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Hannah Hasson

4/21/14
Civil Rights & Social Movements in the Americas
1. US African American Rights Movement
a. Contradicting forces of belief in equality vs. inherently racist society.
b. De facto (societal) discrimination now, not de jure (legal)
c. Northern whites supported Southern Civil Rights movement
i. However, when came to north, were upset
ii. Plessy vs Ferguson (1896) = separate but equal
d. NAACP (early 1900s)= W.E.B. Du Bios
i. Blacks entered WWII with double V for victory
ii. Integration of army during Korean War
e. Education probs
i. Brown vs. Board of Education= separate isnt equal (1954)
ii. Poor education quality + literacy voting test = obvious
discrimination
iii. Little Rock Nine (1957)
iv. 1968 Supreme Court decision to integrate schools all at once
f. 1955- Emmett Till (14) brutally mutilated and murdered while visiting
family in South b/c flirted w/ white woman
g. 1955- Rosa Parks and Montgomery Bus Boycott
i. MLK Jr. Led boycott, brought media
1. Succeeded, King formed Southern Christian Leadership
Conference
2. Known for Letter from Birmingham City Jail
3. Assassinated 1968
h. Kennedy elected, movement picked up
i. Talked more than acted, though
ii. Whites still prevented blacks active in civil rights from getting
jobs
iii. Kennedy movement slow b/c limited t courts
1. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
began sit-ins
2. Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) used Freedom Riders
a. Kenned protected
iv. Kenned feared claims MLK was Communist, wire tapped phone
v. Kennedy had first black student escorted to Ole Miss
i. Aug 1963- March on Washington
j. Summer 1964- Summer Project= black and white students for voting
rights
i. Three killed, white jury refused to convict
k. LBJ used publicity of tragedies to pass 1965 Voting Rights Act (forbade
discrimination)
i. 1965 Voting Rights Act (right to vote)
ii. 1964- 24th Amendment (poll tax illegal)
l. 1964 Mississippi Freedom Summer Project= organize Freedom
Democratic Party (FDP) via National Dem Convention

i. FDP reps told story before Dem Credentials Committee to be


dem reps for Mississippi
ii. LBJ refused to seat, fearing party split
iii. Instead required loyalty oath against discrimination
1. Only 3 signed
m. Econ and social discrimination continued
i. Watts riots in LA in response to TV violence
ii. Malcolm X was Islamic black separatist leader
1. Changed last name to convey lost African identity
2. Used violence as opposition
3. Black power made white supporters nervous, divided Afr
Amer community
iii. 1966- Newton/ Seale created Black Panther Party
1. Advocated weapons as protection from police attacks
2. Militant Marxist philosophy
3. Demanded immediate equality on all fronts
4. Marched Cali capitol to protest anti-gun law
5. Part fell apart 1970s b/c legal costs from crimes/violence
iv. 1967-8: Widespread riots
1. MLK assassination made worse
2. Militancy created white backlash that Repub party used
(with school integration frustration & anti-Vietnam
protests) to get Nixon elected
a. W/ Nixon, civil rights movement lost power
n. Overall results of movement
i. Tech released black plantation workers who then moved North
ii. Whites moved out of cities, vertically integrated black ghettos
formed
1. All econ classes there until housing integration increased,
wealthy left
a. However, resulted in less positive influences for
poor blacks
2. Today 1/3 blacks below poverty line
a. 9% unemployed
b. Most prisoners black, more black males in prison
than college
c. Black infant mortality double of white
2. Feminist Movement!
a. Post WWII Feminism
i. Inspired by black civil rights, anti-Vietnam war and increased
female employment from war
ii. Betty Friedans Feminine Mystique= frustration with glass
ceiling in businesses
iii. 1966- National Organization for Women (NOW)
1. Fight for abortion and birth control
iv. 2 factions:
1. NOW/ older professionals: worked in political system for
child care, equal pay
2. Younger women: mass protests, direct action

