CHAPTER 3

UTILITIES AND HEAT INTEGRATION

3.1 Level 5 Decision: Heat Exchanger Network

3.1.1 Pinch Technology
The objective of pinch technology is to develop a heat exchanger network
(HEN) in a plant to optimize the use of energy, thus minimizing the operating cost.
The concepts behind pinch technology that should be abided when performing pinch
design are:
i.

ii.

Common values for T min in the industry:

a. Oil refining = 20 40 C
b. Petrochemical = 10 20 C
c. Chemical = 10 20 C
d. Low temperature processes = 3 5 C
The minimum heating requirement, QHmin
requirement,

iii.

QCmin

and minimum cooling

and the pinch temperature are determined from

the cascade diagram.

When performing pinch design, there are two pinches known as above
pinch and below pinch. When pairing up streams in above pinch, the
C p , cold

should always be greater than or equivalent to

C p , hot . Do

the same vice-versa for below pinch design. The stream pairing should
iv.

always start with the biggest C p value.

Comparison of utility consumption before and after minimum energy
requirement (MER) is done to determine the MER efficiency.

The stream tables and heat exchangers involved in the HEN integration are
defined in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1: Summary of hot and cold streams.

Stream
1
2
3
4
5

Tsource, K
690.826
307.011
739.595
303.15
973.15

Ttarget, K
973.15
303.15
303.15
973.15
303.15

CP, kW/K
4.2196
64.7668
7.3402
4.4584
9.8282

where the stream identifications are:

H, kW
1191.30
-250
-3203.63
2987.12
-6584.9

Comment
Cold fluid
Hot fluid
Hot fluid
Cold fluid
Hot fluid

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.

Stream 1
Stream 2
Stream 3
Stream 4
Stream 5

: Inlet S-2 (Carbon dioxide gas)

: Inlet S-6 (DEA liquid)
: Inlet S-9 (Natural gas)
: Inlet S-11 (Methane gas)
: Inlet S-12 (Mixture of H2, CO, CH4 and CO2)

3.1.1.1 Stream Characteristics

The streams were constructed on a cascade diagram as shown in Table 4.2 to
determine the minimum energy required for heating and cooling streams. The
following are the summary of the information obtained from the heat exchanger
network.
Minimum temperature, T min = 10 K
The pinch temperature, T pinch = 968.15 K
Hot pinch temperature, T pinchhot

= 973.15 K

Cold pinch temperature, T pinchcold = 963.15 K

The minimum heating requirement, QHmin

= 86.78 kW

The minimum cooling requirement, QCmin = 5946.94 kW

Table 4.2: Summary of Cascade Diagram

H i (kW )
978.15 K

Residual (kW)
86.78

86.78
968.15 K

0
-268.63

734.60 K

268.63
-329.17

695.83 K
HEAT FLOW

569.80
-4927.39

308.15 K

5525.20
-105.40

302.01 K

5630.59
-316.35

298.15 K

5946.94
0.00

Figure 4.1: Grand composite curve.

Figure 4.1 shows the grand composite curve. The x-axis is the cascaded heat
(heat flow). Cascaded heat is the amount of heat available from the hot streams and
the amount required by the cold stream when moving from higher to lower
temperature region. Form the Figure 4.1, it clearly illustrates that the heating utilities
requirement is become insignificant compared to cooling utilities requirement under
pinch analysis method.

3.1.1.2 Maximum Energy Recovery (MER)

The pinch design analysis was performed on below pinch since the pinch
temperature was determined between 963.15 K and 973.15 K. Since the pinch
temperature is considered quite high, the above pinch design analysis is negligible as
all temperatures are equivalent to the pinch temperature.

