finance for working capital requirements.
II. Computation of Maximum Permissible Bank Finance (MPBF):
The Tandon Study group had suggested the following alternatives for working out
the
maximum permissible bank finance:a. Bank can work out the working capital gap. i. e. total current assets less current
liabilities other than bank borrowings and finance a maximum of 75 per cent of
the gap; the balance to come out of long-term funds, i.e. owned funds and term
borrowings
b. Borrower should provide for a minimum of 25 per cent of total current assets
out of long-term funds, i.e. owned funds and long term borrowings. A certain
level of credit for purchases and other current liabilities inclusive of bank
borrowings will not exceed 75 per cent of current assets.
32
It may be observed from the above that borrowers contribution from long term
funds would be 25 per cent of the working capital gap under the first method of
lending
and 25 per cent of total current assets under the second method of lending. The
above
minimum contribution of long-term funds is called minimum stipulated Net Working
Capital (NWC) which comes from owned funds and term borrowings.
Above two method of lending may be illustrated by taking the following example of
a borrowers financial position, projected as at the end of next year.
Current Liabilities Amt Current Assets Amt
Creditors for purchase 200 Raw materials 380
Other current liabilities 100 Stock in process 40
300 Finished goods 180
Bank borrowing, including bills
discounted with bankers
400 Receivables, including bills
discounted with bankers
110
Other current assets 30
700 740
33
First method Second method
Total current assets 740 total current assets 740
Less: current liabilities 25% of above from long term
Other than bank borrowings 300 sources 185
Working capital gap 440 555
25% of above from long term less: current liabilities
Sources 110 Other than bank borrowings 300
Maximum permissible bank 330 Maximum permissible bank 255
Finance finance
Excess Bank borrowings 70 Excess Bank borrowings 145
Current ratio 1.17:1 Current ratio 1.33:1
It may be observed from the above that in the first method, the borrower has to
provide a minimum of 25 per cent of working capital gap from ling-term funds and it
gives a minimum current ratio 1.17:1. In the second method, the borrower has to
provide
a minimum of 25 per cent of total current assets from long-term funds and gives a
minimum current ratio of 1.33:1.
While estimating the total requirement of long-term funds for new projects,
financial institutions/banks should calculate for working capital on the basis of
norms
prescribed for inventory and receivables and by applying the second method of
lending.
A project may suffer from shortage of working capital funds if sufficient margin for
working capital is not provided as per the second method of lending while funding
new
projects. Proper co-ordination between banks & financial institutions is necessary to
ensure availability of sufficient working capital finance to meet the production
requirement.
34
III. Classification of current assets & Current liabilities:
In order to calculate net working capital & maximum permissible bank finance, it is
necessary to have proper classification of various items of current assets & current
liabilities. All illustrative lists of current assets & current liabilities for the purpose of
assessment of working capital are furnished below;
Current assets: -
a. Cash and bank balances

b. Investments
c. Receivables arising out of sales other than deferred receivables (including bills
purchased & discounted by bankers)
d. Installments by deferred receivables due within one year
e. Raw materials & components used in the process of manufactured including
those in transit
f. Stock in process including semi finished goods
g. Finished goods including goods in transit
h. Other consumable spares
i. Advance payment for tax
j. Prepaid expenses
k. Advances for purchases of raw materials, components & consumable stores
l. Payment to be received from contracted sale of fixed assets during the next 12
months
35
Current Liabilities:
a. Short-term borrowings (including bills purchased & discounted) from
Banks and ii. Others
b. Unsecured loans
c. Public deposits maturing within one year
d. Sundry creditors (trade) for raw material & consumer stores & spares
e. Interest & other charges accrued but no due for payments
f. Advances/progress payments from customers
g. Deposits from dealers selling agents, etc.
h. Statutory liabilities
Provident fund dues
Provision for taxation
Sales-tax, excise, etc.
Obligation towards workers considered as statutory
i. Miscellaneous current liabilities
Dividends
Liabilities for expenses
Gratuity payable within one year
Any other payments due within one year
36
Notes on classification of Current Assets & Current Liabilities:
1. Investment in shares, debenture, etc. and advances to other firms/companies,
not
connected with the business of the borrowing firm, should be excluded from
current assets. Similarly investment made in units of Unit Trust of India & other
mutual funds & in associate companies/subsidiaries, as well as investment made
and/or loans extended as inter-corporate deposits should not be included in the
build-up of current assets while assessing maximum permissible bank finance.
2. The borrowers are not expected to make the required contribution of 25 per cent
from long-term sources in respect of export receivables. Therefore, export
receivables may be included in the total current assets for arriving at the
maximum permissible bank finance but the minimum stipulated net working
capital may be reckoned after excluding the quantum of export receivables from
the total current assets.
3. Dead inventory i.e. slow moving or obsolete items should not be classified as
current assets.
4. Security deposits/tender deposits given by borrower should be classified as
noncurrent
assets irrespective of whether they mature within the normal operating
cycle of one year or not.
5. Advances/progress payments from customer should be classified as current
liabilities. However, where a part of advances received is required by government
regulations to be invested in certain approved securities, the benefit of netting
may be allowed to the extent of such investment and the balance may be classified
as current liability.
37
6. Deposits from dealers, selling agents, etc. received by the borrower may treated
as
term liabilities irrespective of their tenure if such deposits are accepted to be
repayable only when the dealership/agency is terminated. The deposits, which do
not fulfill the above condition, should be classified as current liabilities.
7. Disputed liabilities in respect of income tax, excise, custom duty and electricity
charges need not be treated as current liabilities except to the extent of provided
for in the books of the borrower. Where such disputed liabilities are treated as
contingent liabilities for period beyond one year, the borrower should be advised
to make adequate provision so that he may be in a position to meet the liabilities
as & when they accrue.
8. If disputed excise liability has been shown as contingent liability or by way of
notes to the balance sheet, it need not be treated as current liability for calculating
the permissible bank finance unless it has been collected or provided for in the
accounts of borrowers. A certificate from the Statutory Auditors of the borrowers
may be obtained regarding the amount collected from the customers in respect of
disputed excise liability or provision made in the borrowers accounts. The
amount of excise duty payable should be treated as current liability for the
purpose of working out the permissible limit of the bank finance strictly on the
basis of the certificate from the borrowers Statutory Auditors. The same principle
may also be applied for disputed sales tax dues.
9. In case of other statutory dues, dividends, etc., estimated amount payable within
one year should be shown as current liabilities even if specific provisions have not
been made for their payment.
38
10. As per the instructions issued by the Reserve Bank in October, 1993, the entire
term loan investment falling due for payment in the next twelve months need not
be treated as an item of current liabilities for the purpose of arriving at MPBF.
However all overdue term loan should be treated as current liabilities unless the
loan has been rescheduled by the financial institutions/banks. It may be added that
the entire amount of term loan installments payable within the next twelve months
which is kept outside the current liabilities while calculating MPBF. Need not be
taken into account while computing net working capital (NWC). However the
entire amount of term loan installments due within the next twelve months should
continue to be treated as current liability for the purpose of calculating the current
ratio.
IV. Information/Data required for assessment of working capital:
In order to assess the requirements of working capital on the basis of production
needs,
it is necessary to get the data from the borrowers regarding their past/projected
production, sales, cost of production, cost of sales, operating profit, etc. in order to
ascertain the financial position of the borrowers & the amount of working capital
needs
to be financed by banks, it is necessary to call for the data from the borrowers
regarding
their net worth, long term liabilities, current liabilities, fixed assets, current assets,
etc.
the Reserve Bank prescribed the forms in 1975 to submit the necessary details
regarding the assessment of working capital under its credit authorization scheme.
The
scheme of credit authorization was changed into credit monitoring arrangement in
39
1988. The forms used under the credit authorization scheme for submitting
necessary
information have also been simplified in 1991 for reporting the credit sanctioned by
banks above the cut-off point to reserve bank under its scheme of credit monitoring
arrangement.
As the traders and merchant exporters who do not have manufacturing activities
are not required to submit the data regarding raw materials, consumable stores,
goodsinprocess, power and fuel, etc., a separate set of forms has been designed for traders
and merchant exporters. In view of the peculiar nature of leasing and the hire
purchase
concerns, a separate set of forms has also designed for them.
In addition to the information/data in the prescribed forms, bank may also call for
additional information required by them depending on the nature of the borrowers
activities & their financial position. The data is collected from the borrowers in the
following six forms: 1. Particulars of the existing/proposed limits from the banking system (form I)
Particulars of the existing credit from the entire banking system as also the term
loan facilities availed of from the term lending institutions/banks are furnished in
this
form. Maximum & minimum utilization of the limits during the last 12 months
outstanding balances as on a recent date are also given so that a comparison can
be
made with the limits now requested & the limits actually utilized during the last 12
months.
40
2. Operating Statement (Form II)
The data relating to last sales, net sales, cost of raw material, power & fuel, direct
labour, depreciation, selling, general expenses, interest, etc. are furnished in this
form.
It also covers information on operating profit & net profit after deducting total
expenditure from total sale proceeds.
3. Analysis of Balance Sheet (Form III)
A complete analysis various items of last years balance sheet, current years
estimate & following years projections is given, in this form. The details of current
liabilities, term liabilities, net worth, current assets, other non-current assets, etc.
are
given in this form as per the classification accepted by banks.
4. Comparative statement of current assets & current liabilities (Form IV)
This form gives the details of various items of current assets and current liabilities
as per classification accepted by banks. The figures given in this form should tally
with the figures given in the form III where details of all the liabilities & assets are
given. In case of inventory, receivables and sundry creditors; the holding/levels are
given not only in absolute amount but also in terms of number of month so that a
comparative study may be done with prescribed norms/past trends. They are
indicated
in terms of numbers of months in bracket below their amounts.
41
5. Computation of Maximum Permissible Bank Finance (Form V)
On the basis of details of current assets & liabilities given in form IV, Maximum
Permissible Bank Finance is calculated in this form to find out credit limits to be
allowed to the borrowers.
6. Fund Flow Statement (Form VI)
In this form, fund flow of long term sources & uses is given to indicate whether
long term funds are sufficient for meeting the long term requirements. In addition to
long term sources and uses, increase/decrease in current assets is also indicated in
this
form.
V. Check list for verification of the information/data:
Bank should verify not only the arithmetical accuracy of the data furnished by the
borrowers but also the logic behind various assumptions based on which the
projections
have been made. For this purpose, bank officials should hold discussions with the
borrowers on projected sales, level of operations, level of inventory, receivables,
etc. if
necessary, a visit to the factory may also be made to have a clear idea of products
and
processes.
42
ASSESSEMENT OF OTHER LIMITS
LETTER OF CREDIT
The banker examines the proposal of the letter of credit from two angles:
o The cases where letter of credit is required once only
o The cases where letter of credit is required once regularly.
In the second category it is convenient for the banker to fix the separate limit of the
letter
of credit.
43
ASSESSEMENT OF THE LIMITS UNDER LETTER OF CREDIT-WITH LEAD
TIME
The buyer does not receive the goods immediately on the placement of the order on
the
seller. There is always long time log between the order placement and the receipt of
the
material. This period is also referred to as the lead-time.
Example: If it is assumed that the total raw material requirement is Rs.240lacs per annum and
the
normal lead time is 2 months, the buyer will be required to place order so that he
has at
least 2 months stock (ignoring safely level). Thus, the total number of order placed
would
be 6 per year and the value of per order would be Rs.40 Lacs. This is shown below
Assessment of the limits under LC- with lead-time
Annual requirement of raw material 240 Lacs
Normal lead time 2 months
Value per order (A) 240/6=Rs.40 Lacs
Margin for customer @20%(B) Rs 8 Lacs
Limits under letter of credit (A-B) Rs 32 Lacs

