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ABSTRACT
Innovative thinking leads to development of new technologies.
Today, the world is facing serious pollution crisis due to the exhaust
gases from vehicles using petroleum-based fuel. The pollutants like
HC, NOx occurs due to the incomplete combustion of fuel. These
pollutants are very harmful to human being causing various diseases.
Also the fuel recourses are depleting rapidly.
Air pollution is the major problem that we face in our day to day
life. It is one of the most dangerous and common kind of
environmental pollution that is reported in most industrial towns and
metropoliton cities of India. The ever increasing vehicular traffic
produces a great threat to environment. There is a need for new
technology to tackle this problem and this paper deals with the
introduction of Solar and Fuel Cell Hybrid vehicle technology which
promises 100% pollution free.
Sr. No.
Title
Page No.
INTRODUCTION
SELECTION OF A VEHICLE.
PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM
10
CONCLUSION
11
BIBLIOGRAPHY
12
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
Mean
655
701
681
720
631
721
SELECTION OF A VEHICLE.
The specification of a typical battery vehicle developed in India is
given bellow.
Maximum vehicle speed
= 75 kmph
= 60 km at 45 kmph
Pay load
= 10 Persons/800 kg
Dimension
L = 5000mm
W = 2000mm
H =1800mm
2H++2e-
the electrons travel along the connecting wire from the anode to the
cathode where they react with proton and atmospheric oxygen to
form water. An individual fuel cell, which is only a few mm thick, has
an output potential of less than 1 volt. For this reason, a few hundred
cells are united into stack to produce the required out put of
96V/235A. The hydrogen ions, which cross the membrane and unite
with electrons that are routed through an external circuit as well as
the oxygen that is introduced to the cell on the opposite side of the
membrane. The hydrogen ions oxygen and electrons then react to
form water and heat. The flow of electrons in the external circuit is
controlled by the size of the membrane active area and the hydrogen
and oxygen. This electrical energy generated in the fuel cell stack is
used to drive the cars motor, connects the two sides the anode and
the cathode. Since no combustion takes place impurities in the air are
left alone and do not form smog.
H2O + Heat
On the other hand the solar panels are embedded on the roof of
the vehicles for the direct exposure of the sunlight. The surface
area of vehicle to which a solar panel can be embedded is
calculated to be 24m2 (considering the roof, sides, etc).Solar cells
are of square or rectangle or circular in shape. The square solar
cell of dimension 20X20mm is selected [1]. These cells may be
connected in series and parallel combination to achieve the
desired output power.
The optimum current output from the solar cell at full sunlight is
270A/m2. The current output from each cell with area of 400mm 2 is
given as 0.108A.So to produce 47A of current, 47A/0.108A=435
strings of 134 cells are connected in parallel.
PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM
The above designed solar module is connected to the storage
battery through the blocking diode. The purpose of the blocking diode
is to let the array generated power to flow only towards the battery.
Without a blocking diode the battery would discharge back through
the solar array during time of no insolation. The battery is then
connected to the electric motor propelling the vehicle.
CONCLUSIONS
Though this concept is new to our country, in western countries
already they have tested and tried it for better efficiency. Though
initial investment is more in this new technology the future
maintenance cost is very less. If this Solar Fuel cell hybrid vehicle
technology is encouraged in India this will play a vital role to develop
our own Indian economy and this will be the answer for the depleting
fossil fuel and associated impacts on the environment.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] Hans.S.RAUSCHENBACH, SOLAR CELL ARRAY
DESIGN HAND BOOK.
[2] National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report,
1997, EPA-454/R-98-016.
[3] Watson, A.YR.R.Bates, and D.Kennedy; Air Pollution,
the Automobile and Public Health, National Academy
Press, Washington, DC, 1988.
[4] Abbasi.S.A (1998) : Environmental pollution and its
control, cogent international, Philadelphia.
[5] SESI Journal of solar energy society of India.
[6] M.A.GREEN (1982),Solar cells.
[7] T.MARKUART (ed) (1994), Solar electricity.
[8] ELECTRONICS FOR YOU Journal,FEB-2003.