From the analysed information of grand composite curve, a summary table

about grid diagram of stream pairings (Appendix C) with the purpose of Maximum
Energy Recovery (MER) has been constructed as Table 4.3 follow. The summary of
the calculations can be referred at Appendix C.
Table 4.3: Summary table of grid diagram.
Paired

Equipment

Stream

Heat Duty of heat

Tsource, K

Ttarget, K

Comment

690.826

963.15

Cold fluid

973.15

735.20

Hot fluid

303.15

963.15

Cold fluid

973.15

384.60

Hot fluid

exchanger, kW

1
E-101

1149.10

4
E-102

2942.54

Although the pinch analysis indeed to maximize the management and usage of
heat energy between streams, there are some residue heat requirement in particular
sections that need to be fulfilled by addition of extra heat exchangers with utilities in
order to achieve the targeted temperature of the streams in the end. Table 4.4 shows
the addition of heaters and coolers for the achievement of targeted temperature of
relater streams. Table 4.5 summarizes the result obtained from the final pinch design
analysis after performing stream pairing.
Table 4.4: Summary of heaters and coolers.
Stream

Equipment

Tinlet, K

Toutlet K

H (kW)

Comment

E-103

963.1

973.15

42.407

Heater

E-104

963.1

973.15

44.807

Heater

E-105

307.011

303.15

250.065

Cooler

E-106

739.595

303.15

3203.63

Cooler

E-107
E-108

735.20
384.60

303.15
303.15

2086
407.5

Cooler

Table 4.5: Summary of heat equipment duties before and after MER
Heat
Exchanger

Before MER
Heating Duty Cooling Duty

After MER
Heating Duty Cooling Duty

E-101
E-102
E-103
E-104
E-105
E-106
E-107
E-108
Total

(kW)
1191.29
2987.13
42.407
44.807
4265.634

(kW)
250.065
3203.63
6584.894
10125.615

(kW)
42.407
44.807
87.214

(kW)
250.065
3203.63
2086
407.5
5947.195

The net heat between the heating duty and the cooling duty after MER is
5859.981 kW same as before MER. Thus, the pinch design is balanced. Subsequently,
shows that, 76 % of utility energy usage can be saved after performing MER as shown
in Table 4.6.

Table 4.6: Summary of amount of energy usage

Specification
Cold utility
consumptions (kW)
Hot utility
consumption (kW)
Total consumption
(kW)

Before MER

After MER

Saving

10125.615

5947.195

41.27%

4265.634

87.214

97.96%

14391.249

6034.409

58.07%

3.1.2 Utilities
The word utilities is now generally used for the ancillary services needed in
the operation of any production process. These services normally be supplied from a
central site facility; and will include electricity, steam (for process heating and
cooling), water for general use, demineralized water, compressed air, inert-gas
supplied and effluent disposal facilities (Sinnott, 2005). However, this section will
discuss in detail about the utilities requirement that are related to chemical
engineering field. It consists of steam and power consumption in this proposed plant.
3.1.2.1 Steam Consumption
Steam is majorly used in the plant to aid the hydrolysis reaction and also as a
source of heating. Generally, the steam can be produced by using either watertube or

firetube boilers. In this section, a comparison between watertube and firetube boiler
would be discussed and subsequently propose a suitable solution to the DMR case.
Watertube and firetube boilers are essentially the opposite in design. In a
watertube boiler, water travels through tubes which are surrounded by the by-products
of combustion, or flue gas. In a firetube boiler, the flue gas travels through the tubes,
which are surrounded by hot water. Firetube boilers are typically designed with either
three or four sets of tubes (three- or four-pass boilers). Every set of tubes that the flue
gas travels through is considered a pass. Boilers designed for three-passes have the
stack at the rear, and boilers designed for four-passes have the stack at the front. A
boiler with more passes has a higher heat extraction rate and is more efficient than one
with less passes.
Watertube boilers are safer by design and generally can operate many years
longer than firetube boilers. Watertube boilers are available in larger capacities and
recover faster than firetube boilers. Watertube boilers can also handle higher pressures
(up to 350 atm), and have the ability to reach very high temperatures with the use of
superheaters. Firetube boilers are not suitable for pressures above 25 atm and actual
operating steam output of firetube boilers are less than the stated nameplate.
Watertube boilers are rated at actual operating conditions (Nagiar, Maneski &
Milosevic-Mitic, 2014).
From a maintenance standpoint, firetube boilers are typically have lower
operating costs comparable to a similarly sized watertube boiler. Firetube boilers have
easy access to the boilers firesides and tubes can easily be replaced without
additional repair of the boiler. Although firetube boilers are smaller in design, they
have a larger water volume than similar size watertube boilers, causing them to take
longer to bring up to operating temperature from a cold start. Once a firetube boiler is
started up and is operating at its desired pressure, a firetube boiler can handle a
sudden upward load surge better than a watertube boiler because of the large steam
disengaging area. The drawback to this feature is once the pressure of a firetube is
dropped, it takes longer to catch back up. With less water volume, a watertube boiler
has the ability to follow load swings more precisely and generally has better turndown
than a firetube boiler (Johnson, 1995).

