ORGANIC CHEMISTRY EXPERIMENT REPORT

PHYTOCHEMICAL TEST ON THE EXTRACT OF

WILD GINGER (Curcuma zanthorrhiza)

Arrange by:
Group 8 :
1. Triani Mandasari Putri
2. Anggraeni Nurmala Sari
3. Devi Evylia Purmawanti

(12030194210)
(12030194)
(12030194)

CHEMISTRY EDUCATION
DEPARTEMENT OF CHEMISTRY
FACULTY OF MATEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES

STATE UNIVERSITY OF SURABAYA

2014
I.

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT

: Phytochemical Test on The Extract of

II.

Wild Ginger (Curcuma Zanthorrhiza)

DATE OF EXPERIMENT
: Tuesday/ October, 14rd 2014

III.

FINISH OF EXPERIMENT

: Tuesday/ October, 14rd 2014

IV.

PURPOSE THE EXPERIMENT :

- Choose the required equipment in accordance with the experiment
-

done.
Selecting the materials required in accordence with the experiment

done.
Identify the chemical compunt of the group of plant terpenoids,
steroids, phenolic (antrakuinon, tannin, and phenols), flavonoids,
and alkaloids contained in the extract of ginger rhizone.

V.

BASIC THEORY
Phytochemicals or sometimes called phytonutrients, in its broadest
sense is any kind of chemicals or nutrients derived from plant sources,
including fruits and vegetables. In common usage, phytochemical has a
narrower definition. Phytochemicals are usually used to refer to compounds
found in plants that are not needed for the normal functioning of the body, but
has a beneficial effect on health or an active role in the prevention of disease.
Therefore, these substances differ from what is termed as a nutrient in the
traditional sense, i.e that they are not a necessity for normal metabolism, and
the absence of these substances will not result in a deficiency disease, at least
not in the normal time frame for the deficiency.
Phytochemicals or plant chemicals studied a variety of organic
compounds that are formed and deposited by plants is about chemical
structure, biosynthesis, and metabolism changes, natural distribution and
biological function. Plants produce a wide variety of organic chemical
compounds, chemical compounds in the form of biased primary and secondary
metabolites metabolites. Most plants produce secondary metabolites,
secondary metabolites are also known as the natural result of metabolism.
Results of secondary metabolites is more complex than the primary
metabolites. Based origin biosyntetic, secondary metabolites can be divided
into three major groups namely terpenoids (triterpenoids, steroids, and
saponins) alkaloids and phenolic compounds (flavonoids and tannins)
(Simbala, 2009).
Alkaloids

Alkaloids are organic compounds that occur in nature are basic or

alkaline and alkaline nature is due to the existence of atoms N (Nitrogen) in
the molecules of these compounds in heterocyclic or aromatic ring structure,
and in small doses can have a pharmacological effect on humans and animals.
In addition there are some exceptions, which include alkaloids but the atoms N
(nitrogen) contained in his or straight chain aliphatic (Nadjeb, 2010).
Alkaloids are usually classified according to the source of origin of
molecular similarity (precursors), based on the metabolic pathway (metabolic
pathway) that is used to form the molecule. If the biosynthesis of an unknown
alkaloids, alkaloid compounds classified by name, including names that do not
contain nitrogen compounds (for molecular structures present in the final
product. For example: opium alkaloids are sometimes called "phenanthrenes"),
or by name of plant or animal in which the compound was isolated. If after the
alkaloids studied, the classification of an alkaloid was changed according to
the assessment, usually taking the name-it-amine important biological process
that is striking in its synthesis.