44
Assessment of the limits under letter of credit-without lead-time
Annual requirement of raw material 240 lacs
Monthly requirement of raw material 240/12 months =20 lacs
Normal inventory level (1 month) Rs 20 lacs
Value per order (A) Rs 20 lacs
Margin for customer @ 20% (B) Rs 4 lacs
Limits under letter of credit (A-B) Rs 16 lacs
BANK GUARANTEES
There is no standard formula for assessment of bank guarantee limit. The details
pertaining to nature of guarantees, particulars of the contract, period for which the
guarantee is sought and the amount of guarantee to be obtained, this information
along
with the view on the creditworthiness of the borrower and relationship with the bank
comprise the major input towards deciding the sanction of limits required by
borrower.
Appropriate conditions regarding cash margin and securities have to be laid down to
protect the interest of the bank..
45
PROCEDURE FOR WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE
CREDIT SANCTION PROCESS
The revised credit process is introduced with a view of reducing the time lag in the
sanction of credit besides clearly delineating the areas of responsibilities of various
functionaries. As per this the revised process is divide into two components that is
Pre
sanctioning and Post sanctioning
In the pre sanctioning it is the only time that the bank can take due assessment and
precautions to make sure that the investments are done for the benefit of the bank.
The
post sanctioning is the follow of the payment. Incase the payment defaults then the
account will go into NPA in stages and the bank is then said to scrutinize the said
account.
PRE SANCTION PROCESS: Obtain loan application
When a customer required loan he is required to complete application form and
submit
the same to the bank also the borrower has to be submit the required information
along
with the application form.
46
The information, which is generally required to be submitted by the borrower along
with
the loan application, is under: Audited balance sheets and profit and loss accounts for the previous three year(in
case borrower already in the business)
Estimated balance sheet for current year.
Projected balance sheet for next year.
Profile for promoters/directors, senior management personnel of the company.
In case the amount of loan required by borrower is 50 lacs and above he should be
submit the CMA Report
PRE SANCTION
PROCESS
APPRAISAL &
RECOMMANDATION
ASSESSMENT
SANCTIONING
47
Examine for preliminary appraisal
RBI guidelines. Policies
Prudential exposure norms and bank lending policy
Industry exposure restriction and related risk factors.
Compliance regarding transfer of borrowers accounts from one bank to
another bank
Government regulation / legislation impact on the industry
Acceptability of the promoter and applicant status with regards to other
unit to industries.
Arrive at the preliminary decision.
Examine/analysis /assessment
Financial statement (in the prescribed forms) refers figure WC cycle & BS
assessment thumb rules.
Financial ratio & Dividend policy.
Depreciation method
Revaluation of fixed assets.
Records of defaults (Tax, dues etc.)
Pending suits having financial implication (Customs, excise etc.)
Qualifications to balance sheet auditors remarks etc.