Since the applied pressure across the whole plant is approximately to 60 atm,
the watertube boiler is more suitable to generate the steam instead of fire tube boiler.
Watertube boiler consists of mainly two drums, one is upper drum called steam drum
other is lower drum called mud drum. These upper drum and lower drum are
connected with two tubes namely down-comer and riser tubes. Water in the lower
drum and in the riser connected to it, is heated and steam is produced in them which
comes to the upper drums naturally. In the upper drum the steam is separated from
water naturally and stored above the water surface. The colder water is fed from feed
water inlet at upper drum and as this water is heavier than the hotter water of lower
drum and that in the riser, the colder water push the hotter water upwards through the
riser. So there is one convectional flow of water in the boiler system. Subsequently,
more and more steam is produced the pressure of the closed system increases which
obstructs this convectional flow of water and hence rate production of steam becomes
slower proportionately. If the steam is taken trough steam outlet, the pressure inside
the system falls and consequently the convectional flow of water becomes faster
which result in faster steam production rate. In this way the watertube boiler can
control its own pressure. Hence this type of boiler is referred as self-controlled
machine (Electuical4u.com, 2015)
The steam from watertube boiler will be supplied to heat up heat exchanger E103 to E-108. While heat requirement of R-100 will be supplied by the fuel gas
instead of steam.
3.1.2.2 Power Consumption
Development of industrial process is one of the main driving force towards
Malaysia on the path to become an advanced country in the future. Relatively, a high
consumption in electrical energy would became an issue due to majority of
manufacturer comply a high tech equipment and unit plant to operate and increase
their production. Therefore, the sources of electrical energy in Malaysia is provided
by Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) with cooperation by Malaysia government, which
provide a suitable power quality needed by the customer so that equipment can be
operated and get some production. Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) is the monopoly
generator and supplier of electrical power in Peninsular Malaysia. While in East
Malaysia, the Sabah Electricity Sdn. Bhd. (SESB) and the Sarawak Electricity Supply

Corporation (SESCO) provide power to the States of Sabah and Sarawak respectively.
The power supply from TNB trough the grid line (Transmission line) into the
industrial building is at 500kV, 275kV and 132kV. While to distribute the power
among the section needed in the plant are called distribution line which at voltages
33kV, 11kV and 400/230 volts. The power is distributed from high voltage to low
voltage of equipment used and each part to lower down the voltage is done by
transformer. Usually most of the equipment used in Malaysia required 240V voltage
with a frequency of 50 hertz. The electricity from the TNB is usually for start-up and
outage process (plant maintenance). Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) is the main
electricity power generator and supplier in Peninsular Malaysia. New electricity tariff
rates which effective from 1 Jan 2014 are shown as Table 4.8 follow:Electricity consumption in our plant consists mainly of electric motors, pump,
lighting, ventilation, compressor, boilers and collecting equipment. To simplify the
prospects of our utility consumption we consider pump and compressor in our utility
energy requirements. Table 4.7 shows the equipment and corresponding power
requirement in operating.
Table 4.7: Power consumption of equipment.
Equipment

Power Consumption (kW)

Pump P-101 A/B

243.73

Compressor C-101 A/B

1400.88

Compressor C-102 A/B

3203.60

Total electricity consumption

4848.21

Table 4.7: Pricing

and Tariff of industrial in Malaysia.