Flavonoids
Flavonoids are one of the many secondary metabolites produced by a
plant, which can be found on the leaves, roots, wood, bark, pollen, flowers and
seeds. Chemically, flavonoids containing aromatic rings are composed of 15
carbon atoms arranged in the basic core of the conjugate C6-C3-C6 (two
aromatic core connected to 3 carbon atoms) (Ningsih, 2005). The benefits of
flavonoids among others, is to protect the cell structure, increase the

effectiveness of vitamin C, anti-inflammatory, prevents bone loss and as an

antibiotic (Agestia, 2009).
Flavonoids have basic carbon skeleton consisting of 15 carbon atoms,
in which two benzene rings (C3) to form an array of C6-C3-C6. This
arrangement can produce three types of structures, namely flavonoids
flavonoids compounds, isoflavonoida and neoflavonoida (Lenny, 2006).
Flavonoid compounds consist of several types depending on the degree
of oxidation of the propane chain of 1,3-diarilpropana system. Flavones,
flavonols and anthocyanidins are the kind that are found in nature so it is often
referred to as the main flavonoids. The amount of flavonoids compounds is
caused by different levels of hydroxylation, alcosylasi or glycosylation of
these structures (Lenny, 2006).

Saponin
Saponin glycosides are the kind commonly found in plants. Saponin is
characterized by foaming. So when reacted with water and shaken it will form
a froth that can last long. Saponins are soluble in water and insoluble in ether
(Hartono, 2009).

Saponins give a bitter taste to the food plant. The main sources of
saponins are grains, especially soybeans. Saponins can inhibit the growth of
colon cancer and helps lower cholesterol levels to normal. Depending on the
type of food consumed, a day can consume 10-200 mg of saponin (Arnelia,
2011).

Steroids
All frames have a frame queen steroids, namely hydrogenated
phenanthrene siklopentano-full. Usually, the ring skeleton, named A, B, C and
D. The numbering of the carbon atoms has a chair conformation of steroid in
the universe. Rings B, C and D are always trans to the other, while the rings A
and B can be trans or cis (Soewolo, 1996).

Triterpenoids

Triterpenoids, triterpenoid carbon skeleton is a compound derived from

six isoprene units and defined biosynthesis of hydrocarbons, mostly in the
form of alcohol, aldehyde, or acid carbohydrates.

Tannins
Tannins and polyphenols, tannins are plant polyphenols that bind and
precipitate proteins function. Polyphenols are natural plant secondary
metabolites, including a set group of tannins.

VI.

TOOLS AND MATERIALS

a. TOOLS
- Knife
- Neraca analytic o-hauss
- Beaker glass 100 mL
- Beaker glass 500 mL
- Test tube
- Pipette
- Plat drop
- Tripod
- Funnel
- Spatula

b. MATERIALS
- Wild ginger
- HCl concentrate
- H2SO4 concentrate
- H2SO4 2N
- FeCl 1%
- Chloroform
- Ammonia
- Metal Mg
- Methanol 60-80%
- Ethanol 70%
- Aquades
- Reagen Lieberman-Burchard
- Reagen Mayer
- Reagen Dragendorff
- Reagen Weager

IX.

Data Analysis
1. Preparation the extract methanol of Curcuma Zanthorriza
In the first experiment about preparation the extract methanol of
Curcuma Zanthorriza. That must be prepared is 5 grams of wild ginger
powder. Then the powder of wild ginger take in 30 mL of ethanol 60 80% is
cololess, and then the residue heated in the steam water. Next the solution is
filtered using filter paper and Buchner funnel to get the filtrate of solution
perfectly. After that the extract is evapored in the steam water to get the extract
of wild ginger. Extract of wild ginger that product is yellow brownish, the
extract become sample that used to the next experiment.
2. Identify Alcaloid with Culvenor - Fitzgerald method (Harborne, 1987)
Second experiment to identify the alcaloid that contains in sample of
wild ginger using culvenor - fitzgerald method. 1 mL of wild ginger sample
mixed with 1 mL chloroform (colorless solution) and 1 mL ammonia
(colorless solution) to produce solution the color is red blackish and bad smell
because reacted with ammonia. And then that solution heated in the steam
water while shaked after that will be formed 2 layer, then pipetted the top layer
to separated the first layer and second layer. The filtrate (orange solution) that
produced from separation then devided into three test-tube and added by 3
drops of H2SO4 2N (colorless solution) into each test-tube and waited until the
solution separate.
Filtrate in the first test-tube is tested using Meyer reagent that colorless
solution become brown reddish and there is purple precipitate.
The reaction:

In the second test-tube, filtrate tested using Wagner reagent that brown
solution become yellow reddish solution and there is brown precipitate.

