Outline

Reading: Livingston, Chapter 1.1-1.6

Ohms Law
Macroscopic
Microscopic
Drudes Model
Hydrodynamic Fluid Model
Hall Effect
Definition and description
Free charge carrier density vs. mobility
Temperature
Alloying
Applications

Chapter 1

Ohms Law: Macroscopic

Ohms Law

Conventions:

Chapter 1

Ohms Law: Microscopic

Chapter 1

3
3

Drudes Model: Free Electron Theory of Metals (1)

fixed lattice and free
electron gas
electrons are particles
collisions with other e-,
surfaces, lattice
random collisions

Paul Drude
(1863-1906)
Credited with
the free
electron theory
of metals

Kinetic Energy

Charged Particle

e-

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dyX5I_io7bg

Chapter 1

Drude Model: Free Electron Theory of Metals (2)

E

x
ee-

e-

e-

Chapter 1

net e- motion = current

Hydrodynamic Fluid Model: Resistance as Viscosity

If viscosity is so large, terminal velocity
is reached and dvD/dt = 0

mv D = eX
then

e 1
X
vD =
m
increasing viscosity (decreasing collision time)

No drag:

F = ma = m

dv D
= eX
dt

compare to

vD =

e
X
m

and

With drag:

dv

F = ma = m D + v D = eX
dt

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=49Kor-zHQM0

Chapter 1

Compare Thermal Velocity (vth) to Drift Velocity (vD)

Calculate vth at room temperature.

Calculate vD for a typical metal in an

electric field of 1 V/m.
~ 5x10-3 m2/V-s

Chapter 1

Hall Effect: Definition & Description (1) y

z

(for negative charge carriers)

Lorentz Force (FL):

x
voltmeter

Edwin Hall
(1855-1938)
Credited with
discovering the
Hall Effect

e-

e-

Define Hall Coefficient (RH):

Hall Field Force (FH):

Chapter 1

Hall Effect: Definition and Description (2)

Link to applet showing the Hall Effect on negatively charged particles:
http://jakobvogel.net/go/physics/magnetism/halleffect

Link to applet showing the motion of negatively and positively

charged particles in a magnetic field:
http://dev.physicslab.org/asp/applets/javaphysmath/java/partmagn/default.asp

Chapter 1

Hall Effect: Mobility and Carrier Density (3)

Why do semiconductors & insulators have higher resistivity than metals?

Metals

Semiconductors

RH independent of T, alloying, defects

Chapter 1

RH decreases with increasing T and doping

10
10

Hall Effect: Applications (4)

Hall Probe: Measuring Magnetic Field

Hall Effect Sensors: Sensing Magnetic Field

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8lPKIaa7Q50

Chapter 1

11

Example:
A metal has a collision time of 10-14 s. Find the mean free path at room temperature.

Chapter 1

12

Chapter #1: Review Questions

1. What is Ohms Law in macroscopic and microscopic
terms?
2. What are the units of conductivity?
3. Does the kinetic energy of an electron increase or
decrease with temperature?
4. Describe the motion of an electron in a metal under an
applied electric field? What is the mean free path?
What is the collision time?
5. What are the units of mobility?
6. What is the Hall Effect?
7. What are some applications of the Hall Effect?

Chapter 1

13

Important Equations
V = IR

P = IV = I 2 R

X =

V
L

I
J=
A
R=

L
A

J = X

= N e e

e
m

XH = v D B
1/ 2

3kT
vth =

J = N e ev D

XH = RH JB

RH =

1
N ee

v D = X

Important Constants
Speed of light in vacuum: c = 3.0 x 108 m/s
Mass of an electron: m = 9.11 x 10-31 kg
Boltzmann constant: kB = 1.38 x 10-23 J/K
Avogadros Number: NA = 6.022 x 1023 /mole

Chapter 1

14