Trend in sales and profitability and estimates /projection of sales.
Production capacities and utilization: past & projected production
efficiency and cost.
48
Estimated working capital gap W.R.T acceptable buildup of
inventory/receivables/other current assets and bank borrowing patterns.
Assess MPBF determine facilities required
Assess requirement of off balance sheet facilities viz.L/cs,B/gs etc.
Management quality, competence, track records
Companys structure and system
Market shares of the units under comparison.
Unique feature
Profitability factors
Inventory/Receivable level
Capacity utilization
Capital market perception.
POST SANCTION PROCESS
Supervision and follow up: Sanction credit limit of working capital requirement after proper assessment of
proposal
is alone not sufficient. Close supervision and follow up are equally essential for
safety of
bank credit and to ensure utilization of fund lend. A timely action is possible only
close
supervision and followed up by using following techniques.
o Monthly stock statement

o Inspection of stock
o Scrutiny of operation in the account
49
o Quarterly/half quarterly statements.
o Under information system
o Annual audited report
POST SANCTION
PROCESS
FOLLOW UP
SUPERVISION
MONITORING &
CONTROL
50
CREDIT MONITORING ARRANGEMENT
Consequent upon the withdrawal of requirement of prior authorization under the
erstwhile credit authorization scheme (CAS) and introduction of a system of post
sanction scrutiny under credit monitoring arrangement (CMA) the database forms
have
been recognized as CMA database. The revised forms for CMA database as drawn
up by
the sub-committee of committee of directions have come into use from 1st April
1991.
The existing forms prescribed for specified industries continue to remain in force.
With a
view to imparting uniformity to the appraisal system, database from all borrowers
including SSI units enjoying working capital limits of Rs. 50 lacs and more from the
banking system should be obtained.
The revised sets of forms have been separately prescribed for industrial borrowers
and
traders/merchant exporters. The details of forms are as under: Form 1: - particulars of the existing/proposed limit from the banking system.
Form 2: -Operating statement.
It contains data relating to gross sales, net sales, cost of raw material, power and
fuel, etc.
It gives the operating profit and the net profit figures.
Form 3 : - Analysis of balance sheet.
It is complete analysis of various items of last years balance sheet; current years
estimate
and following years projection are given in this form.
51
Form 4 : - Comparative statement of current asset and liabilities.
Details of various items of current asset and current liabilities are given.
The figures in this form must tally with those in form III.
Form 5: - Computation of maximum permissible bank finance for working capital.
The calculation of MPBF is done in this form to obtain the fund based credit limits to
be
granted to the borrower.
Form 6: - Fund flow statement
It provides the details of fund flow from long term sources and uses to indicate
weather
they are sufficient to meet the borrowers long term requirements.
CREDIT RATING MODEL
The various risk faced by any company may be broadly classified as follows:
Industry Risk: It covers the industry characteristic, compensation, financial data etc.
Company/ business risk: It considers the market position, operating efficiency of the
company etc.
Project risk: It includes the project cost, project implementation risk, post project
implementation etc.
52
Management risk: It covers the track record of the company, their attitude towards
risk,
propensity for group transaction, corporate governance etc.
Financial risk: financial risk includes the quality of financial statements, ability of the
company to raise capital, cash flow adequacy etc.
DRAWING POWER OF THE BORROWER
The drawing power that a borrower enjoys at any one point depends on each
components
of working capital. The bank for each component, which the borrower must hold as
his
contribution to finance working capital, prescribes margins. The drawing power of
the
borrower can be best explained with the following illustration
Illustration:
Suppose a borrower has Rs 100.00 lacs as working capital limit sanctioned to him
by a
bank.
The security provided by the borrower to the bank is the hypothecation of inventory.
Suppose, the borrower needs to hold an inventory level of say 130 lacs in order to
enjoy
Rs 100 lacs as his working capital limit.
The actual level of inventory with the borrower at a point is say 110 lacs.
The inventory margin prescribed by the bank is say 25 %
Therefore with this inventory level, the borrower enjoys only Rs 82.5 lacs as his
working
capital limit as against Rs 100 lacs.
53
Inventory level (Required) Rs 130 lacs
Drawing power of borrower Rs 100 lacs
Inventory level (Actual) Rs 110 lacs
Margin prescribed by bank 25 %
Drawing power of borrower 110-(0.25 110) = Rs 82.5 lacs
Suppose, the borrower holds Rs 150 lacs of inventory,
Inventory level (required) Rs 150 lacs
Drawing power of borrower Rs 100 lacs
Inventory level (actual) Rs 150 lacs
Margin prescribed by bank 25 %
Drawing power of borrower 150 - (0.25 150) = Rs. 112.2 lacs
Therefore, in this case the borrower would still enjoy Rs 100 lacs as his working
capital
limits as against Rs 112.5 lacs.
Therefore, the lower of the two is always considered as the working capital limit or
the
drawing power of the borrower sanctioned by the bank.
54
SECURITY
Banks need some security from the borrowers against the credit facilities extended
to
them to avoid any kind of losses. securities can be created in various ways. Banks
provide credit on the basis of the following modes of security from the borrowers.
Hypothecation: under this mode of security, the banks provide credit to borrowers
against the security of movable property, usually inventory of goods. The goods
hypothecated, however, continue to be in possession of the owner of the goods i.e.
the
borrower. The rights of the banks depend upon the terms of the contract between
borrowers and the lender. Although the bank does not have the physical possession
of the
goods, it has the legal right to sell the goods to realize the outstanding loans.
Hypothecation facility is normally not available to new borrowers.
Mortgage: It is the transfer f a legal / equitable interest in specific immovable
property
for securing the payment of debt. It is the conveyance of interest in the mortgaged
property. This interest terminated as soon as the debt is paid. Mortgages are taken
as an
additional security for working capital credit by banks.
55
Pledge: The goods which are offered as security, are transferred to the physical
possession of the lender. An essential prerequisite of pledge is that the goods are in
the
custody of the bank. Pledge creates some kind of liability for the bank in the sense
that
Reasonable care means care, which a prudent person would take to protect his
property.
In case of non-payment by the borrower, the bank has the right to sell the goods.
Lien: The term lien refers to the right of a party to retained goods belonging to other
party until a debt due to him is paid. Lien can be of two types viz. Particular lien i.e.
A
right to retain goods until a claim pertaining to these goods are fully paid, and
General
lien, Which is applied till all dues of the claimant are paid. Banks usually enjoyed
general
lien.
56
BANKING ARRANGEMENTS
Working capital is made available to the borrower under the following
arrangements;
CONSORTIUM BANKING ARRANGEMENT:
RBI till 1997 made it obligatory for availing working capital facilities beyond a limit
(Rs
500 million in 1997), through the consortium arrangement. The objective of the
arrangement was to jointly meet the financial requirement of big projects by banks
and
also share the risks involved in it.
While it consortium arrangement is no longer obligatory, some borrowers continue
to
avail working capital finance under this arrangement. The main features of this
arrangement are as follows;
Bank with maximum share of the working capital limits usually takes the role of
lead
bank.
Lead bank, independently or in consultation with other banks, appraise the working
capital requirements of the company.
Banks at the consortium meeting agree on the ratio of sharing the assessed limits.
Lead bank undertakes the joint documentation on behalf of all member banks.
Lead bank organizes collection and dissemination of information regarding conduct
of
account by borrower.
57
MULTIPLE BANKING ARRANGEMENT
Multiple banking is an open arrangement in which no banks will take the lead role.
Most borrowers are shifting their banking arrangement to multiple banking
arrangements.
The major features are
Borrower needs to approach multiple banks to tie up entire requirement of working
capital.
Banks independently assessed the working capital requirements of the borrower.
Banks, independent of each other, do documentation, monitoring and conduct of
the
account
Borrowers deals with all financing banks individually.
SYNDICATION
A syndicated credit is an agreement between two or more lenders to provide a
borrower
credit facility using common loan agreement. It is internationally practiced model
for
financing credit requirements, wherein banks are free to syndicate the credit limit
irrespective of quantum involved. It is similar to a consortium arrangement in terms
of
dispersal of risk but consist of a fixed repayment period.
58
REGULATION OF BANK FINANCE
INTRODUCTION
Bank follows certain norms in granting working capital finance to companies.
These norms have been greatly influenced by the reconditions of various
committees
appointed by the RBI from time to time. The norms of working capital finance
followed
by banks are mainly based on the recommendation of Tandon committee and chore
committee.
These committees were appointed on the presumption that the existing system of
bank
lending of number of weakness industries in India have grown rapidly in the last
three
decades as result of which, the industrial system has become vary complex. The
banks
role has shifted from trade financing to industrial financing during this period.
However, the banks lending practices and styles have remained the same.
Industries
today fail to use bank finance efficiently. Their techniques of managing funds are
unscientific and non-professional. The industries today lack in reducing costs,
optimizing the use of inputs, conserving resources etc.
The weakness of the existing system highlighted by the Dehejia committee in 1968
and
identified by the tondon committee in 1974, are as follows:
It is the borrower who decides how much he would borrow ;the bankers does not
decide
how much he would lend and is, therefore, not in a position to do credit planning.
The
59
bank credit is treated as the first sources of finance and not as supplementary to
other
sources of finance.
The amount of credit is extended is based on the amount of security available and
not on
the level of operations of the borrower.
Security does not by itself ensure safety of bank. Funds since all bad sticky
advances are
secure advances. Safety essentially lies in the efficient follow up of the industrial
operations of the borrower.
We discuss the following committees important finding and recommendations for
bank
finance: TANDON COMMITTEE
CHORE COMMITTEE.
60
TANDON COMMITTEE
INTRODUCTION:
The Tandon committee was appointed by the RBI in July 1974 and headed by Shri.
Prakash L. Tandon, the chairman of the Punjab national bank, to suggest guidelines
for
rational allocation and optimum use of bank credit taking into consideration the
weakness
of the leading system. Bank credit, which had become a scare commodity, strictly
rationed to meet the credit requirement of all the sectors. The larger sector of the
industry
needed strict rationing becomes
It was over relying on bank finance and pre empted most of it while the other
sectors
were not getting even their due share. Therefore, the method and criterion adopted
for
fixing credit ration needed to be standardized so that there is minimum scope for
miss-use
or part of the credit uses. The Tandon committee was concern exactly with this
problem.
Its report laid down as to how the credit ratio of individual borrowers could be fixed
at
imposed certain obligation on them for the efficient use of the credit made
available.
The recommendation of the Tandon committee based on the following notions:
The borrower should indicate the demand for credit for which he should draw
operating
plans for the ensuring year and supply them to the banker. This would facilitate
credit
planning at the banks level and help the banker in evaluating the borrowers credit
needs
in a more realistic manner.
61
The banker should finance only the genuine production needs of the borrower. The
borrower maintained reasonable levels inventories and receivables. Efficient
management
of resources should therefore be ensured to eliminate slow moving and flabby
inventories.
The working capital needs of borrower cannot entirely finance by the banker. The
banker
will finance only a reasonable part of it for the remaining; the borrower should
depend on
his own fund. Recommendation of Tandon committee accordingly, the Tandon