v. 1972- Title IX of Higher Education Act: banned discrimination in


education
vi. 1972 Congress passed amendment for equality of rights under
law
1. Opposition by businesses, opponents fearing gateway to
gay marriage, banning of single-sex schools, sports
teams bathrooms? (Idiots)
vii. 1974- Equal Credit Opportunity Act
viii. 1973- Roe vs Wade ruled right to abortion in first trimester (rest
up to states)
b. Post-WWII feminism in Latin America
i. Women received vote in every country by 1961
ii. Women as political leaders:
1. Eva/Isabel Pern, Cristina Fernandez de Kircher (prez
Argentina)
2. Countries adopted min quota for females in political party
iii. Education:
1. Gap narrowed in all countries, in some women are
superior
iv. However, social, econ and political equality unimproved
1. Machismo
2. Child-bearing women unlikely to reenter workforce
3. Men earn more than women (except Costa Rica)
v. Catholic Church made abortion illegal, man others discouraged
vi. 1970s- Women helped overthrow dictatorships of Nicaragua,
Chile, Uruguay, Argentina
1. Women replaced arrested male activists
2. Las Madres de Plaza de Mayo in Buenos Aires grew large
movement
3. Native American Rights
a. Post- WWII Movement in America
i. Inspired by black civil rights b/c poorest minority in US
ii. 1968- American Indian Movement (AIM) to protect rights/money
1. Especially land contracts
2. Publicized high unemployment, poor housing/ health care
3. Spoke out against American racism
4. Believed direct action was best approach
iii. Only 1.5% American pop, politicians discounted needs
iv. 1971- AIMs Trail of Broken Treaties march on Washington
(1,000)
1. Occupied Bureau of Indian Affairs for a week, caused
damage
2. Govt appeased w/ money & promise to appoint native
American to BIA
v. 1973- AIM seized trading post, church at Wounded Knee
1. Local tribe chief didnt support b/c thought was too radical
2. FBI tried to siege, but encountered standoff
3. Charges dropped, govt agreed to review treaties

vi. Opposed Native American mascots, Columbus Day/


Thanksgiving
vii. 1975- Indian Self-determinism & Education Assistance Act
viii. 1976- Indian Health Care Improvement Act
1. Operate own health system
2. Scholarships to stud health
ix. While AIM publicized poor living conditions, little change to econ
status
b. Post-WWII Movement in Canada
i. Referred to as First Peoples or First Nations
ii. Post-WWII granted the vote
iii. No unified movement
iv. Oka Crisis (1990)
1. Between Oka, Quebec, and the Mohawks
2. Mohawks claimed burial grounds, but Oka wanted to build
golf course
3. Oka got Quebec police involved, firing began and Quebec
officer killed
4. Other Natives joined support by blocking highways
5. Canadian police got highways unblocked, Quebec govt
refused to negotiate
6. Oka golf course didnt expand, but Natives arrested
7. First Nations Policing Policy (1992)- aboriginal police force
8. Formation of 1991 Royal Commission on Aboriginal
Peoples (policies not adopted by Canadian govt)
c. Post-WWII Movements in Latin America
i. 33-40 mil, 400 different groups, in all Latin Amer but Uruguay
ii. 90% farmers, descended from Inca, Maya, Aztec
1. Most in Andes or Central America
iii. Ecuador
1. 1986 Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador
(CONAIE)
a. Wants to convert Ecuador into 12 nations w/
popular parliaments
b. 1992 march of indigenous to capitol in Quito to
force negotiation of indian rights
i. Govt granted 10,000 sq mi
c. Brought about new Ecuadorian constitution in 1998
w/ more rights
i. Violated commonly
iv. Mexico
1. 1983 Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN)
a. Focused on land reform
2. 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement went into
effect
a. EZLN opposing globalization participated in armed
conflict vs Mexican army
b. 12 days later, cease-fire
4. Youth Culture, protests of 1960s-70s

a. Youth Culture 1960s-70s


i. Baby boom in 60s
ii. Beat authors against materialism in 50s
1. Sexual freedom, drug use as road to liberation
2. Reached college kids in 1960s
a. Free love perpetuated by birth control pill in 1960
3. Spawned Hippie movement late 1960s
a. Summer of Love-1967 in San Francisco
iii. UC Berkeley Chancellor attempted to stop all but political
fundraising. When student rebelled, was arrested, but charges
dropped
1. Free Speech Movement begins!
2. Led to anti-Vietnam War
iv. 1970s rock and roll became mainstream music, styles of 60s
hippies normal
b. Mexican Youth of 1960s
i. Similar rock, drugs, love culture
ii. 1968 Olympics- protested lack of freedoms, govt accountability
iii. Prez Gustavo Diaz made army occupy National Autonomous
University
1. After 9 weeks, 5,000 students gathered to rally against
Olympics, police shot 200-300 in Tlatelolco Massacre
2. End of movement
iv. Jipiteca native hippie movement- La Onda Chicana movement
v. Mexican Woodstock (Festival de Avandaro)

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