Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Nuclear Models
Liquid drop Model
Semi Empirical Mass Formula
Shell Model
Concept of Magic number
Nuclear Models
Why is the binding energy per nucleon almost constant?
Why do certain nuclei emit - and -particles through these
particles do not exist inside the nucleus?
Why are the nuclei containing 2,8,20,28,50,82 nucleons most
stable?
Like any other quantum mechanical system, a nucleus also
exist in its excited states. The most stable state is the ground
state in which the nuclei are generally found.
Different models:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Nuclear models:
1. the water-drop model
2. the shell model
Models describe aspects
of the structure of nuclei
and how they behave.
Assumptions
1. The nuclei of all elements are considered to be behave like a liquid
drop of incompressible liquid of very high density.
Volume Energy
Volume Energy
Hence each interior nucleon in a nucleus has a binding energy of
=12(1/2U) = 6U.
If all A nucleons in a nucleus were in the interior, the total binding
Energy would be
EV= 6AU
Or
Volume energy
EV = a1 A
R3
Surface Energy
Actually, of course, some nucleons are on the surface of every
Nucleus and therefore have fewer than 12 neighbors.
Surface energy
surface area
4R2
If R = R0 A1/3 then
Surface energy
Or
4R0 A2/3
A2/3
Coulomb Energy
The repulsion between each pair of protons in a nucleus also
contribute toward decreasing its binding energy.
The coulomb energy EC of a nucleus is the work that must be done
To bring together Z protons from infinity into a spherical aggregate
The size of the nucleus.
e2
V
4 0r
Z (Z 1)
V
2
Z (Z 1)e 2 1
8 0
r
av
Where
1
r
Therefore
av
EC
a3
Z ( Z 1)
A
1
3
Eb
Ev
ES
EC
a1 A a2 A
2
3
a3
Z ( Z 1)
A
Coulomb energies
Volume energies
The binding energy per nucleon is
EBE
A
a1
a2
1/ 3
A
a3
Z ( Z 1)
A
4
3
1
3
Asymmetry Energy
1
N
2
Pairing Term
Nuclei with even number of n or
even number of p more tightly
bound fig.
Only 4 stable o-o nuclei cf 153
e-e.
p and n have different energy
levels small overlap of wave
functions. Two p(n) in same
level with opposite values of jz
have AS spin state sym
spatial w.f. maximum overlap
maximum binding energy
because of short range
attraction.
Nuclei
e-e
e-o
o-o
Pairing
term
+ive
0
-ive
a5
,0
3/ 4
A
EP
a3=0.595 MeV
Surface Term
Eb ( A, Z ) a1 A a2 A2 / 3 a3
Z ( Z 1)
A
Volume Term
a2=13.0 MeV
1
3
Pairing Term
a5
( A 2Z ) 2
a4
( ,0) 3 / 4
A
A
Coulomb Term
a4=19.0 MeV
Asymmetry Term
a5=33.5 MeV
Numericals:
Numerical 2. Isobars are nuclides that have the same mass number
A. Derive a formula for the atomic number of the most stable
isobar of a given A and use its to find the most stable isobar of
A=25
Solution: To find the value of Z for which the binding energy Eb
is a maximum which correspond to maximum stability, we must
Solve dEb/dZ = 0 for Z. From the liquid drop mass formula
dEb
dZ
Z
a3
A
1
3
2Z
1
3
a3 A
2a3 A
1
3
4 a4
A
A
4a4
8a4 A
2Z
0.595 A
1
1.19 A
1
3
0
1
3
76
152 A
Shell Model
The basic assumption of the liquid drop model is that each nucleon in
a nucleus interact only with its nearest neighbors, like a molecule in a
liquid.
In shell model each nucleon interact chiefly with a general force field
produced by all the other nucleons.
Shell Model
Main Assumptions
Shell model
It is assumed that the nucleons move in its orbit within the nucleus,
independently of all other nucleons.
The orbit is determined by a potential energy function V(r) which
represent the average effect of all interaction with other nucleons,
and is same for each particle.
Each nucleons is regarded as an independent particle and the
interaction between a nucleons is considered to be a small perturbation
On the interaction between a nucleon and the potential field.
There is a direct analogy between the theoretical treatment of a
Nucleus and an electron in an atom.
27
13Al
33
16Ar
16
8O
Parity: (-1)l
P ( x, y , z )
( x, y , z )
Odd
Quadrupole moment
Q
Prolate (b > a)
Spheroid
2
2
zb
5
Sphere (b = a)
Oblate (a > b)
Spheroid
Q is 0
Q is +ve
Q is -ve
16
8O
(N, Z = 8),
40 Ca (N, Z = 20),
20
206 Pb ( Z = 82,N=126)
82