committee put forth in the following recommendations
Inventory and receivables norms
The borrower is allowed to hold only a reasonable level of current asset, particularly
inventory and receivable. The committee suggested the maximum level of raw
material,
stock in process, finished goods, which corporate in an industry should be to hold.
Only the normal inventory based on a production plan, lead-time of supplies,
economic
ordering levels and reasonable factor safety should be financed by the banker.
62
Lending norms:
The banker should finance only a part of the working capital gap; the other part
should be
financed by the borrower form long-term sources.
The current asset will be taken on the estimate values or values as per the Tandon
committee norms, whichever is lower.
The current will consist of inventory and receivables, referred as chargeable current
assets (CCA), and other current assets (OCA).
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE BANK FINANCE:
The Tandon committee suggested the following three methods of determining the
permissible level of bank borrowingsThe borrower will contribute 25 % of the working capital gap from long term fund i.e
owned fund and term borrowings; the remaining 75 % can be financed from bank
borrowings. This method gives a minimum current ratio of 1:1. This method was
considered suitable only for very small borrowers where the requirement 0 credit
was less
than Rs 10 lacs
The borrower will contribute 25 % of the total current assets from long-term funds
i.e.
owned funds and term borrowings. A certain level of credit for purchases and other
current liabilities will be available to fund the building up of current assets and the
bank
will provide the balance. Consequently, the current liabilities inclusive of bank
borrowing
could not exceed 75 % of current assets. This method gives a current ratio of 1.3:1.
This
63
method was considered for all borrowers whose credit requirements were more than
Rs
10 lacs.
The borrower will contribute 100 % of core current assets, defined at the absolute
minimum level of raw material, processed stock, finished goods and stores, which
are in
the pipeline. A minimum level of the 25 % of the balance of the current assets
should be
finance from the long term funds and term borrowings. This method covers
straightness
the current ratio. The third is the ideal method. Borrowers in the second stage are
not
allowed to revert to the first stage. This method applies to all borrowers having
credit
limit in excess of Rs.20 lacs from the bank. However this method was not accepted
for
implementation.
In some cases, the net working capital was negative or 25 % of the working capital
gap.
The new systems allowed this deficiency to be financed in addition to the