3.1.3 Level 5 Decision: Heat Exchanger Network

3.1.3.1 Heat exchanger cost
After carrying out HEN, it was concluded that the dry methane reforming plant
requires a total of 8 heat exchangers for the heating and cooling process carried out in
the plant. Stated below is the summary table of each reactor cost, Table 4.8. The
detailed cost calculations of each heat exchanger could be refer to Appendix C.
Table 4.8: Installation cost of heat exchanger according to area.
Equipment
Area (m2)
Installation Cost (RM)
E-101
17.96
318,492.45
E-102
57.092
572,218.36
E-103
0.56
516,106.57
E-104
0.59
622,254.08
E-105
3.29
470,567.48
E-106
57.83
574,220.60
E-107
38.84
443,732.73
E-108
5.374
381,788.35
Total Installation Cost (RM)
3,899,380.62
Total installation cost of heat exchangers
Cinst = RM 3,899,380.62 x 2.0
= RM 7,798,761.24

Figure 4.1: EP versus conversion

As the result of the calculation, from the graph EP (RM/yr) versus conversion
in Figure 4.2, the profit can be obtained as the conversion increases to 1.0. The lowest
profit is obtained as RM 498,370,998/yr when the conversion, x = 0.1 whereas for
conversion, x =1.0 the maximum of RM 930,502,821/yr.

Figure 4.3: Final process flow diagram.

APPENDIX C
C.1 Pinch Technology
C.1.1 Grid Diagram (Pinch Analysis)

where E-101 and E-102 are heat exchangers; H3 and H4 are heaters; C5 and C6 are
coolers.
C.1.1.1 Heat exchanger (E-101)

t1 : Inlet temperature of cooling/heating medium

t2 : Outlet temperature of cooling/heating medium
T1: Inlet temperature of process stream
T2: Outlet temperature of process stream

For
Stream
Q = CP ( T 2 T 1 = (4.2196)(963.15 - 690.826 ) = 1149.1 kW

1,

For Stream 5,
Q = CP ( t 1 t 2
1149.1 = (9.8282)(973.15 - t 2 )
t 2 = 735.2 K
Thus,

Heat Exchanger, E-101

C.1.1.2 Heat exchanger (E-102)

t1 : Inlet temperature of cooling/heating medium

t2 : Outlet temperature of cooling/heating medium
T1: Inlet temperature of process stream
T2: Outlet temperature of process stream
For
Stream
T
T

Q = CP ( 2
= (4.4584)(963.15 303.15 ) = 2942.54 kW
1

4,

For Stream 5,
Q = CP ( t 1 t 2
2942.54 = (9.8282)(973.15 - t 2 )
t 2 = 384.6 K
Thus,

Heat Exchanger, E-102

C.1.1.3 Heat exchanger (E-103)
For downstream part of Stream 1 after E-101,
Q = CP ( T 2 T 1
= (4.2196)(973.15 963.15 )
= 42.407 kW
For
Stream
Q = CP ( t 1 t 2
42.407 = (2.48)( 1000 t 2 )
t 2 = 982.9 K
Thus,

Hot

Steam

Utilities,

Heat Exchanger, E-103

C.1.1.4 Heat exchanger (E-104)
For downstream part of Stream 4 after E-102,
Q = CP ( T 2 T 1
= (4.4584)(973.15 963.15 )
= 44.8069 kW
For
Stream
Hot
t
t

Q = CP ( 1 2
44.8069 = (2.48)( 1000 t 2 )
t 2 = 981.93 K

Steam

Thus,

Heat Exchanger, E-104

Utilities,

C.1.1.5 Heat exchanger (E-105)

For Stream 2,
Q = CP ( t 1 t 2
= (64.766)( 307.01 303.15 )
= 250.065 kW
For
Stream
Cooling
Q = CP ( T 2 T 1
250.065 = (3.75)( T 2 288.15)
t 2 = 300.15 K

Water

Utilities,

Thus,

Heat Exchanger, E-105

C.1.1.6 Heat exchanger (E-106)
For Stream 3,
Q = CP ( t 1 t 2
= (7.34)( 739.595 303.15 )
= 3203.63 kW
For
Stream
Cooling
Q = CP ( T 2 T 1
3203.63 = (3.75)( T 2 288.15)
t 2 = 450.15 K
Thus,