The reaction:

The filtrate in the third test-tube Dragendorf reagent that yellow solution
become orange solution and there is orange precipitate.
The reaction:

The result that procude from experiment it mean that sample of wild ginger is
positive contain alcaloid.

3. Identify Flavonoid (Harborne, 1987)

The purpose of third experiment is to identify flavonoid that contain in
wild ginger sample. 1 mL of sample (orange solution) mixed with 3 mL of
ethanol 70% (colorless solution) will produce yellow or purple solution. And
then shaked and heated until become colorless solution. After that filtered and
added by 0,1 grams of Mg (grey powder) and 2 drops of HCl concentred
(colorless) produce brown reddish solution, in the top of layer is red solution
and the bottom layer is brown solution and there is a litte of white precipitate.
The sample of wild ginger is positive contain flavonoid that proven there is
red color at ethanol layer.

The Reaction:
Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq) MgCl2 (s) + H2 (g)
MgCl2 (s) + 6 ArOH [Mg(Oar)6]+ + 6H+ + 2 Cl4. Idenfity Saponin (Harborne, 1987)
The purpose of fourth experiment is to identify Saponin that contains in
wild ginger sample. 1 mL of sample (orange solution) boiled with 100 mL in
the steam water. After the filtrate boiled and then shaked and wait for 15
minutes. After 15 minutes at the filtrate there is stable foam (bubble). It means
that the sample of wild ginger positive contain Saponin.
The reaction:

5. Identify Steroid (Harborne, 1987)

The purpose of fifth experiment is to identify Steroid that contains in
wild ginger sample. 1 mL of sample (orange solution) mixed with 3 mL
ethanol (colorless solution) become yellow solution. And then added by 2 mL
H2SO4 concentred (colorless solution), the solution become brown. After that
added by 2 mL CH3COOH anhydrate (colorless solution), the solution become
brown greenish. It means that sample positive contain of Steroid.
The reaction:

6. Identify Triterpenoid (Harborne, 1987)

The purpose of sixth experiment is to identify Triterpenoid that contains
in wild ginger sample. 1 mL of sample (orange solution) is mixed by 2 mL
chloroform (colorless solution) and added by 3 mL H2SO4 concentred
(colorless solution) and will be produced 2 layers at the solution. In the top
layer form brown solution and the bottom layer is black solution. And then
these solution shaked, so the solution become brown reddish solution in the
top layer is brown solution and the bottom layer is red solution (like a ball). It
means that sample of wild ginger positive contains Triterpenoid. It shown by
formed red brownish at the top of solution.
The reaction:

7. Identify Tannins (Edeoge et al., 2005)

The purpose of seventh experiment is to identify Tannins that contains in
sample of wild ginger. 1 mL of sample (orange solution) boiled with 20 mL of
water in the steam water. And then filtered and filtrate that produce become
yellow. After that added by 2-3 drops by FeCl3 1% (yellow solution), therefore
the color of solution become green brownish. It means that sample of wild
ginger positive contain of tannins.
The reaction:

X.

Discussion
In the second experiment about identify alcaloid, in third test-tube is dropped by
Dregendorf reagent the result of solution not produce white precipitate, in the
experiment we get orange solution. These could happen because Dragendrof
reagent has been contamined with the tools that use in experiment such as pipette,
and cause the solution contamined with the air (O2).

XI.

Conclusion
At this experiment about test of ptytochemistry is used extract of wild ginger.
From the first until seven experiment could known that sample of wild ginger is
positive contains alcaloid, saponin, steroid, triterpenoid, and tannins.