permissible
bank finance by the bank. This kind of credit facility is called working capital
demand
loan, which was to be regulated over a period of time depending on the funds
generating
capacity and ability of the borrower.
The working capital demand loan is not allowed to be raised in the subsequent year.
For
additional credit in subsequent year, the borrowers long-term sources were
required to
provide 25 % of the additional working capital gap.
64
4. Style of credit:
The committee recommended the bifurcation of total credit limit into fixed and
fluctuating parts.
The fixed component is then treated as demand loan for the year representing
minimum
level of borrowing, which the borrower expected to use through out the year.
The fluctuating component is taken care of by a demand cash credit. It could be
partly
used by way of bills.
The new CC limit should be placed on a quarterly budgeting reporting system.
The interest rate on the loan components should be charged lower than the cash
credit
amount. The RBI has stipulated the interest differentiate at 1 %.
The cash credit limits sanctioned (fluctuating) are currently 205 and the loan
components
(fixed) are 80 %.
5) INFORMATION SYSTEM:
The committee advocated for grater flow of information from borrower to the bank
for
operational purpose and for the purpose of supervision and flow of up credit.
Information should be provided in the following forms:
65
QUARTERLY INFORMATION SYSTEM: FORM:
It should contain the production and sales estimates for the current and next
quarter. also,
the current asset current liabilities estimates for the next quarter should be
mentioned.
Quarterly information system: Form II:
It should contain the actual production and sales finger during the current year and
the
latest completed year. Also, actual current asset and current liabilities for the latest
completed quarter should be mention.
Half year operating statement form IIIA:
Actual operating performance for the half year ended against the estimate should
be
mentioned.
Half year fund flow statement: Form IIIB:
It should contain the estimate as well as the actual sources and use of fund for the
half
year ended.
Borrowers with a credit limit of more than1 crore are required to supply the
quarterly
information.
The bank to follow up and supervise the use of credit should properly use the
information
supplied by the borrower.
66
The bank must ensure that the bank credit was used for the purposes for which it is
granted, keeping in view the borrowers operation and environment.
The bank should confirm whether the actual result is in conformity with the
expected
results. A+/- 10% variation is considered normal.
The banker should be treated as a partner in the business with whom information
should
be shared freely and frankly.
The recommendations of the Tandon committee have been widely debated and
criticized.
The bankers have found a difficult to implement the committees recommendations.
However, the Tandon committee has brought about a perceptible change in the
outlook
and attitude of both the banker and their customers. They have become quite
aware in the
matter of making the best use of a scare resource like bank credit. The committee
has
help in bringing the financial discipline through a balanced and integrated scheme
of
bank lending. Most of banks in India, even today continue to look at the needs of
the
corporate in the light of recommendation of the Tandon committee
67
CHORE COMMITTEE
INTRODUCTION
In April 1979, the RBI constituted a working group to review the system of cash
credit
under the chairmanship of Mr. K. B. Chore, Chief Officer, DBCOD, RBI. The main
terms of reference for the group were to review the cash credit discipline and relate
credit
limit to production.
RECOMMENDATION OF CHORE COMMITTEE: Bank credit: Borrower should contribute more funds to finance their working capital requirement
and
reduce their dependence on bank credit. The committee suggested placing the
second
method of lending as explain in the Tandon committee report.
In case the borrower is unable to comply with this requirement immediately, he
would be
granted excess borrowing in the form of working capital loan (WCTL).
The WCTL should be paid in seamy annual installments for a period not exceeding 5
years and a higher rate of interest than under the cash credit system would be
charged.
This procedure should apply to those borrowers, having working capital
requirements of
more than Rs 10 lacs.
68
LEVEL OF CREDIT LIMIT
Bank should appraise and fix separate limits for the peak level and normal non
pick
level credit requirements for all borrowers in excess of Rs. 10 lacs indicating the
relevant periods.
With the sanctioned limits for these two periods, the borrower should indicate in
advance
his need for funds during the quarter. Any deviation in utilization of funds Beyond
10%
should be considered irregular and is subject to penalty fix by the RBI (2% p.a. over
the
normal rate)
Bank should discourage ad hoc or temporary credit limits. If sanction under
exceptional
circumstances the same should be given in the form of a separate demand loan and
additional interest of at least 1% should charged.
Lending system:
The system of three types of lending should continue i.e. cash credit loan and bills
wherever possible; the bank should replace cash credit system by loan and bills.
Bank should scrutinize the cash credit accounts of large borrowers ones a year.
Bifurcation of cash credit account into demand loan fluctuating cash credit
component, as
recommended by the Tandon committee should discontinue.
69
Advances against books debts should be converted to bills wherever possible and at
least
50% of cash credit limit utilize for financing purchases of raw material inventory
should
also be charged to the bill system.
Information System
The discipline relating to the submission of Quarterly Statements to be obtained
from
the borrower should be strictly adhered to in respects of all borrowers having

working
capital limits of more than Rs.50 lacs.
If the borrower does not submit report within the prescribed time, he should be
penalized
by charging a penal rate of interest, which is 2% p. a. more than the contracted
rate.
Banks should insists the public sector undertakings and large borrower to
maintained
control accounts in their books to give precise data regarding their dues to the small
units
and furnish such data in their quarterly reports.
Other recommendations:
Request for relaxation of inventory norms and for ad hoc increases in limits should
be
subjected by banks to close scrutiny and agreed only in exceptional circumstances.
Delays on the part of the banks in sanctioning credit limits should be reduced in
cases
where the borrowers cooperate in giving the necessary information about their past
performance and future projection in time.
70
Autonomous institutions on the lines of the discount houses in U.K may be set up to
encourage the bill system of financing and to facilitate all money operations.
There should be a cell attached to the chairmens office at the central office of
each
bank to attend to matters like immediate communication of credit control measures
at the
operational level.
The central offices of bank should take a second look at the credit budget as soon
as
changes in the credit policy are announced by the RBI and they should revised their
plan
of action in the right of new policy and communicate the corrective measures at the
operational levels at the earliest.
Bank should give particular attention to monitor the key branches and critical
accounts.
The communication channels and system and procedures with in the banking
system
should be toned up so as to ensure that minimum time is taken for collection of
instruments.
71
FINANCIAL RATIOS
CURRENT RATIO=CURRENT ASSET/ CURRENT LIABITIES
Help to measure liquidity and financial strength, indication of availability of current
assets to pay current liabilities. The higher the ratio betters the liquidity position.
Generally it should be at least 1.33.
TOL/TNW=TOL/TANGIABLE NET WORTH
Indicate size of stakes, stability and degree of solvency. Indicates how high the
stake of
the creditors is. Indicate what proportion of the company finance is represented by
the
tangible net worth. The lower the ratio, greater the solvency. Anything over 5 should
be
viewed with concern.
The ratio should be studied at the peak level of operations.
OPERATING PROFIT RATIO=OPERATING PROFIT/NET SALES100
This ratio indicates operating efficiency. Indication of net margin of profit available
on
Rs. 100 sales. Trend for company over a period should be encouraging.
72
DSCR(DEBT SERVICE COVERAGE RATIO)=DEPRICIATION+INTREST ON
TERM LOAN/ INTREST ON TERM LOAN+INSTALLMENT OF TERM LOAN
It indicates the number of times total debt service obligation consisting of interest
and
repayment of the principal in installment is covered by the total fund available after
taxes.
With the help of this ratio (popularly known as DSCR), we can find out whether the
loan
taken for acquisition of fixed assets can be rapid conveniently.
This ratio of 1.5 to 2 considered adequate.
We have already touched upon depreciation as non cash expenditure and since the
funds
are available with the enterprise to that extent. It is in order to ask for this sum in
reduction of loan.
INTEREST COVERAGE RATIO=EARNINGS BEFORE TERM LOAN AND
TAXATION / INTEREST ON TERM LOAN
The ratio indicates adequacy of profit to cover interest. Higher the ratio more is the
security to the lender.
73
Analysis & Interpretation of the data
Case studies
Case study 1:
Comparative Balance Sheet and Performance / Financial Indicators:

Abridged Balance sheet
(Rs in lacs)
Liabilities 31.03.04 31.03.05 31.03.06 Assets 31.03.04 31.03.05 31.03.06
Audited Audited Prov. Audited Audited Prov.
Capital 17.53 18.41 84.84 FA 23.15 26.64 150.73
Reserves Depr. 5.85 6.38 21.42
NW 17.53 18.41 84.84 Net Block 17.30 20.26 129.31
TL 12.43 15.98 2.98 Cash &
Bank
1.47 0.84 2.51
Unsec Ln RM
TL from
BOM
2.46 81.46 WIP
TL(car) 1.76 1.88 0.38 FG 12.77 16.53 15.00
Scred Rec- Dom 8.18 12.01 35.13
Bk Borr 9.11 13.08 15.00 Export
OCL 0.09 0.15 OCA 1.19 2.32 2.71
TCL 9.20 13.23 15.00 TCA 23.61 31.70 55.35
Inv
Tot NCA
Acc Loss
Tot.Intang
Ass.
Tot Liab 40.91 51.96 184.66 Tot Ass 40.91 51.96 184.66
31.03.2004 31.03.05 31.03.06

* Net Worth 17.53 18.41 84.84
Less: Revaluation Reserves - - Less: Intangible Assets - - Tangible Net Worth 17.53 18.41 84.84
74
PERFORMANCE / KEY FINANCIAL INDICATORS: (Rs in Lacs)
Particulars 31.03.04 31.03.05 31.03.06
Net Sales
% Increase / Decrease
56.11
71.1%
95.70
70.55%
180.00
88%
Net Profit After Tax
% to Net Sales
0.57
1.01%
0.89
0.93%
8.62
4.79%
Cash Accruals 6.42 7.28 30.04
TNW excl Revaluation Reserve 17.53 18.41 84.84