Water

Utilities,

Heat Exchanger, E-106

C.1.1.7 Heat exchanger (E-107)
For downstream part of Stream 5 after E-101,
Q = CP ( t 1 t 2
= (9.8282)( 735.2 303.15 )
= 2086 kW
For
Stream
Cooling
Q = CP ( T 2 T 1
2086 = (3.75)( T 2 288.15)
t 2 = 450.15 K

Water

Thus,

Heat Exchanger, E-107

Utilities,

C.1.1.8 Heat exchanger (E-108)

For downstream part of Stream 5 after E-102,
Q = CP ( t 1 t 2
= (9.8282)( 384.60 303.15 )
= 407.5 kW
For
Stream
Cooling
Q = CP ( T 2 T 1
407.5 = (3.75)( T 2 288.15)
t 2 = 350.15 K

Water

Utilities,

Thus,

Heat Exchanger, E-108

C.1.2 Heat Exchanger Cost

C.1.2.1 Heat exchanger (E-101)
Purchase cost, Cp
The purchase cost, Cp follows the following equation:
Log10Cop = K1 + K2 log10(A) + K3[log10(A)2] where
K1 = 4.3247
K2 = - 0.303
K3 = 0.1634
A (m2) = 17.96
The following values were adapted from Table A.1 Part A (Turton et al., 2009)

Thus, Cp = $ 159,911.82
Pressure factor, Fp
The equation in order to determine the pressure factor is as follows:
Log10Fp = C1 + C2 log10 P + C3 (log10 P)2 where;
C1 = 0.03881
C2 = -0.11272
C3 = 0.08183
P =29.3843barg
Fp = 1.121
The following values were adapted from Table A.2 (Turton et al., 2009)
Bare module cost, CBM (2001)
The bare module cost for this equipment is given by the following equation;
CBM = Cop(B1 + B2FMFP) where
B1 = 1.63
B2 = 1.66
FM = 1.4
CBM = $ 67,389.80
The following values were adapted from Table A.4 Part A and Table A.2 Part C
(Turton et al., 1998; Turton et al., 2009)
Bare module cost, CBM (2014)
I2001 = 394.3
I2014 = 564.7
C BM ( 2014 )=C 2001

I 2014
I 2001

( )

CBM = $ 96,512.86 = RM 318,492.45

C.1.2.2 Heat exchanger (E-102)

Purchase cost, Cp
The purchase cost, Cp follows the following equation:
Log10Cop = K1 + K2 log10(A) + K3[log10(A)2] where
K1 = 4.3247
K2 = - 0.303
K3 = 0.1634
A (m2) = 57.092
The following values were adapted from Table A.1 Part A (Turton et al., 2009)
Thus, Cp = $19,798.74
Pressure factor, Fp
The equation in order to determine the pressure factor is as follows:
Log10Fp = C1 + C2 log10 P + C3 (log10 P)2 where;
C1 = 0.03881
C2 = -0.00627
C3 = 0.08183
P = 59.7818barg
Fp = 1.93
The following values were adapted from Table A.2 (Turton et al., 2009)
Bare module cost, CBM (2001)
The bare module cost for this equipment is given by the following equation;
CBM = Cop(B1 + B2FMFP) where
B1 = 1.63
B2 = 1.66
FM = 1.4
CBM = $ 121,075.66

The following values were adapted from Table A.4 Part A and Table A.2 Part C
(Turton et al., 1998; Turton et al., 2009)
Bare module cost, CBM (2014)
I2001 = 394.3
I2014 = 564.7
C BM ( 2014 )=C 2001

I 2014
I 2001

( )

CBM = $ 173,399.50 = RM 572,218.36

C.1.2.3 Heat exchanger (E-103)

Purchase cost, Cp
The purchase cost, Cp follows the following equation:
Log10Cop = K1 + K2 log10(A) + K3[log10(A)2] where
K1 = 4.3247
K2 = - 0.303
K3 = 0.1634
A (m2) = 0.56
The following values were adapted from Table A.1 Part A (Turton et al., 2009)
Thus, Cp = $ 25,784.58
Pressure factor, Fp
The equation in order to determine the pressure factor is as follows:
Log10Fp = C1 + C2 log10 P + C3 (log10 P)2 where;
C1 = 0.03881
C2 = -0.11272
C3 = 0.08183
P = 29.3843barg

