Transformer Oil CBM

Agenda
1

Introduction

Insulation system of transformer

Condition Based Monitoring

Conclusions

Introduction

Transformer Core

Insulation

Winding

Insulation system of transformer

Paper and Pressboard
- Made from cellulose fiber
- Pine tree produces long fibers with high mechanical strength
- Typical water content in shop 5 % , after drying < 0.5 % , final product < 1 %
- Must be free from contaminants

Oil
-

Insulating material

Heat transferring media

Major failure in transformer

Core
Overheating breakdown in core plate insulation leads to circulating currents

Core bolt and Core clamping structure

Breakdown of insulation between parts of clamping structure results in circulating current

Windings and inter-winding insulation

Overheating due to poor joints is a common fault in any part of the electrical circuit.
Breakdown of inter-strand insulation results in circulating current causing overheating of
insulation and hot spots at point of fault.

Tank, flux shields, and fittings

The breakdown of insulation between portions of the tank shields or between the shields
and tank can lead to circulating current, this will be a function of load current.

The type of faults

The Type of Faults

Thermal Faults

Electrical Faults

Condition Based Monitoring

Transformer Healthy
Electrical Test

Transformer Oil Test

- Off line test (Time Based)

- On line real time

- On line test (PD)

- Time Based

Condition Based Monitoring

Transformer Healthy
Blood Test

Transformer Oil Test

- Cholesterol
- Triglyceride
- Glucose
- etc..

- Dissolved Gas
Analysis
- Moisture Content
- Furans Analysis
- etc..

Optimum Sampling

Mineral insulating oils in

electrical equipment
Supervision and
maintenance guidance
IEC 60422

Power Transformer
Maintenance and
Application Guide
(EPRI)

Optimum Sampling
The optimum sampling frequency
depends on :
Function

Voltage

Power

Service conditions

Reliability

Economic factors

requirements

Risk Based Inspection

(RBI)

Risk Based Inspection (RBI)

Consequence
Equipment

Number

Failure Mode

Damage Mechanism Probability

Safety Environment

Power
Transformer

Risk
Cost

Safety Environment

Cost

Maintenance &
Daily Inspection
Inspection

Insulation Failure Oxidization of oil

3A

3A

3E

Oil screen test

Thermal
Insulation Failure decomposition of
oil

3A

3A

3E

Oil screen test

Insulation Failure

3A

3A

3E

Oil screen test

Solid insulation
failure /moisture
Insulation Failure
ingress /external
contamination

Contamination
from moisture

Earthing
malfunction

Earthing
disconnected with
the earth or
resistance too
large

Fail to transform
voltage

Open winding

4A

4A

4E

Power factor of
bushing /
visual
inspection

2A

2A

2D

Grounding test

E
1A

1A

1E

Resistance
test

Time Interval

Risk Mitigation

6 month

CBM /TBM

6 month

6 month

CBM /TBM

CBM /TBM

visual
inspection

2- 3 years

TBM

visual
inspection

One year

TBM

2- 3 years

TBM

Continuous
Current

Pump Block,
Failure of cooling
wrong
system
direction,deteriorat
ion
Failure of cooling
system

External heat
radiation restriction

visual
inspection

2A

2D

2D

Vibration test

2A

2A

2D

External visual visual inspection

inspection

2- 3 years

One year

Prepare Spare
Part

CBM

Standard ASTM Tests for Insulating Oil

Description
ASTM Number
Dielectric Strength D-877/D-1816
Acidity
D-974
Interfacial tension D-971
Color
D-1500
Water Content
D-1533
Density
D-1298
Visual examination D-1524
Power factor
D-924
Inhibitor content D-4768
Dissolved gas analysis D-3612
Furan analysis
D-5837

Dissolved Gas Analysis

What is a Dissolved Gas Analysis(DGA)?
The detection of certain gases
generated in an oil-filled transformer
in service.

Parts per million = ppm.

Dissolved Gas Analysis

What is a Dissolved Gas Analysis(DGA)?
11 gas components analyze
Non Combustible Gas
Oxygen

Nitrogen
Carbon Dioxide

Combustible Gas
Hydrogen
Methane
Carbon Monoxide
Ethane
Ethylene
Acetylene
Propylene
Propane

Dissolved Gas Analysis

How does the gases occur?
Manufacturing Process(Before in service)

CO

H2
O2

N2

CO
2

Dissolved Gas Analysis

How does the gases occur?

Normal Aging
Small
amount

CO

CO2

C2H4

H2
CH4

Stable

C2H6

C3H8

Dissolved Gas Analysis

How does the gases occur?

Abnormal Condition

Dissolved Gas Analysis

How does the gases occur?

Dissolved Gas Analysis

How does the gases occur?

Dissolved Gas Analysis

How does the gases occur?

Dissolved Gas Analysis

Evaluation of Possible
Fault Type by the Key Gas

Conclusions
Cause:
- Laminated core short turn

- Loose connection
- Defective cooling

Key Gas

C2H4

Ethylene

Conclusions

Cause:
- Winding short turn
- Defective cooling
- Cellulose decomposition
Key Gas

CO

Carbon Monoxide

Conclusions

Cause:
- High electrical stress

around sharp point

- Insulation deterioration
Key Gas

H2

Hydrogen

Conclusions

Cause:
- Electrical arcing between

high voltage to ground

- Loose connection
Key Gas

C2H2

Acetylene

Conclusions
Benefits of
Transformer Oil CBM
Transformer
Healthy

Detect first sign of failure

condition
Provide prior warning of
impending failure
Reduce unplanned outages &
equipment failures
Extend transformer life and
save money