TOL / TNW Ratio 1.33 1.82 1.18
NWC 14.41 18.47 40.35
Current Ratio 2.57 2.40 3.69
1. Sales: As partners have been engaged in marketing the new technology to
various
users for the initial 2/3 years vigorously and their efforts are started yielding results.
During the year 2005 the firm has obtained approval from BHEL, NTPC, and HAL for
use of its products DSC & ESC. Agreement with NTPC through BHEL (Haridwar) is
exclusive supply (not to any other companies) for annual turnover of Rs. 250.00
Lacs.
The orders are of repetitive nature. Besides BHEL (Hyd) have also started placing
sample
orders. The firm has also been able to secure orders from HAL (Koraptut) for DSC &
ESC.
During the year up to Nov05 the firm has already done sale of Rs. 100.00 lacs
besides
the job work. Orders worth Rs. 150.00 lacs from BHEL (Haridwar) are on hand
scheduled to be completed before March06. Completion of this of these orders will
enable the firm to achieve a sale of Rs. 250.00 lacs by this year end. This is
acceptable.
2. Profit: Hitherto the net profit in terms of sales has been about 1.00%. Against this
backdrop the estimated profitability of 4.79% in the current appears unreasonable.
During
discussion it is clarified that as the firm has shifted its focus from mare job work to
direct
75
selling the margin will be high. In fact it has set up its own machining plant and has
secured approval from BHEL for the Quality of its own materials.
It used to pay for job works to other companies/firms for the machining purpose.
This
payment was to the tune of 25% (appx) of the job work revenue. For the year 2005
as the
job work is being done in-house the expenses are estimated to be hardly 5%.
Besides,
margin of direct selling of its materials is better. Moreover with increased sales the
marginal revenue would be proportionately high adding to the increased yield. In
view of
the above factors we may accept the profitability estimates made by the firm. In the
coming 7 years the firm has estimated profitability ranging from 8.5% to 12.5%.
This
appears to be on the higher side. As the sales are estimated to stabilize at Rs.
312.00 lacs
we may accept the profitability of 4.79% as acceptable for the year 2005.
Accordingly the
net profit for the 2nd year would be Rs. 13.70 lacs and then Rs. 14.95 lacs p. a.
3. Cash Accrual: With addition to fixed assets the depreciation shall be high. Thus
with
accepted profitability the accrual would be Rs. 30.00 lacs for the year 2005 followed
by
Rs. 32.03 lacs, Rs. 30.62 lacs respectively. The position is acceptable.
4. TNW: Up to 2004-05 the TNW has been increasing with retention of profits. In the
year 2005 for the expansion plan the partner have agreed in bring in additional
capital of
Rs. 46.00 lacs, Remaining Rs 20.00 lacs from internal accrual. We have discussed
the
issue of infusion of capital by partners. It is informed that depending upon the
advice of
their auditors they would be either increasing the amount of individual capital
and/or
brings in unsecured loans from friends/relatives to be converted to capital over a
period
of time. Since the existing work is being carried out from their own sources the
branch is
advised to obtain a CAs certificate certifying the amount investing that will be
76
considered as their contribution. Since the cash accrual for the year 2005 is
accepted at
Rs. 30.00 lacs the remaining contribution of Rs. 20.00 lacs from partners appears
reasonable.
5. TOL/TNW: The ratio has been below 2.00 up to 31.03.05 and with proposed
capital
infusion the same is estimated to be about 1.18 which is acceptable being well
within
benchmark level.
6. NWC & C. R.: Both the parameters have been well above their respective
benchmark
levels and are estimated to improve further over the existing levels. It may be
mentioned
that even though the firm is increasing its production capacity and consequently
sales it
has not requested any additional working capital. During discussion it is gathered
that
with direct selling the payment term would be 90 % against supply of materials
which
would improve its cash flow and hence there will not be additional requirement of
working capital. However the partners have informed that after the expansion is
completed in March 06 they may approach us for additional working if required at

that
point of time.
Thus the overall financial position of the firm is satisfactory.
Assessment of present proposal: A. Working capital assessment:
A. Comments on: i. Sales projections: Already discussed.
ii. Inventory & receivables: Except the receivables the firm has estimated other
current
asset as per past trend and hence acceptable. The holding level of receivables has
been 1.5 month to 1.75 months sales. For the current year it has estimated the
same to
77
be 2.33 months. It is clarified that as the firm would be executing Rs 150.00 lacs
worth of orders from BHEL in next 4 months ( At least Rs 80.00 lacs as accepted by
us) there will be concentration of debtors at the year end. Hence the estimates
appear
reasonable. Creditors have been nil and are estimated to be nil too.
Against this background PBF is calculated as under.
B. Working of MPBF: WORKING OF MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE BANK FINANCE: (Rs in lacs).
Particulars 31.03.04
Audited
31.03.05
Audited
31.03.06
Projected
a. Total current assets 23.61 31.70 55.35
b. OCL Excl. short term BB 0.09 0.15 c. Working Capital Gap(a-b) 23.52 31.55 55.35
d. Min. Stipulated NWC
(25% of TCA)
5.90 7.93 13.84
e. Actual/Projected NWC 14.41 18.47 40.35
f. Item c-d 17.62 23.62 41.51
g. Item c-e 9.11 13.08 15.00
h. MPBF 9.11 13.08 15.00
i. excess borrowings if any - - www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/
78
Case Study 2:
Bridged Balance Sheet:
(Rs in lacs)
(Audit) (Audit) (Estm) (Audit) (Audit) (Estm)
Capital 27.77 36.30 41.42 Net Block 3.10 2.45 1.71
Unsec Ln 1.00 1.00 5.00 Advance/Deposits
(NCA)
0.34 0.34 1.09
Term
Loan
1.18 0.68 - Sundry Debtors 24.17 28.59 58.69

Sundry
Creditors
1.15 13.87 11.71 Stock 34.52 59.92 70.36
Bank
Borrowing
29.75 45.80 100.00 Recurring Dep 0.75 1.53 1.60
Chits 6.20 - - Cash 2.74 2.30 3.21
Other
liabilities
1.63 4.24 3.86 OCA 3.06 4.14 25.33
Chits - 2.62 Total 68.68 101.89 161.99 Total 68.68 101.89 161.99
31.03.2004 31.03.05 31.03.06 31.03.07
Net Worth 27.77 36.30 41.42 48.04
Less: Revaluation Reserves - - - Less: Intangible Assets - - - Tangible Net Worth 27.77 36.30 41.42 48.04
(audited)
31.03.05
(audited)
31.03.06
(estimated)
31.03.07
(projected)
Net Sales
720.26 1126.16
56%
1749.64
55%
1866.08
6.63%
Net Profit After Tax 0.41 0.25 0.23 0.23
Cash Accruals 3.87 3.51 4.81 4.74
TNW excl Revaluation Reserve 27.77 36.30 41.42 48.04
TOL / TNW Ratio 1.47 1.81 2.91 2.49
79
NWC 26.51 35.19 43.62 50.79
Current Ratio 1.68 1.55 1.38 1.44
Net Sales: The firm deals in the products of Hindustan Lever Ltd and Bharti Tele Ltd
(Airtel). The estimated sale for 2004-05, as per last review, was Rs. 1405 lacs, with
a
growth of 95% over previous year. However the actual sales were Rs. 1126 lacs,
with a
growth of 56%. Achievement is 80%. In this connection, the firm has informed that
the
estimated growth of 20% in Hindustan Lever products could not be achieved and
hence
the variation. This is due to policy changes contemplated by HLL to reduce the no.
of
dealers as well as product consolidation.