Fp = 1.121
The following values were adapted from Table A.2 (Turton et al., 2009)
Bare module cost, CBM (2001)
The bare module cost for this equipment is given by the following equation;
CBM = Cop(B1 + B2FMFP) where
B1 = 1.63
B2 = 1.66
FM = 1.4
CBM = $ 109,202.97
The following values were adapted from Table A.4 Part A and Table A.2 Part C
(Turton et al., 1998; Turton et al., 2009)
Bare module cost, CBM (2014)
I2001 = 394.3
I2014 = 564.7
C BM ( 2014 )=C 2001

I 2014
I 2001

( )

CBM = $ 156,395.93 = RM 516,106.57

C.1.2.4 Heat exchanger (E-104)

Purchase cost, Cp
The purchase cost, Cp follows the following equation:
Log10Cop = K1 + K2 log10(A) + K3[log10(A)2] where
K1 = 4.3247
K2 = - 0.303
K3 = 0.1634
A (m2) = 0.59

The following values were adapted from Table A.1 Part A (Turton et al., 2009)
Thus, Cp = $ 25,276.20
Pressure factor, Fp
The equation in order to determine the pressure factor is as follows:
Log10Fp = C1 + C2 log10 P + C3 (log10 P)2 where;
C1 = 0.03881
C2 = -0.00627
C3 = 0.08183
P =24.318barg
Fp = 1.54
The following values were adapted from Table A.2 (Turton et al., 2009)
Bare module cost, CBM (2001)
The bare module cost for this equipment is given by the following equation;
CBM = Cop(B1 + B2FMFP) where
B1 = 1.63
B2 = 1.66
FM = 1.4
CBM = $ 131,662.71
The following values were adapted from Table A.4 Part A and Table A.2 Part C
(Turton et al., 1998; Turton et al., 2009)
Bare module cost, CBM (2014)
I2001 = 394.3
I2014 = 564.7
C BM ( 2014 )=C 2001

I 2014
I 2001

( )

CBM = $ 188,561.84 = RM 622,254.08

C.1.2.5 Heat exchanger (E-105)

Purchase cost, Cp
The purchase cost, Cp follows the following equation:
Log10Cop = K1 + K2 log10(A) + K3[log10(A)2] where
K1 = 4.3247
K2 = - 0.303
K3 = 0.1634
A (m2) = 3.29
The following values were adapted from Table A.1 Part A (Turton et al., 2009)
Thus, Cp = $ 16,281.63
Pressure factor, Fp
The equation in order to determine the pressure factor is as follows:
Log10Fp = C1 + C2 log10 P + C3 (log10 P)2 where;
C1 = 0.03881
C2 = -0.00627
C3 = 0.08183
P = 59.7818barg
Fp = 1.93
The following values were adapted from Table A.2 (Turton et al., 2009)
Bare module cost, CBM (2001)
The bare module cost for this equipment is given by the following equation;
CBM = Cop(B1 + B2FMFP) where
B1 = 1.63
B2 = 1.66
FM = 1.4
CBM = $ 99,567.35

The following values were adapted from Table A.4 Part A and Table A.2 Part C
(Turton et al., 1998; Turton et al., 2009)
Bare module cost, CBM (2014)
I2001 = 394.3
I2014 = 564.7
C BM ( 2014 )=C 2001

I 2014
I 2001

( )

CBM = $ 142,596.21 = RM 470,567.48

C.1.2.6 Heat exchanger (E-106)

Purchase cost, Cp
The purchase cost, Cp follows the following equation:
Log10Cop = K1 + K2 log10(A) + K3[log10(A)2] where
K1 = 4.3247
K2 = - 0.303
K3 = 0.1634
A (m2) = 57.83
The following values were adapted from Table A.1 Part A (Turton et al., 2009)
Thus, Cp = $ 19,868.02
Pressure factor, Fp
The equation in order to determine the pressure factor is as follows:
Log10Fp = C1 + C2 log10 P + C3 (log10 P)2 where;
C1 = 0.03881
C2 = -0.00627
C3 = 0.08183
P = 59.7818barg