XII. ANSWER FOR QUESTION

1. Identify Alcaloid with Culvenor - Fitzgerald method (Harborne, 1987)

Identify Flavonoid (Harborne, 1987)

The Reaction:
Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq) MgCl2 (s) + H2 (g)
MgCl2 (s) + 6 ArOH [Mg(Oar)6]+ + 6H+ + 2 ClIdenfity Saponin (Harborne, 1987)

Identify Steroid (Harborne, 1987)

Identify Triterpenoid (Harborne, 1987)

Identify Tannins (Edeoge et al., 2005)

2. Steroid

Triterpenoid

Tannin

Saponin

Flavonoid

Alkaloid

3. Wild ginger (From Ramnetin flavonoids) as a cause od germ killer body odor.
Ramnetin

Ramnetin a flavonoid compound derived from the flavones, with the molecular formula
C16H12O7.
Body odor in moderate levels are normal and even beneficial as an "identity" we. Every
person has a unique body odor. Animals, especially dogs, can identify people from their
body odor. However, excessive body odor can interfere with or even indicative of
disease.
The cause of body odor
The body has two types of sweat glands, eccrine and apocrine glands are. Eccrine glands
open to the surface of the skin, while the apocrine glands are found in areas where hair
grows, including the scalp, armpits, and groin. Sweat from the eccrine glands are mostly
water and salt, but the apocrine sweat glands that contain fats, proteins and
carbohydrates. Body odor arises when bacteria on the skin surface of the apocrine sweat
decompose into volatile acids and releasing odors. There are two types of acid spread
body odor:
- Propionic acid or propanoic acid that smells like vinegar and is the result of the
decomposition of sweat by Propionic bacteria, a type of bacteria that live in the
-

human sebaceous gland duct and young adults.

Isovaleric acid produced by the bacteria staphylococcus epidermis, which spread
smell like cheese.

4. Wild Ginger has more than 100 components. Curcuma among other compounds
containing active curcuminoid and essential oil components. Curcuminoid functions as
an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory (anti-inflammatory), antibacterial, antihepatotoksik
(anti-liver), anti-cholesterol, anti-cancer and anti-platelet aggregation (blood clotting that
can lead to stroke). While one of the components of the essential oil it contains, which
are anticancer xanthorrhizol, especially breast cancer.
Immunomodulatory activity of curcumin (a compound in curcuminoid) can also increase
the body's resistance to disease.
Research shows ginger has no side effects such as anti-inflammatory chemical that is
much more expensive. Consumption of ginger on a regular basis, it can also thin the
blood, so good for the prevention of stroke, ginger can also boost immunity.
The benefits of ginger
Improving eating
Improving digestive function
Maintaining healthy liver function
Reduce joint pain and bone
Lower levels of fat in the blood
As an antioxidant
Helps maintain health and prevent blood clots

Refference

Dcycheesadonna.2012. Skrining Fitokimia.

http://dcycheesadonna.wordpress.com/2012/12/07/skrining-fitokimia/ access on
October, 18rd 2014 at 11.10 AM
Drutama. 2013. Teori Dasar Skrining Penapisam Fitokimia.
http://drutama.wordpress.com/2013/03/20/teori-dasar-skrining-penapisanfitokimia/ access on October, 18rd 2014 at 10.00 AM
Doughari, James H. 2012. Phytochemical: Extraction Methods, Basic Structure and
Mode of Action as Potential Chemotherapeutic Agents.
Cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/32936.pdf access on October, 18rd 2014 at 12.00
AM
Fessenden, Ralp J, and Joan S. Fessenden. 1986. Kimia Organik Edisi Ketiga.
Jakarta: Erlangga
Nabila, iqlima. 2012. Temulawak Ramnetin Dari senyawa Flavon.http://kimiaiqlima.blogspot.com/2012/10/temulawak-ramnetin-dari-senyawa-flavon.html
http://www.seputarduniawanita.com/2012/05/manfaat-temulawak-curcumaxanthorrhiza.html access on October, 19rd 2014 at 06.00 PM
Rosella. 2012. Praktikum Uji
Fitokimia.http://seputarjurnalpangan.blogspot.com/2012/07/praktikum-ujifitokimia16.html access on October, 17rd 2014 at 10:27 AM
Sukamto, kostiawan. 2010. Uji Fitokimia.http://awanl.blogspot.com/2010/11/ujifitokimia.html October, 18rd 2014 at 10.31 AM
Tim Dosen Kimia Organik. 2014. Penuntun Praktikum Kimia Organik II.
Surabaya: Jurusan Kimia Unesa