For the year 01.04.05 to 31.01.06, the firm has estimated a sale of Rs. 1749.64 lacs
and
for the next year, projected a sale of Rs. 1866.08 lacs. Till September 05, the firm
was
dealing in detergents, Lakme products of Hindustan Ltd and the products of Airtel.
From
October 05, the firm added the business of personal of Hindustan Lever Ltd. The
performance of the firm during the year 01.04.05 to 31.01.06 is as under:
Detergent of Hindustan Lever Ltd : Rs. 536 lacs
Lakme of Hindustan Lever Ltd : Rs. 135 lacs
Personal products of HLL : Rs. 121 lacs (Oct 05 to Jan 06)
Airtel : Rs. 642 lacs
Total : Rs. 1434 lacs
Considering the actual sale of Rs. 1434 lacs in the first ten months the estimated
sales of
Rs. 1750.00 lacs during the current year appears reasonable. As per the estimate,
the
80
growth in sales during the year 05-06 is 55% compared to 04-05. in this connection,
the
firm has informed that they were allotted more areas/jurisdiction by Hindustan
Lever Ltd.
For the next year, the firm has projected a sale of Rs. 1866 lacs, with the break up
of sales
as under:
Detergent of Hindustan Lever Ltd : Rs. 602 lacs (12.3% growth)
Lakme of Hindustan Lever Ltd : Rs. 168 lacs (24%)
Personal products of HLL : Rs. 388 lacs (7% annualized)

Airtel : Rs. 708 lacs (10.28%)
Total : Rs. 1866 lacs
The growth of the sale projected for the next year is around 7%. The
estimated/projected
sales, appears achievable in view of the performance of the firm in the past and
during
the year till Jan 06.
Net Profit: The firm has been earning profits consistently, but the margin is very
thin.
During 2004-05 the profitability further dropped as compared to its previous year
mainly
due to competitive pricing in the consume/personal goods segments offered by
various
companies. The profitability has been between 0.25% in 2004-05 and is estimated
to be
0.23% in the year 2005-06 followed by similar trend in the next year. The trend is
estimated/projected to continue. Hence it is acceptable.
Tangible Net Worth: The firm has been maintaining the TNW at a satisfactory level.
Major portion of the profits are retained in the business. During the year 2005-06
the firm
has proposed to infuse additional capital of Rs. 2.00 lacs followed by Rs. 4.00 lacs in
the
next year. The position is acceptable.
81
TOL/TNW: The ratio has been consistently below the bench mark level. However
compared to the previous years, the present level estimated/projected is higher in
view of
view of the additional borrowings for the increased turnover. However the same is
still
below the bench mark.
Net Working Capital: The firm has been maintaining NWC at more than 25% of TCA
level which is above the stipulated bench mark and is estimated to well within the
bench
mark too. The firm has proposed infusion of addition unsecured loan of Rs. 4.00 lacs
to
improve the NWC position. A suitable certificate from the CA is to be obtained to
this
effect. An undertaking is to be obtained not to repay this unsecured loan during
current of
our credit facilities.
Current Ratio: The firm has been maintaining current ratio at a satisfactory level.
Through the estimated level for the year 2005-06, is slightly lower compared to year
2004-05 it is still above the bench mark level.
Thus overall financial position is satisfactory.
Assessment of Proposal:
A. Working capital assessment
Comments on:
i. Inventory:
As per past trend, the level of stocks held by the firm is between 18 days
to 20 days during last tow years and the same is estimated to be 15 days in this
year 2005-06. This being an improvement over the past years is acceptable.
ii. Receivables:
82
As per past trend, the level of credit allowed by the firm is between 0.30 to
0.40 months sales. However the firm estimated/projected a higher level of

0.54 months sale this level appears on the higher side and therefore bank
recast the figures of receivables with a 0.40 months sales. Accordingly the
acceptable level of debtors would be Rs. 58.50 lacs.
iii. Other Current Assets:
The current assets include cash and bank deposits (RD). The
estimated/projected level of these assets is in conformity with the earlier
levels.
Other than the above, the firm has another current asset in the form of
Claims Receivable. These are amount receivables from M/s Hindustan Lever
Ltd for any breakage in stock supplied. Till year 2004-05 the level was quite
on lower side oaround Rs. 3 to 4 lacs. However during the year 2005-06 and
2006-07, the firm has estimated/projected a higher level of Rs. 25 lacs and Rs.
30 lacs respectively. In this connection the firm has informed that present
outstanding claims receivable from Hindustan Lever Ltd is around 25 lacs and
the level is likely to continue. The branch is to obtain a CAs certificate in this
regard.
iv. Sundry Creditors:
The firm is reportedly not getting any credit from either Hindustan Lever
Ltd of Airtel. However the firm has estimated/projected a level of Rs. 11 lacs
for miscellaneous credits. The level is in conformity with the past trend.
v. Other Current Liability:
83
The other current liabilities include provisions for expenses and taxation.
The estimated/projected level is in conformity with the past trend.
vi. Method Lending:

The method of lending is based on build up of current assets and
liabilities, with second method of lending.
vii. Comments on NWC:
The estimated/projected NWC is adequate to meet the margin requirement
of working capital.
B. Working of MPBF:
(audited)
31.03.05
(audited)
31.03.06
(Estimated)
31.03.07
(Projected)
A Total Current Assets 65.24 99.10 159.19 165.60
B TCL (except bank borrowings) 8.98 18.11 15.57 14.81
C Working Capital Gap 56.26 80.99 143.62 150.79
D Minimum stipulated margin (25%
of TCA)
16.31 24.78 39.80 41.40
E Actual/ estimated NWC 26.51 35.19 43.62 50.79
F Item (c-d) 39.95 56.21 103.82 109.39
G Item (c-e) 29.75 45.80 100.00 100.00
H MPBF (lower of above two) 29.75 45.80 100.00 100.00
I Excess borrowings, if any - - - -
84
Case Study 3:
(Rs in lacs)
Audited Aud Estm Audited Aud Estm
Capital 16.20 17.20 17.20 FA 30.59 46.97 64.37
Reserves 4.70 4.82 15.10 Depr. 6.63 12.26 21.25
Def tax 0.27 2.15 2.10
NW 21.17 24.17 34.40 Net
Block
23.97 34.71 43.12
TL 1.92 8.99 10.66 Cash
&
Bank
5.34 6.02 6.77
Unsec Ln 14.16 18.17 16.71 RM
OTL WIP
TTL 16.08 27.16 27.37 FG 10.64 11.33 24.50
Scred 3.49 6.06 RecDom
7.23 12.70 40.80
Bk Borr 25.00 Export
OCL 9.36 12.80 36.00 OCA 2.82 2.49 4.64
TCL 12.85 18.86 61.00 TCA 26.03 32.54 76.71
Inv
Oth
NCA
- 2.86 2.86
Tot
NCA
Acc
Loss
Oth
Intang
Ass.
0.10 0.08 0.08
Tot Liab 50.10 70.19 122.77 Tot
Ass
50.10 70.19 122.77
31.03.2004 31.03.05 31.03.06
* Net Worth 21.17 24.17 34.40
Less: Revaluation Reserves
Less: Intangible Assets 0.10 0.08 0.08
Tangible Net Worth 21.07 24.09 34.32
85
Particulars 31.03.04 31.03.05 31.03.06
Net Sales
75.35
69.36%
61.21
-ve
204.00
Net Profit After Tax
% to Net Sales
3.15
4.18%
2.00
3.28%
10.29
5.04%
Cash Accruals 6.03 7.63 19.29
TNW excl Revaluation Reserve 21.07 24.09 34.32
TOL / TNW Ratio 1.37 1.91 2.57
NWC 13.18 13.68 15.71
Current Ratio 2.02 1.73 1.26
Comments:
1. Sales: Sales mean service charges/ consultancy fees received for the NDT
inspection
and course fees received for its various training programs on NDT. As mentioned
earlier
the company is mainly doing NDT inspection of oil refineries of Reliance Industries,
ONGC, and NTPC. The consultancy fees depend upon the volume of machineries put
under NDT inspection. During 2004-05 the sales have declined due to this factor
only. It
may be mentioned here that during the year the course fees have grown by 200%
whereas
consultancy fees have declined by 65% (appx). In the year 2005-06 the company
has
received contracts worth Rs 87.00 lacs from RIL for its Jamnagar Plant. The
company
has estimated a sale of Rs 204.00 lacs comprising consultancy fee & component
sale of
Rs 180.00 lacs and training fees of Rs 24.00 lacs. The training fee is slightly less
than the
last years fees. As on 30.11.05 the company has already booked a sale of
Rs129.00lacs.
Besides it has orders from small & medium companies. As such we are of the view
that
the company would be in a position to achieve a sale of Rs150.00lacs. We may
accept the
said level.
86
2. Net Profit: Profit margins in consultancy works are comparatively more. Therefore
with decline in consultancy fees the profitability has declined during 2004-05.
During
2005-06 the company has estimated a net profit of Rs 10.29 lacs with profitability of
5.04%. The company officials have clarified that with increased sales and without
any
additional cost the marginal revenue will be more. Moreover net profit as of
30.11.05 as
declared by the company has been Rs. 10.10 lacs. Accordingly the estimates appear
reasonable.
3. TNW: With 100% retention of net profit the TNW acceptable as on 31.03.06 would
be
Rs. 34.40 lacs.