Fp = 1.93
The following values were adapted from Table A.2 (Turton et al., 2009)
Bare module cost, CBM (2001)
The bare module cost for this equipment is given by the following equation;
CBM = Cop(B1 + B2FMFP) where
B1 = 1.63
B2 = 1.66
FM = 1.4
CBM = $ 121,499.31
The following values were adapted from Table A.4 Part A and Table A.2 Part C
(Turton et al., 1998; Turton et al., 2009)
Bare module cost, CBM (2014)
I2001 = 394.3
I2014 = 564.7
C BM ( 2014 )=C 2001

I 2014
I 2001

( )

CBM = $ 174,006.24 = RM 574,220.60

C.1.2.7 Heat exchanger (E-107)

Purchase cost, Cp
The purchase cost, Cp follows the following equation:
Log10Cop = K1 + K2 log10(A) + K3[log10(A)2] where
K1 = 4.3247
K2 = - 0.303
K3 = 0.1634
A (m2) = 38.84
The following values were adapted from Table A.1 Part A (Turton et al., 2009)

Thus, Cp = $ 18,024.59
Pressure factor, Fp
The equation in order to determine the pressure factor is as follows:
Log10Fp = C1 + C2 log10 P + C3 (log10 P)2 where;
C1 = 0.03881
C2 = -0.00627
C3 = 0.08183
P = 24.318barg
Fp = 1.54
The following values were adapted from Table A.2 (Turton et al., 2009)
Bare module cost, CBM (2001)
The bare module cost for this equipment is given by the following equation;
CBM = Cop(B1 + B2FMFP) where
B1 = 1.63
B2 = 1.66
FM = 1.4
CBM = $ 93,889.39
The following values were adapted from Table A.4 Part A and Table A.2 Part C
(Turton et al., 1998; Turton et al., 2009)
Bare module cost, CBM (2014)
I2001 = 394.3
I2014 = 564.7
C BM ( 2014 )=C 2001

I 2014
I 2001

( )

CBM = $ 134,464.47 = RM 443,732.73

C.1.2.8 Heat exchanger (E-108)

Purchase cost, Cp
The purchase cost, Cp follows the following equation:
Log10Cop = K1 + K2 log10(A) + K3[log10(A)2] where
K1 = 4.3247
K2 = - 0.303
K3 = 0.1634
A (m2) = 5.374
The following values were adapted from Table A.1 Part A (Turton et al., 2009)
Thus, Cp = $ 15,508.39
Pressure factor, Fp
The equation in order to determine the pressure factor is as follows:
Log10Fp = C1 + C2 log10 P + C3 (log10 P)2 where;
C1 = 0.03881
C2 = -0.00627
C3 = 0.08183
P = 24.318barg
Fp = 1.54
The following values were adapted from Table A.2 (Turton et al., 2009)
Bare module cost, CBM (2001)
The bare module cost for this equipment is given by the following equation;
CBM = Cop(B1 + B2FMFP) where
B1 = 1.63
B2 = 1.66
FM = 1.4
CBM = $ 80,782.58

The following values were adapted from Table A.4 Part A and Table A.2 Part C
(Turton et al., 1998; Turton et al., 2009)
Bare module cost, CBM (2014)
I2001 = 394.3
I2014 = 564.7
C BM ( 2014 )=C 2001

I 2014
I 2001

( )

CBM = $ 115,693.44 = RM 381,788.35

REFERENCES
Nagiar, H., Maneski, T., Milosevic-Mitic, V., Gacesa, B., & Andjelic, N. (2014).
Modeling of the buckstay system of membrane-walls in watertube boiler
construction. THERM SCI, 18(suppl.1), 59-72. doi:10.2298/tsci120204174n
Electrical4u.com,. (2015). Water Tube Boiler | Operation and Types of Water
Tube Boiler | Electrical4u. Retrieved 28 March 2015, from
http://electrical4u.com/water-tube-boiler-operation-and-types-of-water-tubeboiler/