4. TOL/TNW: The ratio for the last three years has been below the bench mark and is
expected to be so in the current year too.
5. NWC & C.R: During 2002-03 sundry creditors mode of financing was resorted to
by
the company for its working funds and partly for its fixed assets resulting in C.R.
below
1.00. This imbalance is rectified in 2003-04 by raising capital and infusing
unsecured
loans from directors and others. The position as at 31.03.05 is also above the
respective
bench mark. However during the current year the company proposes to add fixed
assets
from its internal accruals and partly out of its existing built up of NWC resulting in
reduction in NWC level to 20% of the TCA. Consequently current ratio is estimated
at
1.26. In fact as the minimum acceptable NWC is 20% and current ratio is 1.25 the
87
proposed estimates can be acceptable as the purpose of utilization of NWC is for
acquiring fixed assets required for business purposes only.
Thus overall financial position is satisfactory.
Assessment of Present Proposal:
A. Working Capital Assessment:
A. Comments on:
i. Sales Projections: Already dealt with elsewhere in the note.
ii. Comments on NWC: Already discussed.
Assessment:
The company had requested for project specific working capital (CC) facility of Rs
25.00
lacs for its contract worth Rs 87.00 lacs from RIL which will be completed within 4
months. This job is completed. But the company is able to obtain similar contracts
from
others like L&T, South Central railways etc in ensuing months for which it requires
the
working capital. In fact for the next year it has estimated a sale of more than Rs.
200.00
lacs.
As at 30.11.05 the TCA level is Rs. 62.57 lacs which is 49% of total sales as on that
date.
For the current year it has estimated a TCA level of Rs. 76.71 lacs which works out
to
51% of accepted sales level. Since the estimated level is more or less equivalent to
the
actual level as on 30.11.05 we may accept the same. The company has estimated
an OCL
level of Rs. 36.00 lacs which as per the actual level prevailing as on 30.11.05. This
is
acceptable too. Accordingly PBF is arrived as under.
88
i. TCA level accepted Rs76.71lacs
ii. OCL Rs36.00lacs
iii. WCG Rs40.71lacs
iv. Required NWC (20%) Rs15.34lacs
v. Estimated level Rs15.71lacs
vi. MPBF Rs25.00lacs.
89
Conclusions
The requirement of working capital finance is ever increasing.
Loans and advances formed a major portion of the current assets of the firm
because of which the working capital gap is large.
The bank prefers to use the second method of lending working capital under the
MPBF rather than evolving their own method.
In most of the cases, hypothecation and/or mortgage are used to create securities
for the banks.
Bank has their own internal credit rating procedure to rate the clients (Borrowers).
After doing the assessment of the financial indicators it is up to the judgment of
the top management of the bank to sanction such loan. The very decision could be
against the assessment result.
If the company is with bank from inception stage then they are given preference,
as credible and loyal party over their financial indicators.
There is a stiff competition to the nationalized banks from the foreign investors as
their lending rates are much lower than nationalized banks.
Today the foreign investors are very big threat to business and its existence.
Bank of Maharashtra has kept a conservative look to banking.
90
Suggestions
Closely monitoring and inspecting the activities and stocks of the borrowers from
time to time can avoid the misuse of working capital
While working out the working capital limits, banks must exclude the loans and
advances from the current assets. The assessment should be done mainly stock
and the inventory level of borrower.

Bank must extend working capital finance through non-fund based facilities.
Another ideal method would be to use LC as the primary source of extending,
working capital clubbed with bill discounting. This would ensure that the credit is
put to the right use by the borrower and repayment is guaranteed to the bank.
The bank must further secure themselves by holding a second charge on all the
fixed assets of the borrower.
The time period taken by the banks to sanction the limits should be significantly
reduced to allow the borrowers to make use of the credit when the need is most
felt.
91
Bibliography
Books:
1. HAND BOOK ONWORKING CAPITAL FINANCE
D. P. SARDA, PUBLISHED BY S.J.D. IMPEX, MUMBAI, FOURTH EDITION
2. FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
R. P. RUSTAGI, GALGOTIA PUBLICATION, NEW DELHI, SECOND
EDITION, 2000.
INTERNET SITES:
http://www.banknetindia.com
http://www.bankofmaharashtra.in
http://www.indiamarkets.com
http://www.businessfinance.com

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o Technology with personal touch.

short period of time, say one year.

Size and Growth of Business:

be considered as one of the ways in which strain on working capital requirements of

estimating of working capital requirements. There is another technique available for

Non-Fund Based Lending can be made by the banks in two formsa.

Guarantee, both company A as well as Company B get benefited as it is able to

calculated on daily product basis.

according to production requirements. Inadequate levels of working capital may

Banks make their own assessment of credit requirements of borrowers based on a

a. Cash and bank balances

Limits under letter of credit (A-B) Rs 32 Lacs

Qualifications to balance sheet auditors remarks etc.

o Monthly stock statement

his own fund. Recommendation of Tandon committee accordingly, the Tandon

The new systems allowed this deficiency to be financed in addition to the

the borrower should be strictly adhered to in respects of all borrowers having

Comparative Balance Sheet and Performance / Financial Indicators:

31.03.2004 31.03.05 31.03.06

TNW excl Revaluation Reserve 17.53 18.41 84.84

completed in March 06 they may approach us for additional working if required at

1.18 0.68 - Sundry Debtors 24.17 28.59 58.69

dealers as well as product consolidation.

Personal products of HLL : Rs. 388 lacs (7% annualized)

0.40 months sales. However the firm estimated/projected a higher level of

vi. Method Lending:

Rs. 34.40 lacs.

and the inventory level of borrower.

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